Melting Point Analysis Research Articles

Integrated Molecular Docking and Experimental Analysis of Ni(II) Proline Dithiocarbamate Cytotoxicity in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Chemotherapy is one of the most effective and widely used treatment types for breast cancer. The Ni(II) proline dithiocarbamate (Ni(II)ProDtc) complex has been synthesized as a potential anticancer agent with minimal systemic toxicity. The dithiocarbamate ligand, combined with the amino acid proline, holds promise as a radio chemotherapeutic target agent in tumors. The anticancer activity of a Ni(II) complex compound with a proline dithiocarbamate ligand was tested on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line as part of a study on essential metal-based therapeutics. Molecular docking studies identified the active sites for the estradiol-estrogen receptor-α protein. The Ni(II)ProDtc complex was synthesized and characterized using melting point analysis, conductivity measurements, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of the complex was evaluated in vitro using the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The UV-Vis spectrum at 246 nm indicated the π→π* intraligand transition of the CS2 group, while FT-IR analysis revealed peaks at 364-457 cm-1 corresponding to the bonding between Ni and Sulfur (S) and Oxygen (O) from proline. Further, the UV-Vis spectrum displayed bands at 212 and 676 nm, and FT-IR data at 387-691 cm-1, confirming the coordination of the Ni(II) atoms with sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen in the isoleucine dithiocarbamate ligand. In vitro, cytotoxicity tests revealed that Ni(II)ProDtc induced cell death in the breast cancer cell line, showing significant morphological changes in MCF-7 cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 315.70 µg/mL. The Ni(II)ProDtc complex was successfully synthesized and demonstrates anticancer activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, indicating significant potential as an anticancer agent for breast cancer.

Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Cr (III) and Rh(III) Complexes Derived from A New Mannich Base

The Mannich base ligand was synthesized in an ethanol medium through a condensation reaction of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and ciprofloxacin at room temperature. Subsequently, several metal complexes of this ligand were prepared. To characterize both the base ligand and the metal complexes, various techniques were employed, including elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, molar conductivity measurements, magnetic moment determination, and melting point analysis. The results were shown that the metal complexes formed have the formula [Cr(L)2Cl2] Cl.H2O and [Rh(L)2(H2O)2] Cl3.H2O, where L= mannich base ligand. Based on spectroscopic analytical, coordination with metal ions involves the 'N' donor atom of mannich base and 'N' atom of piprizaing ring, and two complexes are A six-coordinated octahedral structure is suggested. Molar conductivity of these complexes showed that they were electrolytic in nature. In this study, the anticancer and antioxidant potential of the Mannich base ligand and its metal complexes were investigated against MDA-MB-231 cell lines and using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Moreover, the in vitro efficacy of the ligand and its complexes against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), as well as the fungal strain Candida albicans, was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. The results indicated that Cr (III) and Rh(III) complexes demonstrated the highest levels of cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cell lines, enhances antioxidant and antimicrobial activity more than the free ligand. These findings suggest that these metal complexes may have promising applications in the development of novel anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Magnetic BiFeO3 nanoparticles: a robust and efficient nanocatalyst for the green one-pot three-component synthesis of highly substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-one/thione derivatives.

In this research, magnetic bismuth ferrite nanoparticles (BFO MNPs) were prepared through a convenient method and characterized. The structure and morphological characteristics of the prepared nanomaterial were confirmed through analyses using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), elemental mapping, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. The obtained magnetic BFO nanomaterial was investigated, as a heterogeneous Lewis acid, in three component synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2 (1H)-ones/thiones (DHPMs/DHPMTs). It was found that the BFO MNPs exhibit remarkable efficacy in the synthesis of various DHPMs as well as their thione analogues. It is noteworthy that this research features low catalyst loading, good to excellent yields, environmentally friendly conditions, short reaction time, simple and straightforward work-up, and the reusability of the catalyst, distinguishing it from other recently reported protocols. Additionally, the structure of the DHPMs/DHPMTs was confirmed through 1H NMR, FTIR, and melting point analyses. This environmentally-benign methodology demonstrates the potential of the catalyst for more sustainable and efficient practices in green chemistry.

Green Synthesis of Quinazolinones via Selective Electro‐oxidation Using Iron Electrode and NaCl Electrolyte as an Eco‐friendly Electrolyte

AbstractPrimary alcohols 2(a–h) and o‐aminobenzamides 1(a–h) can be selectively oxidized electrochemically to yield dihydroquinazolinone 4(a–h) and quinazolinones 5(a–h) in an efficient and chemoselective manner. This methodology employs sodium chloride (NaCl) 3(a) as a co‐catalyst and electricity as the oxidizing agent, utilizing cost‐effective and commercially available materials such as Graphite anode, Iron (Fe) cathode, and isopropyl alcohol (iPrOH) as a solvent and weak base. The synthesis yields various quinazolinone derivatives with diverse structural characteristics in good quantities, showcasing the method‘s broad applicability. This approach facilitates the production of a range of dihydroquinazolinones and quinazolinones (24 examples), highlighting its versatility and compatibility with different functional groups. Characterization of the synthesized derivatives included CHN analysis, 1HNMR spectroscopy, and determination of melting points.

Synthesis, Computational Studies, and Biological Evaluation of Sulpha-methoxazole-Based Schiff Bases as Antimicrobial Agents

Background: Sulphamethoxazole-based Schiff-base compounds display poten-tial antibacterial and antifungal activity. Sulphamethoxazole is considered to be a versatile pharmacophore that can be utilized for designing and developing numerous bioactive lead compounds. In this work, some new sulphamethoxazole-based Schiff base compounds were synthesized, which are expected to possess antimicrobial activity, making them potentially useful for treating microbial infections. Objective: Concerning issues of drug resistance in presently available drugs, this study aimed to synthesize new sulphamethoxazole-based Schiff bases and evaluate their antimi-crobial activity. Methods: New sulphamethoxazole-based Schiff bases were synthesized by condensing sul-phamethoxazole with various acetophenones in methanol in the presence of glacial acetic acid. The synthesized compounds were characterized using various techniques, such as TLC, melting point, IR, NMR, and mass analysis. The computational properties of the com-pounds were also assessed using online software programs, and the similarity of the target compounds was also calculated as compared to sulphamethoxazole and clotrimazole. The antimicrobial activity of the target compounds was tested against Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and Candida albicans. Results: The target compounds (3a-f) were successfully synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods. The results of computational properties, similarity, and antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, and C. albicans of new sulphamethox-azole-based Schiff bases showed significant antimicrobial potential. result: The results of computational properties, similarity and antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli and C. albicans of new sulphamethoxazole based Schiff bases showed significant antimicrobial potential. Conclusion: The synthesized new Schiff bases, particularly compound 3c, exhibited prom-ising antimicrobial activity and good physicochemical properties as compared to standard drugs, indicating their potential for further development as antimicrobial agents.

Genetic Characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus from Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples in Human Isolates Based on the High-Resolution Melting Point Analysis in Sabzevar, Northeast Iran.

There are ten genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus with different intermediate and final hosts affecting the parasite's life cycle and its transmission to humans. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the genotype of isolated hydatid cysts using the simple and fast high-resolution melting point analysis (HRM) method. The paraffin tissue samples of patients who underwent surgery were obtained from the pathology sample bank of Vasei and Emdad Hospitals in Sabzevar, Iran during 2010-2020. The DNA content of the samples was extracted after collecting and determining the characteristics using the DNA extraction kit. PCR was performed on the samples and the presence of the hydatid cyst genome was confirmed using the special Master Kit. Mix PCR of Solis Biodyne Company and Real-Time device (Bio-Rad) were used, and the genetic identity of hydatid cysts were determined. Out of 33 paraffin samples, 21 samples contained hydatid cyst DNA, two of which were from the brain and 19 from the liver tissues; 12 samples did not contain hydatid cyst DNAs. All liver samples were from sheep species (G1), and the brain samples were from buffalo species (G3). Therefore, 9.53% of the Echinococcus species collected were buffalo (G3), and 90.47% were sheep (G1) strain. Based on previous patterns, HRM methods can be used for easy and quick identification of Echinococcus strains. The G1 strain was the dominant strain causing hydatid cyst in different human organs, including the liver and brain.

Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, DFT, Molecular Docking, and ADMET of 4-Chlorophenyazolquniolin-8-ol and Its Metal Complexes

In this study, we prepared 4-chlorophenylazoquinoline, a derivative of 8-hydroxyquinoline, with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) ions to create metal complexes. We used various physical and spectroscopic methods to characterize the compound and its metal complexes, including molar conductivity measurements, melting point analysis, elemental analysis, electronic absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The octahedral geometry of all prepared complexes has been confirmed. To assess the antimicrobial activity, we examined two types of bacterial strains and two types of fungal strains. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared compounds was observed, and the higher increase was observed in the copper complex. The compounds were studied computationally after optimizing the angles, lengths, and bonds using the basic set 6-31G(d,p)/LANL2DZ. The molecular docking study of the compounds with the Alzheimer's disease protein 4BDT showed significant activity in binding to the amino acids of HL, C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 compounds, with affinity energies of -6.4, -6.9, -6.9, -6.7, and -7.2 kcal.mol-1 for the compounds, respectively. To evaluate the safety of the prepared compounds in different drug designs, we employed the ADMET study, reducing the risk of failure in advanced drug design stages. The results of the ADMET showed a relative decrease in the toxicity and carcinogenicity factor. However, there are indications of metabolic risk and cellular uptake, requiring further study.

Fabrication of an economical and environmentally friendly electrode utilizing fullerene modified with L-proline and coated with copper nanoparticles for enantioselective electro-organic henry reaction in the presence of NaCl electrolyte

This study focuses on the fabrication of an economical and environmentally friendly electrode for chiral electro-organic synthesis of (S)-2-Nitro-1-Phenylethanol derivatives 4(a-m) in good to excellent yields (90–96 %). The electrode is constructed using Fullerene modified with l-Proline and coated with copper nanoparticles (ox-Fullerene-Pro@Cu). The designed electrode aims to facilitate the synthesis of (S)-2-Nitro-1-Phenylethanol 4(a-m) derivatives efficiently. The utilization of sodium chloride as an electrolyte further enhances the electrochemical reaction. Following the electrode synthesis, comprehensive characterization and identification were conducted utilizing SEM, EDS, TEM, XPS, XRD, TGA, BET, CV and FT-IR analyses. The electrode's cost-effectiveness and eco-friendly nature make it a promising candidate for sustainable electro-organic synthesis processes. The synthesized (S)-2-Nitro-1-Phenylethanol derivatives 4(a-m) derivatives were identified and their properties reported through melting point, 1HNMR, Mass and CHN analyses.

Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and anticancer study of symmetrical binuclear bis-N-heterocyclic carbene silver(I) complexes

The synthesis of binuclear silver(I)-NHC complexes from bis-benzimidazolium salts and silver(I) ions has been carried out via an in-situ deprotonation (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene). The reaction between 1,3-dibromopropane and two moles of N-substituted alkyl benzimidazole (R = methyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and 4-methyl-benzyl) resulted in the formation of bis-benzimidazolium salts, H2L‧2Br- (1–5). Subsequent reactions of the respective salts with excess Ag2O yielded the formation of bis-NHC binuclear silver(I) complexes with the formula of [Ag2L2]·2PF6 (Ag1-Ag5). All compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, elemental analysis, molar conductivity measurement, melting point analysis, and solubility tests. Single crystal X-ray crystallography data reveals that Ag2 exists as a dinuclear complex with no significant intramolecular argentophilic interactions. Anticancer studies of salts 1-5 and complexes Ag1-Ag5 were carried out by employing breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). None of the salts showed antiproliferative activity, while all the complexes possessed significant anticancer properties in a dose-dependent manner. The complexes indicate better activity than a positive control except for Ag4.

α-Zr(HPO4)2·H2O: As an effective and recoverable catalyst for the synthesis of a family of quinoxalines in semi-aqueous conditions

In our work, we have established a straightforward and friendly process for the preparation of a family of quinoxaline. This method relies on using α-Zr(HPO4)2·H2O as a catalyst and an ethanol/water mixture as an ecological solvent. Firstly, we prepared α-Zr(HPO4)2·H2O by a simple hydrothermal procedure and conducted comprehensive characterization employing various analytical methods. On the other hand, we produced the quinoxalines by means of a condensation reaction between 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds and various 1,2-diamines. The synthesized quinoxaline and its derivative products were characterized by melting point, proton, and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. As a result, the optimal reaction conditions that resulted in a high yield (97–98 %) were an amount of catalyst of 0.03 g, a stirring time of 8 min, a volume of solvent of 2 mL, and a reaction temperature of 50 °C. This approach is advantageous due to its simple and eco-friendly procedure, green solvent, quick reaction time, low cost, and high yields. Additionally, it offers the possibility to recycle the catalyst for a minimum of five cycles with no decrease in its catalytic activity.

Synthesis and Identification of A Novel Fentanyl Analog

In the background of the growing popularity of synthetic opioids in the field of narcotics, this study explores the synthesis and identification of a novel fentanyl analog, trifluoromethyl fentanyl (TFMF). Utilizing advanced analytical techniques for qualitative analysis, such as NMR Spectroscopy, LC and GC-MS. The synthesis process highlights the method starting with N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-piperidone with a final product yield of 53%. Characterization through 1H-NMR reveals the successful incorporation of the trifluoromethyl group into the fentanyl structure. Liquid chromatography and melting point analysis confirms the high purity of the synthesized compound. GC-MS analysis provides essential qualitative data, identifying characteristic ion peaks that uniquely define TFMF. This study adds to existing knowledge of novel fentanyl analogues and highlights the importance of analytical techniques in addressing the opioid crisis.

Design, Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Substituted 1, 3-Thiazolidin-4-One Derivatives

Background: Cancer is the global cause of death worldwide. Anticancer drug development is the need in today’s scenario. Thiazolidine is the nucleus that shows several pharmacological activities like anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antiarthritic activity. In the present work molecular docking Glide module (Schrodinger Inc., USA) has been used for ligand docking against the Polo-like kinase-1. The series of substituted 3-Benzothiazol-2-yl-2-phenyl)-thiazolidin-4-ones were synthesized by the microwave-assisted synthesis system (CEM, USA) and characterized by melting point, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-MS analysis. Results: Molecular docking studies shows good docking score as well as interactions. Among the synthesized compounds, BG2 had the highest docking score of -8.381, followed by BG8 (-8.19) and BG1 (-8.156). All the newly synthesized compounds were examined for their in vitro anticancer activity against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Conclusion: BG1, BG2, BG3, BG4, BG5, BG8, BG9, BG10, BG11, BG12, and BG13 (GI50: <80 µg/ml) exhibited significant cell growth inhibitory activity. These results indicate that compounds showing in-vitro activity by molecular docking studies and SRB assay could be lead compounds for further development of anticancer agents and suitable candidates for in-vivo anticancer activity.

Zinc caproate: Ecofriendly synthesis, structural characterization, and antibacterial action

Disease-causing microorganisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are among the primary contributors to morbidity and mortality of diarrhea in humans. Considering the challenges associated with antibiotic use, including antimicrobial resistance, this study aimed to develop a novel zinc-based agent for bacterial inactivation. To this end, zinc caproate (ZnCA) was synthesized using caproic acid (CA) and zinc oxide (ZnO) in anhydrous ethanol via the solvothermal method. Structural characterization techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, revealed the bidentate bridging coordination of zinc atoms with CA. The resulting two-dimensional ZnCA network was found to be composed of a distinct lamellar pattern, without any evident inter-layer interactions. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, and melting point analysis confirmed that ZnCA had an average particle size of 1.320 µm, a melting point of 147.2 °C, and a purity exceeding 98 %. Remarkably, ZnCA demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, which exceeded the antibacterial efficacy of ZnO. ZnCA exerted its antibacterial effects by inhibiting biofilm formation, disrupting cell membrane integrity, increasing cell membrane permeability, and altering intracellular Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity. These findings highlight the potential of ZnCA as a promising antibiotic substitute for the treatment of diarrhea in humans.

Synthesis, characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation of Novel Thiazolidine Derivatives

Background: Heterocyclic compounds, which incorporate atoms such as nitrogen and sulfur alongside carbon, play a crucial role in nature and organic chemistry. Thiazolidine derivatives, characterized by sulfur and nitrogen atoms with a carbonyl group at the -4 position, are particularly noteworthy for their stability and diverse biological activities. We synthesized novel thiazolidine derivatives and determined their antibacterial properties. the synthesis of novel thiazolidine compounds was perforemd using thioglycolic acid with hydrazides, generated from the combination of hydrazides with benzaldehyde. Methods: The esters, hydrazides, hydrazones, and thiazolidines, were synthesized and characterized using infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and melting point analysis. Assessment of anti-bacterial activity was carried out against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strain of Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas sobria, and Escherichia coli. . Results: We synthesized ethyl 2-acetate (benzo[d]thiazol-2-yloxy), followed by the formation of 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yloxy)acetohydrazide (hydrazide) through the reaction of this acetate with hydrazine. 16 compounds were synthesized with rigorous validation at each stage through spectral analysis. Thiazolidine derivatives exhibited promising inhibitory effects against bacterial growth, indicating their potential as antibacterial agents.Compound SH8 exhibited moderate to strong inhibitory effects against all tested species, notably Aeromonas sobria and Staphylococcus aureus, at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. Conclusion: In conclusion, the synthesized compounds exhibited both structural integrity and potent antibacterial activity, suggesting avenues for further exploration in pharmaceutical research.

Sonocatalysis green synthesis of indeno[1,2‐b]indolone derivatives using CuFe2O4@CS‐SB nanocomposite as a reusable catalyst under mild conditions

In this literature, the synthesis of indeno[1,2‐b]indolone from starting materials of ninhydrin, derivatives of aniline, and dimedone by using copper ferrite anchored to chitosan bearing Schiff base (CuFe2O4@CS‐SB) as a catalyst in water solvent under ultrasound irradiation was described. This catalyst was designed, fabricated, and characterized by the FT‐IR, 1H NMR, XRD, SEM, TGA, mapping scan, EDX, and BET techniques. This prepared acidic, effective heterogeneous catalyst catalyzed green synthesis of indeno‐indolone derivatives in a very short reaction times between 1 and 7 min with excellent yields between 95% and 99%. Also, the FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and melting point analyses are used to identify the synthesis of the indolones as organic products.

Synthesis, characterization, DFT, antibacterial, ADME-T properties, and molecular docking of new N-functionalized thiazolidinones

A new series of N-functionalized thiazolidinones has been synthesized in three steps. Physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques, such as melting point analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR have been used to characterize the synthesized compounds. With the aid of density functional theory (DFT), the synthesized compounds optimized molecular structures, IR spectra modeling, reactivity, stability, and several quantum chemical characteristics were all modeled. It was demonstrated that there is significant agreement between the experimental and theoretical results. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the compounds under investigation was assessed in order to specifically comprehend the associated mechanisms of action. They also demonstrated good oral bioavailability, according to projected ADME-T and pharmacokinetic parameters. Molecular docking has also been used to predict the inhibitory effect of the investigated drugs on DNA gyrase II.

PREFORMULATION STUDIES OF NIOSOMAL GEL CONTAINING DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE FOR ANTIGLAUCOMATIC ACTIVITY

Objective: The present study was focused on developing and characterizing niosomal gel formulations for ocular controlled delivery of an adrenergic agonist; dipivefrin HCl. In the present study, the pre-formulation studies are showed towards the development of Novel formulation. Methods: Preformulation studies of drug were carried out for identification (physical appearance, melting point and UV spectrophotometric analysis), solubility profile, lipophilicity (Partition Coefficient), compatibility studies by FTIR and thermal behavior by DSC. Results: The melting point of dipivefrin HCl was found to be 147.6±3 °C. The log P value was found to be 3.14±0.02, from which it can be interpreted that drug is highly lipophilic in nature. The scanned λmax were found to be 254 nm. No significant changes were found when FTIR spectra of the physical mixture compared with FTIR spectra of pure drug and excipients. This indicates absence of any possible interaction between the drug and excipients which confirms the identity and purity of drug. DSC thermogram of pure drug showed a sharp exothermic peak at 131.202 °C (area=1726.267 mJ, delta H=575.422 J/g), indicating the crystal melting point of the drug. Conclusion: These results suggest that the dipivefrin HCl serve as suitable candidate for ocular drug delivery system.

Enhancement of Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Ranolazine drug substance using Cocrystalization Technique

Biopharmaceutical Classification System II drug, Ranolazine exhibits pH-dependent solubility and thus shows variable absorption along the gastrointestinal tract. Due to poor aqueous solubility particularly in basic pH, an attempt has been made to improve solubility through the cocrystallization technique. Cocrystals of Ranolazine with Nicotinamide have been synthesized at different molar ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3 2:1, and 3:1) through solvent-assisted grinding, slurry preparation, and solvent evaporation method and subsequently characterized by different analytical methodologies. Conformational characterization studies have been performed using techniques like melting point analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Saturation solubility of Ranolazine alone along with cocrystals prepared in different molar ratios was conducted in water and buffers of different pH (1.2, 4.5, and 6.8) to establish enhancement in solubility. Ranolazine: Nicotinamide 1:2 cocrystals were found to be stable in accelerated and long-term stability conditions. In-vivo study performed in rats to demonstrate enhanced bioavailability. Ranolazine cocrystals with Nicotinamide were shown to have enhanced solubility in basic pH and improved peak plasma concentration, the area under the curve, and relative bioavailability by 2-folds.

Facile protocol, metal-free, one-pot synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromenes, benzimidazoles, and benzothiazoles via acidic ionic liquids based on pyridinium

In a one-pot tandem condensation reaction, three functional ionic liquids (ILs) derived from pyridinium were employed as green, reusable, and efficient catalysts for the synthesis of important medicinal chemistry derivatives such as 2-amino-4H-chromenes. Additionally, benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles were synthesized using these catalysts. The ILs were favored for their easy set-up, high yields, and short synthesis times for the desired products. Moreover, the ILs could be easily recovered and reuse multiple times without significant loss of catalytic activity. Characterization of the synthesized compound was achieved through FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, TGA and melting point analysis. The compounds were prepared with good to excellent isolated yields under mild conditions, while the synthesis of benzimidazoles and benzothiazole derivatives was successful at both reflux and room temperature conditions. Finally, each class of compound was described along with its corresponding synthesis mechanism.

Fabrication and characterization of inorganic-organic hybrid copper ferrite anchored on chitosan Schiff base as a reusable green catalyst for the synthesis of indeno[1,2-b]indolone derivatives.

This study presents a description of the catalytic synthesis of indeno[1,2-b]indolone derivatives. In this method, initially, a Schiff base compound was synthesized from the reaction of acetylacetone with 2-hydroxyaniline. Then, the prepared Schiff base was immobilized on chelated magnetic copper ferrite nanoparticles with a chitosan surface to design and prepare the CuFe2O4@CS-SB nanocomposite. Further, the one-pot multi-component cyclization reaction of aniline, dimedone and ninhydrin was conducted using the synthesized nanocomposite as a heterogeneous acid catalyst in water solvent under thermal conditions. In this reaction, the products were obtained in excellent yields and short reaction times, and the catalyst could be recycled and reused six times without any loss in product yields. By conducting FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, XRD, FE-SEM, TGA, elemental mapping scanning, EDX and BET analyses, the structure of the nanocatalyst was characterized. In addition, for the identification of organic compounds, FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies and melting point analysis were used, which confirmed the synthesis of this class of derivatives.