Meloidogyne Incognita Research Articles

Control efficacy of two nematicides against southern root-knot nematode in a cucumber greenhouse during the fallow period in winter

Control efficacy of two nematicides against southern root-knot nematode in a cucumber greenhouse during the fallow period in winter

Effectiveness of various nematode-trapping fungi for biocontrol of the Meloidogyne incognita in tomato (Lycopersicion esculentum Mill.)

The nine promising species of nematode-trapping fungi namely Dr. dactyloides, Dr. brochopaga, Da. gephyropaga, Da. phymatopaga, A. eudermata, A. oligospora, A. conoides, A. thaumasia and A. musiformis were isolated from the root-knots rhizosphere to compare their, in vitro nematode trapping ability against Meloidogyne incognita, ability to form conidial traps close to nematode infested soils and their effectiveness in reducing on M. incognita infection indices on tomato. The laboratory assays of nematophagous efficacy of nine nematode-trapping fungi against M. incognita revealed that Dr. dactyloides, Dr. brochopaga, D. gephyropaga and Da. phymatopaga seemed to be the most effective, with 73.2–99.8% trapping and killing of juveniles within 5 days of nematode and fungal interface. Conidial trap forming ability of different species of nematode-trapping fungi showed that Dr. dactyloides, Dr. brochopaga formed frequent formation of conidial traps without intermediate germ tubes whereas Da. phymatopaga and Da. gephyropaga formed adhesive traps on spore germ tubes in close vicinity of root-knot nematode infested soils and killed the nematode present on the agar discs. A. eudermata, A. oligospora, A. conoides, A. thaumasia and A. musiformis frequently germinated by germ tubes in soil and occasionally formed fewer traps. The pot experiment results showed that Dr. brochopaga and Dr. dactyloides, which dominantly formed conidial traps without an intermediate mycelial phase caused the highest decrease in the number of roots-knots (67.2–70.4%), females (80.5–85.8%) and eggs and juveniles (84.9–88.8%) of M. incognita followed by Da. gephyropaga and Da. phymatopaga which formed traps on conidial germ lings and mycelium. A. eudermata, A. oligospora, A. conoides, A. thaumasia and A. musiformis which formed poor conidial traps caused a moderate decrease in the number of root-knots (45.3–53.4%), females (55.5–61.1%), eggs and juveniles (52.9–60.1%) of M. incognita in comparison to control. This paper analyses the effective biocontrol of M. incognita by using different nematode-trapping fungi, especially conidial traps forming fungi and the fate of application of these species in the RKN-infested soil for management of M. ingocnita.

Control of Southern root-knot nematode on tomato using soil amendments

The present results found that organic waste materials were effective against the root-knot nematode that attacks tomatoes under field conditions and significantly reduced root gall indices, nematodes and egg masses compared to the control. Organic soil amendments stimulate the activities of microorganisms that are antagonistic to root-knot nematodes.

Antinemic Metabolites of Simarouba glauca against Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Infesting Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea

Background: Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea is a leguminous crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Meloidogyne spp., is considered to be nematode pest of economic importance for the groundnut throughout the world. Plant metabolites with nematicidal property have been in use for a long time for nematode control that offer many environmental advantages. Methods: The nematicidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of Simarouba glauca on eggs and juveniles (Js) of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infesting vegetables was evaluated at three concentrations in vitro (100%, 50%, 25%) with control at three exposure times. Result: Results revealed that at 100% concentration, the methanolic leaf extract of S. glauca showed the least number of eggs hatched (7.85, 12.63, 16.30/egg mass) and the highest mortality (60.58, 70.23, 92.58/100 juveniles) at the exposure times of 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs, respectively. The phytochemical compounds viz., Hexadecanoic acid-methyl ester, Isopropyl palmitate, Octadecanoic acid and Methyl stearate detected through GC-MS profiling of methanolic extract of S. glauca were found to inhibit the nematode activity. Pot and field studies proved that soil application of Simarouba leaf powder @ 10 g/plant and 5 kg/ha reduced the nematode infestation. This study implies that use of Simarouba leaf powder produces nematicidal effect against plant parasitic nematodes and reduced the nematode infestation in groundnut and is more suitable candidate in the context of biological control.

Effect of Soil Amendments on the Growth Parameters of Okra Infested with Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum, Neem cake, and poultry manure on the growth performance of okra infected with Meloidogyne incognita.
 Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Botany, University of Calabar, between April 2022 and August, 2022.
 Methodology: Soil samples were collected at the depth of 0-15cm using auger, heat sterilized and spread out in a shade for 7days to cool before use for planting okra seed. Galled roots of okra plants were blended and emptied into 1000ml beaker. This was the inoculum used for plant inoculation. Pure culture of T. harzianum inoculated into a steril petri dishes and allowed to sporulate. Neem cake and poultry manure were applied at the rate of 10g and 20g per planting pot. Holes were excavated around the base of the okra plant and 1g of T. harzianum spores was used for inoculation. Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves, petiole length, and percentage leaf abscission.
 Results: Number of leaves on pot treated with M. incognita, T. harzianum and 20 g of neem cake was significantly (p≤ 0.05) different from all other pots. Data obtained indicates that after 3 weeks of planting all the treatment combinations had significant (p≤0.05) impact on the crops grown in pots treated with 10 g of neem cake which was not significantly (p>0.05) different. Data obtained on plant height in pots with the treatment combinations (M1T1N0, M1T0N1, M1T0N2, M0T0N2, M0T0N0, M0T0P1 and M0T0P0) were significantly (p≤ 0.05) different. Results on petiole length grown in pots with treatment combinations (M1T1N2, M0T1N1 and M0T0P1) were not significantly (p> 0.05) different from the control.
 Results shows that the highest percentage of abscised leaves was observed on plant treated with T. harzianum and Neem cake with 66.4%. Results from other treatments were as follows, M0T0N1 (62.3%), M1T1N0 (58.6%), M0T0N2 (56.3%), M1T0N1 (52.9%) and M1T1N2 (51.2%). Result obtained on soil amendment with poultry manure revealed that pots treated with 20t/ha of poultry manure had impact on plant height which was significant (p≤ 0.05).
 Conclusion: Based on the data obtained on the growth parameters, it can be concluded that T. harzianum and neem cake significantly increased the growth of okra infested with M. incognita and the impact was significantly shown on the plant height and petiole length. Number of leaves were significantly different at 3 and 5 weeks after planting. T. harzianum has be proven to be of economic value in agriculture both as biocontrol agent and soil nutrient booster.

Efficacy of Pseudomonas spp. NA-4 against Meloidogyne incognita

In concern with our present studies, this paper basically put lights on the efficacy of biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas strain NA-4 for the management of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Four plants were kept under observation. The one which remain untreated shows more vigorous growth while our main plant which is inoculated with both nematode and bacteria shows that bacteria has shown some control against nematode activity while the plants which are inoculated with nematode alone shows reduction in height and other parameters. Bacterial inoculated plant grow normally even because of its growth promoting nature due to some dramatic changes in climatic conditions and other external or internal factors. Keywords: Control, biological agent, plant growth, root knot nematode, Solanaceae.

Assessment of summer vegetable resistance to Meloidogyne incognita and the possibility of the inoculum

Seven vegetable genotypes, including tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L), eggplant (Solanum melongena linn), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L), and okra (Hibiscus esculentus L), planted at significant vegetable production areas, were the subject of a systemic survey to determine the association of plant parasitic nematodes and to evaluate the losses. Twenty locations around the vegetable growing region were used to gather 130 samples. The findings indicated that plant parasitic nematodes were present in 85% of the vegetable fields. In decreasing frequency, the plant parasitic nematodes discovered infecting vegetables were Helicotylenchus spp. (Steiner) (3.2%), Xiphinema spp. (Cobb) (5.1%), Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) (6.0%), Pratylenchus spp. (Thorne) (15.2%), and M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chit. (85.0%) The average prevalence of plant parasitic nematodes was 47.19%, ranging from 0 to 85.0%. In the majority of the examined vegetable crops, Pratylenchus spp. and M. incognita population concentrations were possibly hazardous. We found yield losses of 32.5% for four commercially cultivated vegetables, greater than those in industrialized nations. Increased losses might result from growers' ignorance of these plant parasitic nematodes. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse at a temperature of 25°C to test seven summer vegetables for Meloidogyne incognita infection. Cucumber roots had much more galls and egg masses at harvest than the other genotypes' roots. M. incognita's invasion and growth were tested on cucumbers. The way each therapy responded to the M. incognita infection varied. Maximum nematode invasion and growth were seen across all treatments. Relationship between root weight and the quantity of M. incognita growing. Keywords: Cucumber, Nematode, association, vegetable, Tomato, okra, eggplant

Biber çeşitlerinin (a)virulent kök-ur nematod izolatlarına karşı konukçuluk durumu

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are polyphagous and cause yield losses to crops worldwide. Using the resistant plant is the most effective and environmental method to manage RKNs. Mi-1.2 gene in tomatoes is commonly used to control Meloidogyne. However, the Mi-1.2-virulent isolates can overcome this gene. In fields infested with Mi-1.2-virulent populations, plant species with different resistance genes are recommended instead of tomatoes. Therefore, investigating the host suitability of pepper cultivars to Mi-1.2-virulent RKNs is needed for management practices. This study was conducted in Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Plant Protection Nematology Laboratory in 2019. In this study, the response of resistant and susceptible pepper cultivars was investigated to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White,1919), Chitwood, 1949, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949, Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949, Meloidogyne luci Carneiro et al., 2014 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae), Mi-1.2-virulent M. incognita and Mi-1.2-virulent M. javanica. Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and Mi-1.2-virulent M. incognita isolates multiplied very well on susceptible peppers but did not reproduce on resistant peppers. Mi-1.2-(a)virulent M. javanica isolates did not multiply on any pepper cultivars. Meloidogyne luci reproduced on all peppers tested. A pepper carrying N resistance gene was first tested with M. luci and did not confer resistance to M. luci. These results could be used to control RKNs in vegetable-growing areas.

Host Suitability of Lettuce and Bean Germplasm for Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica Isolates from Spain.

Meloidogyne spp. are an important threat to horticulture and cause substantial yield losses. Plant resistance is an alternative control method for chemical nematicides. This study highlights the host suitability of the lettuces cultivars Grand Rapids and Salinas 88 and the beans cultivars Aporé, Cornell 49242, Macarrão Atibaia and Ouro Negro to four Meloidogyne incognita and seven M. javanica isolates from Spain in a pot experiment. Moreover, the response of these cultivars to increasing M. incognita densities (Pi) was assessed in a plastic greenhouse. The lettuce cultivar Regina 71 and the bean cultivar Bolinha were included as susceptible standards for comparison. It was found that Grand Rapids and Salinas 88 lettuces were resistant to the most nematode isolates in the pot experiment but were classified as slightly and moderately resistant, respectively, in the plastic greenhouse at increasing Pi. Regarding the beans, Aporé was resistant to the majority of the Meloidogyne isolates whereas Macarrão Atibaia and Ouro Negro were slightly resistant and Cornell 49242 was susceptible in the pot experiment. In the plastic greenhouse, Aporé was the only cultivar able to effectively suppress the nematode reproduction irrespective of Pi, while Ouro Negro became less resistant as Pi increased. These results play an important role in enhancing the effective and ecofriendly Meloidogyne management strategies.

A nematode-inducible promoter can effectively drives RNAi construct to confer Meloidogyne incognita resistance in tomato.

Heterologous expression of a nematode-responsive promoter in tomato successfully driven the RNAi constructs to impart root-knot nematode resistance. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita seriously afflicts the global productivity of tomatoes. Nematode management options are extremely reliant on chemical methods, however, only a handful of nematicides are commercially available. Additionally, nematodes have developed resistance-breaking phenotypes against the commercially available Mi gene-expressing tomatoes. Nematode resistance in crop plants can be enhanced using the bio-safe RNAi technology, in which plants are genetically modified to express nematode gene-specific dsRNA/siRNA molecules. However, the majority of the RNAi crops conferring nematode tolerance have used constitutive promoters, which have many limitations. In the present study, using promoter-GUS fusion, we functionally validated two nematode-inducible root-specific promoters (pAt1g74770 and pAt2g18140, identified from Arabidopsis thaliana) in the Solanum lycopersicum-M. incognita pathosystem. pAt2g18140 was found to be nematode-responsive during 10-21days post-inoculation (dpi) and became non-responsive during the late infection stage (28 dpi). In contrast, pAt1g74770 remained nematode-responsive for a longer duration (10-28 dpi). Next, a number of transgenic lines were developed that expressed RNAi constructs (independently targeting the M. incognita integrase and splicing factor genes) driven by the pAt1g74770 promoter. M. incognita parasitic success (measured by multiplication factor ratio) in pAt1g74770:integrase and pAt1g74770:splicing factor RNAi lines were significantly reduced by 60.83-74.93% and 69.34-75.31%, respectively, compared to the control. These data were comparable with the RNAi lines having CaMV35S as the promoter. Further, a long-term RNAi effect was evident, because females extracted from transgenic lines were of deformed shape with depleted transcripts of integrase and splicing factor genes. We conclude that pAt1g74770 can be an attractive alternative to drive localized expression of RNAi constructs rather than using a constitutive promoter. The pAt1g74770-driven gene silencing system can be expanded into different plant-nematode interaction models.

Biological Control of Root knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Using Nematode Antagonist in Tomato

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the world's largest vegetable crop after potato and sweet potato. Root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, pose a significant threat to tomato crops worldwide. To combat this nematode pest, biological control methods have been developed to reduce the reliance on chemical nematicide and promote sustainable agriculture practices. The antagonistic fungi/ bacteria can colonize the root zone and produce enzymes that have nematicidal properties. These methods of control not only protect the tomato crop but also promote the overall health and resilience of the agro eco system. Highest reduction of root knot nematode adult females (73.2 per cent), egg masses (81.4 per cent) and eggs (63.5 per cent) and nematode population in soil (65.5 per cent) were occurred with the application of P. lilacinum as soil application among all the treatments. The lowest gall index (1.0) was recorded in case of soil application of P. lilacinum followed by seed treatment (1.42) of the same whereas it was on bar (2.13) with each other while applying seed treatment and soil application of T. asperellum.

Nano-emulsion formulation of nematode egg parasitic fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia to control Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato

ABSTRACT A new nano formulation of the nematode egg parasitic fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia was developed and evaluated against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. Initially, sunflower oil-based nanoemulsions were prepared by the process of sonication, i.e. the high-energy method. The emulsion contained 1% w/v carboxyl methyl cellulose (aqueous phase): sunflower oil (continuous phase): Tween 80 (surfactant) at 1: 0.5: 0.125 ratio. The emulsion was stable without phase separation for up to 8 weeks at room temperature (28 ± 4°C) and 4°C. Various aggregation tests such as particle size, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that nanoemulsion had spherical shape particles with mean particle size 226.6 ± 1.1 nm and mean zeta potential of −54.80 ± 0.5 mV. The nanoemulsion formulation of P. chlamydosporia was derived by homogenising of emulsion with the spore suspension at a 1:1 v/v ratio. The egg parasitisation and juvenile mortality bioassays were carried out using the developed nanoemulsion of P. chlamydosporia under in vitro conditions. Exposure of eggs and juveniles to different level of concentrations in laboratory condition caused up to 100% parasitisation of M. incognita eggs and 96% juvenile mortality. Under glasshouse conditions, soil treatment with nanoformulation of P. chlamydosporia at 0.25–5.0 mL/L lead to reduce M. incognita populations in soil by 62.2–67.9% and in tomato root by 57.4–62.1%. Pochonia chlamydosporia nanoformulation treatments caused improvement of tomato plant growth with 19.5–34.2%, 24.5–48.4%, 16.9–38.5% and 25.6–46.6% increase of shoot length, root length, shoot weight and root weight, respectively.

Neuropeptides of root-knot nematodes: functional significance in parasite locomotions (short review)

The purpose of the research is to analyze the literature devoted to the study of the physiological role and functional significance of biologically active substances: FMRFamide-like neuropeptides in the locomotion of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita, M. minor, M. hapla and M. graminicola using immunological, phylogenetic, molecular and bioinformatic research methods.Results and discussion. The present work shows the importance of endogenous FMRFamide-like neuropeptides (FLPs) in such behavioral reactions of plant nematodes as locomotion, which ensures the vital activity of plant parasites; the functional significance of flp genes in the neurobiology of root-knot nematodes is discussed. It was especially noted that the main physiological and functional characteristics of endogenous FLP in root-knot nematodes were obtained as a result of studies of the functional role of the flp genes encoding these neuropeptides. In the nematodes M. incognita and M. graminicola, components of the peptidergic nervous system were identified in the nervous structures: FMRFamide-like positive immunoreactivity, FLP, flp genes encoding neuropeptides, and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) activated by these neuropeptides. It was shown that the main functional characteristics of endogenous FLPs in nematodes were obtained using one of the methods of reverse genetics, i.e., flp genes knockdown in shadow by means of RNA-interference. It has been established that FLP cause two types of physiological effects on the somatic muscles of root-knot nematodes – stimulation of the locomotor activity of the muscles and its inhibition. In most works, the data obtained on the physiological effects of neuropeptides on the locomotor activity of phytonematodes are considered with a view to their possible use in the development of new targeted anthelmintic drugs.

Eco-friendly management of Meloidogyne incognita in cadmium-contaminated soil by using nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lavendulum YMF1.683: Efficacy and mechanism

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are distributed globally, including in agricultural fields contaminated by heavy metals (HM), and can cause serious crop damages. Having a method that could control RKNs in HM-contaminated soil while limit HM accumulation in crops could provide significant benefits to both farmers and consumers. In this study, we showed that the nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lavendulum YMF1.683 exhibited a high nematocidal activity against the RKN Meloidogyne incognita and a high tolerance to CdCl2. Comparing to the P. lavendulum YMF1.838 which showed low tolerance to Cd2+, strain YMF1.683 effectively suppressed M. incognita infection and significantly reduced the Cd2+ uptake in tomato root and fruit in soils contaminated by 100 mg/kg Cd2+. Transcriptome analyses and validation of gene expression by RT-PCR revealed that the mechanisms contributed to high Cd-resistance in YMF1.683 mainly included activating autophagy pathway, increasing exosome secretion of Cd2+, and activating antioxidation systems. The exosomal secretory inhibitor GW4869 reduced the tolerance of YMF1.683 to Cd2+, which firstly demonstrated that fungal exosome was involved in HM tolerance. The up-regulation of glutathione synthesis pathway, increasing enzyme activities of both catalase and superoxide dismutase also played important roles in Cd2+ tolerance of YMF1.683. In Cd2+-contaminated soil, YMF1.683 limited Cd2+-uptake in tomato by up-regulating the genes of ABCC family in favor of HM sequestration in plant, and down-regulating the genes of ZIP, HMA, NRAMP, YSL families associated with HM absorption, transport, and uptake in plant. Our results demonstrated that YMF1.683 could be a promising bio-agent in eco-friendly management of M. incognita in Cd2+ contaminated soils.

Correction: Characterization and nematicidal potential of copper, iron and zinc nanoparticles synthesized from Tridax procumbens L. Extract on Meloidogyne incognita infected cabbage plants

Correction: Characterization and nematicidal potential of copper, iron and zinc nanoparticles synthesized from Tridax procumbens L. Extract on Meloidogyne incognita infected cabbage plants

Nematode-suppressive and plant growth-enhancing effects of Citrus spp. derivatives against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato

Plant-based derivatives (powders, pellets or extracts) are amongst the most effective types of organic soil amendments for the management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of derivatives (juice, powder and oil) of fruits of several Citrus species (sweet orange, lemon, lime, mandarin and grapefruit) on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita race 2 on susceptible tomato plants, and on the vegetative growth of the crop under glasshouse conditions. Results show that juices of sweet orange, and possibly also lemon, applied as soil amendments either before planting or after planting, can significantly suppress the build-up of damaging root population densities of M. incognita on infected tomato plants, limit root galling and improve plant growth. Data confirm the nematode-suppressive and plant-growth enhancing effects reported for Citrus fruit-based plant derivatives, applied either as a compost, powder, extract or pellet.

Biochar and oil cakes act as antagonists towards Meloidogyne incognita in tomato: A sustainable approach

Biochar is a solid byproduct of biomass thermal decomposition. It boosts agricultural production and develops systemic plant resistance when added to the soil. Biochar is frequently used as a soil additive to increase crop yield and soil fertility. However, the combined effect of biochar and oil cakes on plant's (Tomato), nematodes, and biochemical parameters has not been well investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of biochar in combination with various oil cakes to develop resistance to the root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant and to investigate its biochemical parameters. The current study was carried out in pot condition to evaluate the effect of biochar alone and in conjunction with different oil cakes viz. castor, coconut, mustard, linseed, and sesame on tomato cv. Pusa–Ruby. Our findings indicate that biochar with oil cakes enhanced plant growth, fresh weight to dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotenoid levels, nitrate reductase activity, and reduced the eggmass/root, the number of galls and nematode population compared to the control. Biochar + castor oil cake showed a higher effect in the declining nematode population, followed by biochar + mustard cake, biochar + sesame cake, biochar + linseed cake, and biochar + coconut cake. When biochar was used alone, the effect was minimal. Among all treatments, the amendment of biochar and castor oil cake has the highest ability to manage the root-knot nematode infestation in tomatoes.

Zuccagnia punctata Cav., a Potential Environmentally Friendly and Sustainable Bionematicide for the Control of Argentinean Horticultural Crops.

This research was designed to investigate the metabolite profiling, phenolics, and flavonoids content as well as the potential nematicidal properties of decoction (ZpDe), orange-yellow resin (ZpRe) and essential oil (ZpEO) from Argentinean medicinal plant Zuccagnia punctata Cav. Additionally, the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of ZpDe and ZpEO were determined. Metabolite profiling was obtained by an ultrahigh-resolution liquid chromatography MS analysis (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/OT-MS-MS) and GCMS. The nematicidal activity was assayed by a standardized method against Meloidogyne incognita. The antioxidant properties were screened by four methods: (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity assay (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes (ILP). The antibacterial activity was evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) rules. The ZpDe, ZpRe and ZpEO displayed a strong nematicidal activity with an LC50 of 0.208, 0.017 and 0.142 mg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the ZpDe showed a strong DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 28.54 µg/mL); ILP of 87.75% at 250 µg ZpDe/mL and moderated antimicrobial activity. The ZpEO showed promising activity against a panel of yeasts Candida albicans and non-albicans (ATCC and clinically isolated) with MIC values from 750 to 1500 µg/mL. The ZpDe showed a content of phenolics and flavonoid compounds of 241 mg GAE/g and 10 mg EQ/g, respectively. Fifty phenolic compounds were identified in ZpDe by ultrahigh-resolution liquid chromatography (UHPLC-PDA- Q-TOF-MS) analysis, while forty-six phenolic compounds were identified in ZpRe by UHPLC-ESI-Q-OT-MS-MS and twenty-nine in ZpEO using a GC-MS analysis, updating the knowledge on the chemical profile of this species. The results support and standardize this medicinal plant mainly as a potential environmentally friendly and sustainable bionematicide for the control of Argentinean horticultural crops including tomatoes and peppers and as a source of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds which could be further explored and exploited for potential applications.

Nematicidal action of Clonostachys rosea against Meloidogyne incognita: in-vitro and in-silico analyses

ABSTRACTClonostachys rosea is a biocontrol agent against a wide range of pests and diseases. In the present study, an in-vitro nematicidal activity of C. rosea has been documented by observing the behavioural response of Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) towards the culture filtrate of C. rosea. Eleven different biomolecules observed in GC-MS analysis were tested against seven potential target proteins of Mi through molecular modelling using PyRx 0.8 software. Among the biomolecules tested, Dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone had the highest binding affinity for Acetylcholine esterase (AchE) (−7.5 kcal/mol), Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX) (−7.8 kcal/mol), Heat shock protein (Hsp90) (−8.4 kcal/mol), Odorant response gene 1 (ODR 3) (−6.5 kcal/mol), Neuropeptide G-protein coupled receptor (nGPCR) (−7.6 kcal/mol) and Cathepsin L-protease (cpl-1) (−6.8 kcal/mol) protein targets compared to synthetic pesticide, carbofuran. The biomolecule 2,3-dihydroxypropanal has shown the highest binding affinity for Odorant response gene 1 (ODR 1) (−6.6 kcal/mol). Understanding the interactions between the target protein-ligands docked complexes displayed additional contacts such as hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals, pi-pi stacking, alkyl and pi-alkyl. The present investigation demonstrated that C. rosea is a hub of potential biomolecules that could be explored for nematicidal activities.

Characterization and nematicidal potential of copper, iron and zinc nanoparticles synthesized from Tridax procumbens L. Extract on Meloidogyne incognita infected cabbage plants

Characterization and nematicidal potential of copper, iron and zinc nanoparticles synthesized from Tridax procumbens L. Extract on Meloidogyne incognita infected cabbage plants