Composition Of Melt Inclusions Research Articles

Rhyolite-MELTS: a Modified Calibration of MELTS Optimized for Silica-rich, Fluid-bearing Magmatic Systems

Silicic magma systems are of great scientific interest and societal importance owing to their role in the evolution of the crust and the hazards posed by volcanic eruptions. MELTS is a powerful and widely used tool to study the evolution of magmatic systems over a wide spectrum of compositions and conditions. However, the current calibration of MELTS fails to correctly predict the position of the quartz þ feldspar saturation surface in temperature, pressure and composition space, making it unsuitable to study silicic systems. We create a modified calibration of MELTS optimized for silicic systems, dubbed rhyolite-MELTS, using early erupted Bishop pumice as a reference. Small adjustments to the calorimetrically determined enthalpy of formation of quartz and of the potassium end-member of alkali feldspar in the MELTS calibration lead to much improved predictions of the quartz þ feldspar saturation surface as a function of pressure. Application of rhyolite-MELTS to the Highland Range Volcanic Sequence (Nevada), the Peach Spring Tuff (Arizona^Nevada^California), and the late-erupted Bishop Tuff (California), using compositions that vary from trachydacite to high-silica rhyolite, shows that the calibration is appropriate for a variety of fluid-bearing silicic systems. Some key observations include the following. (1) The simulated evolutionary paths are consistent with petrographic observations and glass compositions; further work is needed to compare predicted and observed mineral compositions. (2) The nearly invariant nature of silicic magmas is well captured by rhyolite-MELTS; unusual behavior is observed after extensive pseudo-invariant crystallization, suggesting that the new calibration works best for relatively small (i.e.550 wt %) crystallization intervals, comparable with what is observed in volcanic rocks. (3) Our success with rhyolite-MELTS shows that water-bearing systems in which hydrous phases do not play a critical role can be appropriately handled; simulations are sensitive to initial water concentration, and although only a pure-H2O fluid is modeled, suitable amounts of water can be added or subtracted to mimic the effect of CO2 in fluid solubility. Our continuing work on natural systems shows that rhyolite-MELTS is very useful in constraining crystallization conditions, and is particularly well suited to explore the eruptive potential of silicic magmas. We show that constraints placed by rhyoliteMELTS simulations using late-erupted Bishop Tuff whole-rock and melt inclusion compositions are inconsistent with a vertically stratified magma body.

The composition of melt and fluid inclusions in spinel of peridotite xenoliths from Avacha volcano (Kamchatka)

This work considers the studies of melt and fluid inclusions in spinel of ultramafic rocks in the mantle wedge beneath Avacha volcano (Kamchatka). The generations of spinel were identified: 1 is spinel (Sp-I) of the “primary” peridotites, has the highest magnesium number (#0.69–0.71), highest contents of Al2O3 and lowest contents of Cr2O3 (26.2–27.1 and 37.5–38.5 wt %, respectively), and the absence in it of any fluid and melt inclusions; 2 is spinel (Sp-II) of the recrystallized peridotites, has lower magnesium number (Mg# 0.64–0.61) and the content of Al2O3 (18–19 wt %), a higher content of Cr2O3 (45.4–47.2 wt %) and the presence of primary fluid inclusions; 3 is spinel (Sp-III) that is characterized by the highest content of Cr2O3 (50.2–55.4 wt %), the lowest content of Al2O3 (13.6–16.6 wt %), and the presence of various types of primary melt inclusions. The data obtained indicate that metasomatic processing of “primary” peridotites occurred under the influence of high concentrated fluids of mainly carbonate-water-chloride composition with influx of the following petrogenic elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, S, F, etc. This process was often accompanied by a local melting of the metasomatized substrate at a temperature above 1050°C with the formation of melts close to andesitic.

Trace element and Pb–B–Li isotope systematics of olivine-hosted melt inclusions: insights into source metasomatism beneath Stromboli (southern Italy)

We studied the elemental and isotopic (Pb, B and Li isotopes) composition of melt inclusions hosted in highly forsteritic (Fo83–91) olivines that were collected from San Bartolo lava and pumice (ST79p, ST82p and ST531p) samples erupted by Stromboli in historical times. The studied melt inclusions have primitive calcalkaline to shoshonitic basaltic compositions. They cover a compositional range far wider than that exhibited by the whole-rocks and differ in key trace element ratios. San Bartolo melt inclusions are characterized by lower incompatible trace element abundances, higher ratios between fluid-mobile (B, Pb, U and LILE) and less fluid-mobile (REE, Th, HFSE) elements and lower La/Yb ratios relative to the pumice-hosted melt inclusions and pumiceous melts erupted during paroxysmal events. Trace elements, along with different Pb, B and Li isotopic signatures, attest to source heterogeneity on the small scale and provide new insights into subducted components beneath Stromboli. Results of a mixing model suggest that metasomatism of the mantle source of pumice-hosted melt inclusions was driven by solute-rich high-pressure fluids (<20%) expelled from the deep portion of the slab. Heterogeneous Pb isotopic composition together with light δ11B (−8.6 to −13.7‰) and δ7Li (+2.3 to −1.7‰) indicates that high-pressure liquids were released in variable proportions from highly dehydrated metabasalts and metasediments. On the other hand, the elemental and isotopic (δ11B ~ −1.9 to −5.9‰) composition of San Bartolo melt inclusions is better explained by the addition of a prevalent aqueous component (~2 to 4%) escaped at shallower depths from sediments and altered basaltic crust in almost equivalent proportions, with a smaller contribution by high-pressure fluids. Owing to the high-angle dip of the subducted cold Ionian slab, aqueous fluids and high-pressure fluids would rise through the mantle wedge and locally superimpose on each other, thus giving origin to variously metasomatized mantle domains.

Origin of minor and trace element compositional diversity in anorthitic feldspar phenocrysts and melt inclusions from the Juan de Fuca Ridge

[1] Melt inclusions trapped in phenocryst phases are important primarily due to their potential of preserving a significant proportion of the diversity of magma composition prior to modification of the parent magma array during transport through the crust. The goal of this investigation was to evaluate the impact of formational and post-entrapment processes on the composition of melt inclusions hosted in high anorthite plagioclase in MORB. Our observations from three plagioclase ultra-phyric lavas from the Endeavor Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge document a narrow range of major elements and a dramatically greater range of minor and trace elements within most host plagioclase crystals. Observed host/inclusion partition coefficients for Ti are consistent with experimental determinations. In addition, observed values of DTi are independent of inclusion size and inclusion TiO2 content of the melt inclusion. These observations preclude significant effects from the re-homogenization process, entrapment of incompatible element boundary layers or dissolution/precipitation. The observed wide range of TiO2 contents in the host feldspar, and between bands of melt inclusions within individual crystals rule out modification of TiO2 contents by diffusion, either pre-eruption or due to re-homogenization. However, we do observe comparatively small ranges for values of K2O and Sr compared to P2O5 and TiO2 in both inclusions and crystals that can be attributed to diffusive processes that occurred prior to eruption.

SolEx: A model for mixed COHSCl-volatile solubilities and exsolved gas compositions in basalt

We present a software application, SolEx, to calculate basaltic melt and coexisting vapour compositions in the system C–O–H–S–Cl. Such a model has great utility in interpreting emitted gas and melt inclusion compositions, especially through the incorporation of sulphur and chlorine, the most commonly measured volcanic gas species. We assume that the behaviour of the fluid phase is controlled by the volumetrically dominant volatile species, H2Oand CO2, whereas sulphur and chlorine partition between the melt and fluid phases. Melt–fluid partition coefficients for S and Cl were parameterised from measurements by Lesne et al. (2011a, p. 1737). The model of Churakov and Gottschalk (2003a, p. 2415) was applied to calculate fugacity coefficients and the equilibrium constants for the reaction imelt→ifluid were thereby deduced. SO2dominates at oxidation states of ΔNNO>0.5 (Jugo et al., 2010, p. 5926), where this model is applicable.In the forward model, total volatile inventories and melt composition are specified by the user. The parameterisation of Dixon (1997, p. 368) is used to predict the partitioning of CO2and H2Obetween vapour and melt phases. An iterative procedure is employed to predict the partitioning of S and Cl components between fluid and melt phases. Melt and gas compositions and gas volume fraction are thereby modelled over pressures in the range 5–4000bar. This approach satisfactorily reproduces independent literature data on S and Cl behaviour in basalt. SolEx is a user-friendly software package available for OS X and Windows, facilitating modelling of closed- and open-system C–O–H–S–Cl degassing in basalts.

The effects of re-homogenization on plagioclase hosted melt inclusions

Melt inclusions trapped in phenocrysts provide a unique picture of magma systems prior to modification by crustal processes. However, post-entrapment crystallization complicates their interpretation. Re-heating the phenocryst to the temperature of entrapment is a commonly applied method to recover the original melt composition. To understand the effects of re-homogenization, we compared the composition of re-heated and naturally quenched melt inclusions and inclusion compositions that had been subjected to over-heating and under-heating to examine the degree to which anomalous compositions were produced. Our results on plagioclase hosted inclusions from ocean floor basalts indicate that the general patterns represented by naturally quenched inclusions are the same as observed for rehomogenized inclusions. Most important, the range of minor elements described for plagioclase hosted inclusions from basalts is found in naturally quenched inclusions, and is therefore not a consequence of the re-homogenization process.

Temperature dependence of sulfide and sulfate solubility in olivine-saturated basaltic magmas

The sulfur concentration at pyrrhotite- and anhydrite-saturation in primitive hydrous basaltic melt of the 2001–2002 eruption of Mt. Etna was determined at 200 MPa, T = 1050–1250 °C and at log fO 2 from FMQ to FMQ+2.2 (FMQ is Fayalite–Magnetite–Quartz oxygen buffer). At 1050 °C Au sample containers were used. A double-capsule technique, using a single crystal olivine sample container closed with an olivine piston, embedded in a sealed Au 80Pd 20 capsule, was developed to perform experiments in S-bearing hydrous basaltic systems at T > 1050 °C. Pyrrhotite is found to be a stable phase coexisting with melt at FMQ–FMQ+0.3, whereas anhydrite is stable at FMQ+1.4–FMQ+2.2. The S concentration in the melt increases almost linearly from 0.12 ± 0.01 to 0.39 ± 0.02 wt.% S at FeS-saturation and from 0.74 ± 0.01 to 1.08 ± 0.04 wt.% S at anhydrite-saturation with T ranging from 1050–1250 °C. The relationships between S concentration at pyrrhotite and/or anhydrite saturation, MgO content of the olivine-saturated melt, T, and log fO 2 observed in this study and from previous data are used to develop an empirical model for estimating the magmatic T and fO 2 from the S and MgO concentrations of H 2O-bearing olivine-saturated basaltic melts. The model can also be used to determine maximum S concentrations, if fO 2 and MgO content of the melt are known. The application of the model to compositions of melt inclusions in olivines from Mt. Etna indicates that the most primitive magmas trapped in inclusions might have been stored at log fO 2 slightly higher than FMQ+1 and at T = 1100–1150 °C, whereas more evolved melts could have been trapped at T ⩽ 1100 °C. These values are in a good agreement with the estimates obtained by other independent methods reported in the literature.

Melt inclusion Pb-isotope analysis by LA–MC-ICPMS: Assessment of analytical performance and application to OIB genesis

It is widely acknowledged that olivine-hosted melt inclusions retain compositional information unavailable from the study of bulk-rock samples alone. Whether or not the compositions of melt inclusions are truly representative of geologically significant melt bodies has, however, been called into question; isotopic data are critical to resolving this debate but the rare existing data are contradictory. Previous studies of Pb isotope ratios suggest that large compositional variations are preserved by melt inclusions whereas Sr isotope data apparently do not. A new and extensive laser ablation Pb-isotope database is presented here and displays a degree of isotopic heterogeneity in key samples from Mangaia and the Pitcairn seamounts significantly less than previously reported. More than 95% of the inclusions analysed, including results for the low abundance Pb-isotope, 204Pb, which has previously proven difficult to measure, are within error of bulk-rock analyses from these locations. Trace element measurements on two inclusions of different isotopic character from the Pitcairn Seamounts are closely similar to each other, and do not easily support models in which melt inclusions from this locality represent mixing between the Pitcairn mantle plume and the local MORB magmas or lithosphere. Instead, a second component, likely derived from within the plume, is required to explain the isotope and trace element variations observed. In terms of isotopic compositions then, melt inclusions may in most cases be representative of geochemical conditions prevailing within the magmatic plumbing system. The range of isotopic compositions found in a single sample likely includes the composition of the transporting melt (groundmass of the rock) and compositions previously trapped in crystals in the magmatic plumbing system.

Formation of PGM-Cu-Ni deposits in the process of evolution of flood-basalt magmatism in the Noril’sk region

The timing of the emplacement of ore-bearing melts in the process of evolution of flood-basalt magmatism in the Noril’sk District is discussed. The current models of ore formation consider the emplacement of ore-bearing intrusions either under the conditions of a closed magmatic system as a product of a self-dependent magmatic event, or under the conditions of an open magmatic system, where intrusions are parts of the conduits feeding lava flows. In both cases, the composition of the initial magma, the content of volatile components therein, and the contribution of country rock assimilation are important for the development of a genetic model. The relationships between lavas and intrusions are exemplified in the South Maslov intrusion, which cuts through the rocks of the Nadezhdinsky Formation. No geological evidence for links of lavas to intrusions has been established. Substantial difference in geochemistry (Ti contents, Gd/Yb and La/Sm ratios, etc.) of the tuff and lava sequence on the northern shore of Lake Lama and the Maslov intrusions are demonstrated. It is concluded that the Noril’sk deposits were formed as products of emplacement of self-dependent portion of magma in the post-lower Nadezhdinsky time. The melt composition determined from melt inclusions in olivine corresponds to high-Mg tholeiitic basalt (up to 7–8 wt % MgO) containing up to 1 wt % H2O and 0.3 wt % Cl and undersaturated with sulfur. The fluid regime of flood-basalt volcanism had no anomalous features—the fluid was aqueous-carbon dioxide. The melts of ore-bearing and barren intrusions had similar concentrations of volatile components. The distribution of major and trace elements in intrusive rocks of the contact zone with the lower part of the Nadezhdinsky Formation characterized by high (La/Sm)N ratio in comparison with gabbroic rocks (2.8–2.3 and 1.3–1.6, respectively), indicates that contamination of the initial melt only took place in a narrow (1 m) contact zone or did not develop at all. New data on isotopic compositions of Sr (87Sr/86Sr)251 = 0.7089 and Pb (206Pb/204Pb = 20.877–24.528 in anhydrite confirm that local assimilation did not play a substantial role in the formation of rock and ores. On the basis of chemical composition of ore-forming intrusions, their isotopic characteristics, and the composition of melt inclusions in olivine, it is suggested that the lower crustal rocks were a major source of ore-bearing magmas.

Evolution of the trachydacite and pantellerite magmas of the bimodal volcanic association of Dzarta-Khuduk, Central Mongolia: Investigation of inclusions in minerals

Using various methods of melt inclusion investigation, including electron and ion microprobe techniques, we estimated the composition, evolution, and formation conditions of melts producing the trachydacites and pantellerites of the Late Paleozoic bimodal volcanic association of Dzarta-Khuduk, Central Mongolia. Primary crystalline and melt inclusions were detected in anorthoclase from trachydacites and quartz from pantellerites and pantelleritic tuffs. Among the crystalline inclusions, we identified hedenbergite, fluorapatite, and pyrrhotite in the trachydacites and F-arfvedsonite, fluorite, ilmenite, and the rare REE diorthosilicate chevkinite in the pantellerites. Melt inclusions in anorthoclase from the trachydacites are composed of glass, a gas phase, and daughter minerals (F-arfvedsonite, fluorite, villiaumite, and anorthoclase rim on the inclusion wall). Melt inclusions in quartz from the pantellerites are composed of glass, a gas phase, and a fine-grained salt aggregate consisting of Li, Na, and Ca fluorides (griceite, villiaumite, and fluorite). Melt inclusions in quartz crystalloclasts from the pantelleritic tuffs are composed of homogeneous silicate glasses. The phenocrysts of the trachydacites and pantellerites crystallized at temperatures of 1060–1000°C. During thermometric experiments with quartz-hosted melt inclusions from the pantellerites, the formation of immiscible silicate and salt (fluoride) melts was observed at a temperature of 800°C. Homogeneous melt inclusions in anorthoclase from the trachydacites have both trachydacite and rhyolite compositions (wt %): 68–70 SiO2, 12–13 Al2O3, 0.34–0.74 TiO2, 5–7 FeO, 0.4–0.9 CaO, and 9–12 Na2O + K2O. The agpaitic index ranges from 0.92 to 1.24. The glasses of homogenized melt inclusions in quartz from the pantellerites and pantelleritic tuffs have rhyolitic compositions. Compared with the homogeneous glasses trapped in anorthoclase of the trachydacites, quartz-hosted inclusions from the pantellerites show higher SiO2 (72–78 wt %) and lower Al2O3 contents (7.8–10.0 wt %). They also contain 0.14–0.26 wt % TiO2, 2.5–4.9 wt % FeO, 9–11 wt % Na2O + K2O, and 0.9–0.15 wt % CaO and show an agpaitic index of 1.2–2.05. Homogeneous melt inclusions in quartz from the pantelleritic tuffs contain 69–72 wt % SiO2. The contents of other major components, including TiO2, Al2O3, FeO, and CaO, are close to those in the homogeneous glasses of quartzhosted melt inclusions in the pantellerites. The contents of Na2O + K2O are 4–10 wt %, and the agpaitic index is 1.0–1.6. The glasses of melt inclusions from each rock group show distinctive volatile compositions. The H2O content is up to 0.08 wt % in anorthoclase of the trachydacites, 0.4–1.4 wt % in quartz of the pantellerites, and up to 5 wt % in quartz of the pantelleritic tuffs. The content of F in the glasses of melt inclusions in the phenocrysts of the trachydacites is no higher than 0.67 wt %, and up to 1.4–2.8 wt % in quartz from the pantellerites. The Cl content is up to 0.2 wt % in the glasses of melt inclusions in the minerals of the trachydacites and up to 0.5 wt % in the glasses of quartz-hosted melt inclusions from the pantellerites. The investigation of trace elements in the homogenized glasses of melt inclusions in minerals showed that the trachydacites and pantellerites were formed from strongly evolved rare-metal alkaline silicate melts with high contents of Li, Zr, Rb, Y, Hf, Th, U, and REE. The analysis of the composition of homogeneous melt inclusions in the minerals of the above rocks allowed us to distinguish magmatic processes resulting in the enrichment of these rocks in trace and rare earth elements. The most important processes are the crystallization differentiation and immiscible separation of silicate and fluoride salt melts. It was also shown that all the melts studied evolved in spatially separated magma chambers. This caused the differences in the character of melt evolution between the trachydacites and pantellerites. During the final stages of differentiation, when the magmatic system was saturated with respect to ore elements, Na-Ca fluoride melts were separated and extracted considerable amounts of Li.

A Partial Record of Mixing of Mantle Melts Preserved in Icelandic Phenocrysts

The record of mixing of mantle melts in magma chambers has previously been observed in the compositions of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from Borgarhraun, a primitive basalt flow from the Theistareykir volcanic system, northern Iceland. Borgarhraun also contains high Mg-number (85–92) clinopyroxenes, which exist in polycrystalline nodules and as phenocrysts. Coincident major and trace element analyses were made in compositional zones of these clinopyroxenes, and Ce/Yb ratios of the melts in chemical equilibrium with each of the clinopyroxene zones were calculated using carefully selected crystal–melt partition coefficients. These calculations allow direct comparison of clinopyroxene compositions with existing melt inclusion data. The range of Ce/Yb ratios in the crystals and in the equilibrium melts cannot be accounted for by crystallization alone, requiring simultaneous mixing and crystallization of compositionally variable mantle melts. However, the range in Ce/Yb for melts in equilibrium with these high Mg-number clinopyroxenes is smaller than that of melt inclusions hosted by olivines with equivalent Fo contents. Also, the mean composition of the melts from which clinopyroxene grew has significantly lower Ce/Yb than the olivine-hosted melt inclusions. The record of mantle melt variability in clinopyroxenes is thus biased towards more depleted (low Ce/Yb) melt compositions. This bias can be understood if the trace element variation in the Borgarhraun parental melts is coupled to major element variation, as expected from petrological parameterizations of mantle melting. The major element variation influences the phase relationships and controls the appearance of liquidus phases during fractional crystallization in near-Moho magma chambers. Small-degree, deep melts, formed in the presence of garnet, have high Ce/Yb ratios. On cooling, these melts have a longer olivine-only crystallization path than melts derived from the shallow mantle. When these deep-sourced melts eventually become clinopyroxene saturated, they have too low Mg-numbers to crystallize high Mg-number clinopyroxenes such as are found in Borgarhraun. In contrast, shallow, depleted melts saturate in clinopyroxene at high Mg-number. The delayed onset of clinopyroxene crystallization in the enriched melts, coupled with concurrent mixing and crystallization of melts generated at a range of depths in the mantle, can account for the difference in the distribution of the trace element composition of high Mg-number melts saturated in olivine and clinopyroxene. The trace element compositions of high Mg-number clinopyroxenes in Borgarhraun therefore provide only a partial and biased record of the mixing of mantle melts. As well as showing that melt mixing may be preserved in phenocryst compositions, the results illustrate that trace element disequilibrium between crystals and carrier melt can be a consequence of magma mixing, rather than necessitating a xenocrystic origin for the crystals. Furthermore, care must be taken when using clinopyroxene separates from primitive basalts to examine compositional heterogeneity, as they provide a record of the chemical evolution of the magmatic system that is biased towards depleted compositions and therefore incomplete.

Cumulate xenoliths from St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles Island Arc: a window into upper crustal differentiation of mantle-derived basalts

In order to shed light on upper crustal differentiation of mantle-derived basaltic magmas in a subduction zone setting, we have determined the mineral chemistry and oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of individual cumulus minerals in plutonic blocks from St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. Plutonic rock types display great variation in mineralogy, from olivine–gabbros to troctolites and hornblendites, with a corresponding variety of cumulate textures. Mineral compositions differ from those in erupted basaltic lavas from St. Vincent and in published high-pressure (4–10 kb) experimental run products of a St. Vincent high-Mg basalt in having higher An plagioclase coexisting with lower Fo olivine. The oxygen isotope compositions (δ18O) of cumulus olivine (4.89–5.18‰), plagioclase (5.84–6.28‰), clinopyroxene (5.17–5.47‰) and hornblende (5.48–5.61‰) and hydrogen isotope composition of hornblende (δD = −35.5 to −49.9‰) are all consistent with closed system magmatic differentiation of a mantle-derived basaltic melt. We employed a number of modelling exercises to constrain the origin of the chemical and isotopic compositions reported. δ18OOlivine is up to 0.2‰ higher than modelled values for closed system fractional crystallisation of a primary melt. We attribute this to isotopic disequilibria between cumulus minerals crystallising at different temperatures, with equilibration retarded by slow oxygen diffusion in olivine during prolonged crustal storage. We used melt inclusion and plagioclase compositions to determine parental magmatic water contents (water saturated, 4.6 ± 0.5 wt% H2O) and crystallisation pressures (173 ± 50 MPa). Applying these values to previously reported basaltic and basaltic andesite lava compositions, we can reproduce the cumulus plagioclase and olivine compositions and their associated trend. We conclude that differentiation of primitive hydrous basalts on St. Vincent involves crystallisation of olivine and Cr-rich spinel at depth within the crust, lowering MgO and Cr2O3 and raising Al2O3 and CaO of residual melt due to suppression of plagioclase. Low density, hydrous basaltic and basaltic andesite melts then ascend rapidly through the crust, stalling at shallow depth upon water saturation where crystallisation of the chemically distinct cumulus phases observed in this study can occur. Deposited crystals armour the shallow magma chamber where oxygen isotope equilibration between minerals is slowly approached, before remobilisation and entrainment by later injections of magma.

Crystallization conditions of the alkaline-basic dike from the Yllymakh Massif, Central Aldan: Evidence from melt inclusion data in minerals

Alkaline-basic dike from the Yllymakh Massif (Central Aldan) has been studied. Its partially crystallized matrix contains corroded phenocrysts of olivine and hypidiomorphic phenocrysts of clinopyroxene and pseudo-, epileucite. It was found that phenocrysts of clinopyroxene contain abundant primary inclusions, Ti-magnetite and apatite bear only single inclusions, whereas olivine is enriched in secondary inclusions, which are confined to the cleavage of host mineral (along second and third pinacoids) and its cracks. The homogenization temperatures of the primary inclusions in clinopyroxene and secondary inclusions in olivine are approximately equal and lie within 1260–1240°C. The compositions of melt inclusions in olivine and clinopyroxene are also similar and corresponded to the malignite-pseudoleucite phonolite-monzonite pulaskites, which are developed at the Yllymakh Massif. Unheated inclusions in apatite and Ti-magnetite compositionally approach monzonites and nepheline syenites—tinguaites, respectively. It was concluded that the alkaline basaltoid magma was presumably parental magma for the entire rock complex of the Yllymakh Massif. Its crystallization and differentiation presumably provided all observed rock variety from ultrabasics (early derivatives located at depth) and malignites (later derivatives) to leucite phonolites, monzonites, and alkaline pulaskites, which were obtained during subsequent stages of the melt evolution. The parental magma, and especially its derivatives, were enriched in BaO (0.8–0.1 wt %), Cl (0.1–0.3 wt %) and trace elements (primarily, LREE and MREE), which are several times higher than mantle values. At the same time, ion microprobe (SIMS) study showed that derivative melts were dry: contained only 0.01–1.13 wt % H2O. The trend of melts conserved in the minerals and the massif rocks corresponds to the evolution of alkalinebasaltoid magma with increase in Si, Al, alkalis and decrease in Mg, Ca, and Fe, i.e. the Bowen trend. The considered alkaline-basic dike was presumably formed from the derivative of leucite-phonolite melt, which during emplacement captured olivine xenocrysts from previously fractionated ultrabasic rocks. The parental magma was presumably derived by high-degree melting of garnet-spinel-facies depleted mantle at some influence of crustal material.

Average compositions of igneous melts from main geodynamic settings according to the investigation of melt inclusions in minerals and quenched glasses of rocks

We compiled a database containing more than 480000 determinations for 73 elements in melt inclusions in minerals and quenched glasses of volcanic rocks. These data were used to estimate the mean contents of major, volatile, and trace elements in igneous melts from main geodynamic settings. The following settings were distinguished: (I) oceanic spreading zones (mid-ocean ridges); (II) zones of mantle plume activity on oceanic plates (oceanic islands and plateaus); (III) and (IV) settings related to subduction processes, including (III) zones of island-arc magmatism generated on the oceanic crust and (IV) magmatic zones of active continental margins involving the continental crust into magma generation processes; (V) intracontinental rifts and continental hot spots; and (VI) back-arc spreading centers. The histogram of SiO2 contents in the natural igneous melts of all geodynamic settings exhibits a bimodal distribution with two maxima at SiO2 contents of 50–52 wt % and 72–74 wt %. The range 62–64 wt % SiO2 comprises the minimum number of determinations. Primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams were constructed for average contents of elements in the igneous melts of basic, intermediate, and acidic compositions from settings I–V. The diagrams reflect the characteristic features of melt compositions for each geodynamic setting. On the basis of the analysis of data on the composition of melt inclusions and glasses of rocks, average ratios of incompatible trace and volatile components (H2O/Ce, K2O/Cl, Nb/U, Ba/Rb, Ce/Pb, etc.) were estimated for the igneous melts of all of the settings. Variations of these ratios were determined, and it was shown that, in most cases, the ratios of incompatible elements are significantly different between settings. The difference is especially pronounced for the ratios of elements with different degrees of incompatibility (e.g., Nb/Yb) and for some ratios with volatile components (e.g., K2O/H2O).

Revisiting the compositions and volatile contents of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the Mount Shasta region: implications for the formation of high-Mg andesites

Primitive chemical characteristics of high-Mg andesites (HMA) suggest equilibration with mantle wedge peridotite, and they may form through either shallow, wet partial melting of the mantle or re-equilibration of slab melts migrating through the wedge. We have re-examined a well-studied example of HMA from near Mt. Shasta, CA, because petrographic evidence for magma mixing has stimulated a recent debate over whether HMA magmas have a mantle origin. We examined naturally quenched, glassy, olivine-hosted (Fo87–94) melt inclusions from this locality and analyzed the samples by FTIR, LA-ICPMS, and electron probe. Compositions (uncorrected for post-entrapment modification) are highly variable and can be divided into high-CaO (>10 wt%) melts only found in Fo > 91 olivines and low-CaO ( 90 olivines. Restored low-CaO melt inclusions are HMAs (57–61 wt% SiO2; 4.9–10.9 wt% MgO), whereas high-CaO inclusions are primitive basaltic andesites (PBA) (51–56 wt% SiO2; 9.8–15.1 wt% MgO). HMA and PBA inclusions have distinct trace element characteristics. Importantly, both types of inclusions are volatile-rich, with maximum values in HMA and PBA melt inclusions of 3.5 and 5.6 wt% H2O, 830 and 2,900 ppm S, 1,590 and 2,580 ppm Cl, and 500 and 820 ppm CO2, respectively. PBA melts are comparable to experimental hydrous melts in equilibrium with harzburgite. Two-component mixing between PBA and dacitic magma (59:41) is able to produce a primitive HMA composition, but the predicted mixture shows some small but significant major and trace element discrepancies from published whole-rock analyses from the Shasta locality. An alternative model that involves incorporation of xenocrysts (high-Mg olivine from PBA and pyroxenes from dacite) into a primary (mantle-derived) HMA magma can explain the phenocryst and melt inclusion compositions but is difficult to evaluate quantitatively because of the complex crystal populations. Our results suggest that a spectrum of mantle-derived melts, including both PBA and HMA, may be produced beneath the Shasta region. Compositional similarities between Shasta parental melts and boninites imply similar magma generation processes related to the presence of refractory harzburgite in the shallow mantle.

P38 九州地方,第四紀火山噴出物中に含まれるカンラン石に捕獲されたメルト包有物の組成(ポスターセッション)

P38 九州地方,第四紀火山噴出物中に含まれるカンラン石に捕獲されたメルト包有物の組成(ポスターセッション)

Light elements, volatiles, and stable isotopes in basaltic melt inclusions from Grenada, Lesser Antilles: Inferences for magma genesis

Grenada Island is located at the southern end of the Lesser Antilles. Grenada lavas display a large range in compositions which includes picrites, representing the parental melt of all Grenada suites. We present here an extensive study of major, light and volatile elements combined with δD, δ11B and δ7Li determinations of melt inclusions hosted in olivines (Fo86–91) from picritic scoriae. The major element compositions of melt inclusions encompass those of Grenada basalts. Their H2O contents typically range from 0.2 to 4.1 wt% (one value at 6.4 wt%). Such extreme range stands in contrast with typical arc magmas for a single volcanic center. The high H2O contents are associated with strongly negative values of δD (on average −140‰). Melt inclusions display a wide range in B (1.7–47 ppm) and Li (1.1–12 ppm) contents as well as in δ7Li and δ11B, which vary from −24 to 8.2‰ and from −20 to 8.9‰, respectively. Both B and Li compositions of Grenada melt inclusions suggest (i) the involvement of dehydration fluids or hydrous silicate melts derived from buried carbonate‐bearing sediments, (ii) the contribution of aqueous fluids generated during the dehydration of hydrothermally altered oceanic crust, and (iii) melting of a mantle metasomatized by the addition of high δ11B, high‐Cl, Li‐poor fluids derived from the early dehydration of serpentinized peridotite above the slab beneath Grenada.

Volatile contents of mafic magmas from cinder cones in the Central Oregon High Cascades: Implications for magma formation and mantle conditions in a hot arc

The Cascades arc is a warm-slab subduction zone characterized by the slow (3.5 cm/a) subduction of young (< 10 Ma) oceanic crust. Elevated slab temperatures likely result in shallow dehydration beneath the forearc and reduced slab fluid addition to the mantle wedge beneath the volcanic front. Resulting calc-alkaline magmas should contain low volatile abundances relative to arcs with cooler subducting slabs. We test this hypothesis in Central Oregon, the region of the arc that has experienced the highest mafic output over the last 2 Ma. Naturally quenched basalt and basaltic andesite melt inclusions from tephra erupted from monogenetic vents record pre-eruptive magmatic volatile contents. After accounting for the effects of degassing, our data show that initial volatile contents from seven calc-alkaline cinder cones range from 1.7 to 3.6 wt.% H 2O, 1200–2100 ppm S and 500–1200 ppm Cl. Ratios reflecting volatiles recycled from the subducted slab (H 2O/Ce ~ 490–1700; S/Nb ~ 110–310; and Cl/Nb ~ 37–190) are elevated above MORB values but are low compared to those from the southern Cascades (Mount Shasta) and other arcs (Mexico, Central America, and Kamchatka). Positive correlations between H 2O, Pb/Ce and Ba/Zr suggest that small additions of a slab-derived component to the mantle wedge are responsible for observed volatile contents. Melt inclusion compositions are evolved (Fo 82–84 host olivines, 5.0–7.2 wt.% MgO) and fractionated from primitive parental magmas by ~ 16% crystallization of predominantly olivine before being trapped as inclusions. Calc-alkaline basaltic and Sr-rich basaltic melts can be generated by 9–11% partial melting of spinel lherzolite. H 2O-rich basaltic andesite melts are highly depleted in incompatible elements and are probably generated from a more depleted mantle source by 12–16% melting. Subarc mantle temperatures inferred from H 2O and trace elements are similar to or slightly warmer than temperatures in other arcs. Additionally, compositional proxies for slab surface temperatures in Central Oregon are at the high end of the global arc spectrum, corresponding to temperatures of 850–950 °C, and are consistent with a young, hot incoming plate.

Heterogeneous mantle sources of potassium-rich magmas in central-southern Italy: Melt inclusion evidence from Roccamonfina and Ernici (Mid Latina Valley)

We present a comprehensive set of data on compositions of melt inclusions and earliest crystallized mineral phases from mafic lavas of Roccamonfina and Ernici, situated in a central sector of the string of Pliocene–Quaternary potassic volcanic centres along the Tyrrhenian border of peninsular Italy. Studied samples of mafic lavas (4.4–7 wt.% MgO) cover a wide spectrum of potassium levels, and represent magmas considered to be parental to the ultrapotassic leucite-bearing high-K series (HKS, 4–8 wt.% K 2O) and to shoshonitic (1.5–5%) and subalkaline (< 1.5%) series, here collectively referred to as medium-low potassic series (M-LKS). Highly variable compositions of melt inclusions in olivine hosts (Fo = 89–91.5) from single lava samples indicate that all parental magmas are composed of diverse collections of primary melts, consistent with extraction from heterogeneous vein-type mantle lithologies. Major and trace-element systematics provide evidence that primitive HKS and M-LKS magmas originated from separate domains and not through changes in the proportion of vein and wall-rock peridotite during progressive melting of a common source. We infer that parental HKS magmas are largely derived from the vein portion of a heterogeneous phlogopite (± amphibole ± apatite) wehrlitic mantle. Contrasting major element, volatile and trace-element signatures of melt inclusions from medium-K lavas point to an amphibole-bearing wehrlitic source for shoshonitic magmas, probably with a subordinate role of phlogopite. Finally, a population of silica-undersaturated potassium-poor melt inclusions with extreme CaO/Al 2O 3 ratios (> 1.2) and fluid-depleted signatures suggests that subalkaline magmas originate either from the same source following the exhaustion of amphibole, or from a separate wehrlitic–pyroxenitic (± apatite ± carbonate?) assemblage. Our melt inclusion data are consistent with a mixed metasomatic imprint by siliceous potassium-rich and carbonate-rich (carbonatitic) potassium-poor melts. Siliceous melt components dominated in the HKS sources, but a minor group of potassium-poor melt inclusions in HKS samples, with compositions not represented by erupted products, carries trace-element signatures pointing to metasomatism by carbonatite-like melts. The melt inclusions show a general inverse relationship between fO 2 and potassium enrichment, suggesting that primitive potassium-poor magmas are the most oxidized (NNO + 0.5), whereas primitive HKS magmas have the lowest oxidation state (NNO − 1.6). Mineral chemistry of (near-)liquidus assemblages varies systematically according to the signature of the primary melts from which they crystallized. Calcium contents of Mg-rich olivines and clinopyroxenes are unrelated to the calcium content of the melts but are higher in HKS than in M-LKS samples. Forsterite-rich olivines contain Cr-spinel inclusions with Cr/(Cr + Al) ratios that tend to be higher in M-LKS (0.58–0.80) than in HKS (0.48–0.67) samples. We infer that this parameter, particularly at the more elevated values, is predominantly controlled by the metasomatic veins, and does not necessarily reflect the (‘refractory’) nature of the pre-metasomatic peridotite component. We surmise that primitive HKS and M-LKS melts of Roccamonfina–Ernici are derived by lower degrees of partial melting of vein lithologies with a stronger metasomatic imprint of the carbonatitic component and more subordinate involvement of pristine wall-rock peridotite than their equivalents of the northern Roman Province. The distinctive HKS and M-LKS sources point to a layered vein-permeated mantle column. Melting possibly occurred in response to a heat pulse induced by exposure to hot asthenospheric mantle, facilitated by post-collisional slab tearing and shallow break-off.

PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS FROM A PLACER DEPOSIT IN BURWASH CREEK, KLUANE AREA, YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA

Five placer grains of Pt–Fe alloy, ca. 0.5 to 2 mm, roundish in shape, and hitherto unconfirmed from this locality, were recovered from a placer deposit in Burwash Creek, Kluane area, Yukon. Our results of multiple electron-microprobe analyses (EMP) display the presence of elevated levels of Pd (0.49–5.84, mean 2.38 wt.%), Rh (1.05–1.94, mean 1.50 wt.%), Ir ( 45.7–47.5 Mg 37.5–48.0 Fe 4.9–16.8 , mg # = 100Mg/(Mg + Fe 2+ ) in the range 69.0–90.7], plagioclase (Ab 57.5–60 An 35.1–39.9 Or 2.6–4.8 ), and sodic–calcic amphiboles (0.6 and 1.1 Na apfu ), some of which are rich in Cl (0.72 and 1.17 wt.%, or 0.17 and 0.36 Cl apfu , respectively). The analyzed inclusions of PGM are members of the bowieite Rh 2 S 3 – kashinite Ir 2 S 3 solid-solution series, miassite (Rh,Pt,Pd) 17 S 15 , cooperite PtS, isoferroplatinum Pt 3 Fe (or Fe-rich platinum), vasilite (Pd,Cu,Pt) 16 S 7 , keithconnite Pd 20 Te 7 , an unusual Pt–Pd–Ni–Cu alloy ( i.e. , Pd-rich platinum: Pt 47.7–52.8 Pd 29.3–37.9 Ni 6.3–8.0 Cu 6.1–7.5 ), and a sulfotelluride of Pd, Pd 11 Te 2 S 2 (?), which may represent a new isomertieite-type compound. The trace-element composition of the silicate melt inclusions determined using laser-ablation ICP–MS shows a notable enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements. We infer that the reported association of PGM and the trace-element composition of silicate melt inclusions observed at Burwash Creek probably correspond to an Alaskan–Uralian-type mineralization; considered less likely is a relation with a Triassic ultramafic–mafic complex (sill-like) of so-called Kluane-type, also developed in the placer area.