Mefenamic Acid Research Articles

Drug-drug interactions of empagliflozin and dapagliflozin

Abstract Introduction The sodium glucose co-transporter2-inhibitors dapagliflozin (Dapa) and empagliflozin (Empa), initially developed as antihyperglycemic agents, are increasingly also prescribed for non-diabetic patients with heart failure (HF). Glucuronidation by uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A9 is the main mechanism of metabolism of Dapa, whereas Empa is eliminated mainly by excretion. Both Dapa and Empa are substrates of P-glycoprotein. The risk for drug-drug interactions (DDI) of Empa and Dapa is assumed to be low. Aim of this study was to summarize reports of DDI of Empa and Dapa from the literature. Methods Search-terms in PubMed were "drug-drug interaction" and AND "sodium glucose co-transporter2-inhibitors" OR "SGLT2" OR "dapagliflozin" OR "empagliflozin". The drugs were classified according the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) system. Included were randomized trials, pharmacovigilance studies, case series, case reports, studies in healthy subjects and in vivo data. The funding of the study and the disclosures of the authors were registered. Results In 45 reports DDI of Empa and Dapa with 29 drugs were described (Table). According to the ATC system, these were drugs for the alimentary tract and metabolism (n=5), blood and blood forming organs (n=2), cardiovascular system (n=11), genitourinary system and sex hormones (n=2), antiinfectives (n=2), antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (n=3), musculo-skeletal system (n=2) and nervous system (n=2). The reports comprised studies in healthy subjects (n=28), case reports (n=7), case series (n=6), pharmacovigilance studies (n=2), a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial (n=1) and in vivo data (n=1). Most of the reports found no clinically relevant DDI (n=32). Dapa and Empa both had a synergistic diuretic effect with bumetanide, and led to severe infections when combined with the interleukin-17-inhibitors secukinumab or ixekizumab. Empa administered with intravenous iron was reported to increase cell-iron availability, with lithium to reduce lithium exposure and with valproate to increase valproate exposure. Dapa administered with sacubitril-valsartan was reported to lead to severe hypotension, with linezolid to pancytopenia, with donafenib to an increased exposure to donafenib, with rifampicin to a reduction and mefenamic acid to an increase in Dapa exposure. Of the 45 reports, 33 were funded by a pharmaceutical company marketing Dapa or Empa and 33 had authors with conflicts of interest with pharmaceutical companies marketing Dapa or Empa. Conclusions Most data about DDI of Empa and Dapa derive from studies in healthy subjects and from the marketing companies. The clinical relevance DDI of Empa and Dapa in polymorbid patients with polymedication is largely unknown. There is an urgent need for independent studies on DDI of these drugs in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with HF.Table

Recent Insights and Clinical Status on Novel Mefenamic Acid Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract: Joint structure and performance can be compromised by the systemic inflammatory disorder rheumatoid arthritis, which destroys articular cartilage and erodes periarticular bone. However, due to their systemic processes, short half-lives, and poor bioavailability, the anti-inflammatory medicines and biological agents now utilized for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are unable to preferentially target inflamed joints. Anti-inflammatory medicines have made use of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery methods. The role that inflammation plays in the genesis of disease has had far-reaching repercussions, including its ability to influence the development of disorders as diverse as inflammatory bowel disorder, RA, and osteoarthritis. In the treatment of RA, nanomaterials have the potential to both increase the absorption of the medication and selectively target the damaged joint tissue. Designer nanoparticles now have the ability to engage more thoroughly with their biological targets and a wider variety of diseases. These nanoparticles have a comparable size range and surface properties that can be modified. In this review, we have discussed the progress that has been made and the hurdles that remain in the use of nanomaterials in the treatment of RA, specifically in relation to mefenamic acid.

Green Synthesis of Electroactive Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Selective Determination of Mefenamic Acid in Blood, Pharmaceutical Products, and Wastewater

Mefenamic acid (MNA) treats sports injuries, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. However, improper use/disposal of MNA results in the accumulation of toxic metabolites that may serious disease. The purpose of this study is to fabricate a nano ferrite-based electrochemical sensor for robust, and sensitive determination of MNA. Magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (MgFe4O7-NPs) were synthesized using a green approach using a Mentha leaf extract. The analytical characterization of MgFe4O7-NPs displayed a hexagonal structure and a particle size of less than 21 nm with rough and porous morphology. The synthesized MgFe4O7-NPs were used to fabricate an electrochemical sensor by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (MgFe4O7-NPs/GCE). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) characterization of the electrode confirms excellent redox and diffusion control for electroactive species. Thus, the MgFe4O7-NPs/GCE was used to determine MNA by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results showed a linear relationship between oxidation peak current and concentration of MNA from 10 × 10−9 to 2.30 × 10−4 M (R 2 = 0.9918) with a detection limit of 1.12 × 10−9 M. The analytical performance of the fabricated sensor has been evaluated for MNA in blood samples, pharmaceutical tablets, and water samples with satisfactory results.

Exploring Deep Eutectic Solvents as Pharmaceutical Excipients: Enhancing the Solubility of Ibuprofen and Mefenamic Acid.

Objectives: The study explores the potential of various deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to serve as drug delivery systems and pharmaceutical excipients. The research focuses on two primary objectives: evaluating the ability of the selected DES systems to enhance the solubility of two poorly water-soluble model drugs (IBU and MFA), and evaluating their physicochemical properties, including density, viscosity, flow behavior, surface tension, thermal stability, and water dilution effects, to determine their suitability for pharmaceutical applications. Methods: A range of DES systems containing pharmaceutically acceptable constituents was explored, encompassing organic acid-based, sugar- and sugar alcohol-based, and hydrophobic systems, as well as menthol (MNT)-based DES systems with common pharmaceutical excipients. MNT-based DESs exhibited the most significant solubility enhancements. Results: IBU solubility reached 379.69 mg/g in MNT: PEG 400 (1:1) and 356.3 mg/g in MNT:oleic acid (1:1), while MFA solubility peaked at 17.07 mg/g in MNT:Miglyol 812®N (1:1). In contrast, solubility in hydrophilic DES systems was significantly lower, with choline chloride: glycerol (1:2) and arginine: glycolic acid (1:8) showing the best results. While demonstrating lower solubility compared to the MNT-based systems, sugar-based DESs exhibited increased tunability via water and glycerol addition both in terms of solubility and physicochemical properties, such as viscosity and surface tension. Conclusions: Our study introduces novel DES systems, expanding the repertoire of pharmaceutically acceptable DES formulations and opening new avenues for the rational design of tailored solvent systems to overcome solubility challenges and enhance drug delivery.

A STUDY OF THE PREVALENCE OF SELF MEDICATION PATTERN FOR PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA AMONG UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL AND DENTAL STUDENTS IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL IN TELANGANA

Objective: To study the prevalence of self-medication by using over-the-counter drugs and non-pharmacological methods for primary dysmenorrhoea. Methods: A Cross-sectional descriptive study using a self-developed and structured questionnaire as a tool was conducted among medical and dental students with dysmenorrhoea and in the age group of 18-22 y. Statistical analysis was done using the Chi-Square test. Results: Out of 203 respondents, 30% were self-medicated by using over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and 70% have treated themselves by non-pharmacological methods like taking rest and applying hot fomentation on the abdomen. Among the OTC, 56% of them used a single drug and 44% used a combination of drugs. The most commonly used single drug was mefenamic acid and the most commonly used combination of drugs was mefenamic acid+dicyclomine hydrochloride. Out of those respondents taking OTC only 5% sought gynaecologist advice. A significant number of students were taking rest [Chi-square value = 66.84 p<0.01 highly significant], losing attendance in their academics. Conclusion: Primary Dysmenorrhoea (PD) affects young girls irrespective of the regularity of cycles. The prevailing self-medication pattern is inappropriate; a substantial proportion of girls have inadequate knowledge regarding treatment and the need for gynecologist consultation.

A high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous quantification of p-cresol sulfate, p-cresol glucuronide, indoxyl sulfate, and indoxyl glucuronide in HepaRG culture medium and the demonstration of mefenamic acid as a potent and selective detoxifying agent

ABSTRACT Background p-cresol and indole are uremic compounds which undergo sulfonation to generate the highly toxic p-cresol sulfate (pCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IxS). They are also subjected to glucuronidation to produce the less toxic p-cresol glucuronide (pCG) and indoxyl glucuronide (IG). We developed and validated an assay to quantify these metabolites in HepaRG cells. We also tested the effects of mefenamic acid on their in-situ formations in relation to the development of cellular necrosis. Research design and methods HepaRG cells were exposed to p-cresol or indole (0-1 mM) with mefenamic acid (0-3000 nM) for 24 hours to generate uremic metabolites. Cells were also exposed to 0.5 mM p-cresol or indole with/without 30 nM mefenamic acid to characterize lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Results The assay exhibited high sensitivity and wide calibration ranges covering human concentrations. HepaRG cells also generated physiologically-relevant concentrations of each metabolite. Mefenamic acid inhibited pCS formation in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting pCG, IxS, or IG. Mefenamic acid also reduced LDH release from p-cresol (by 50.12±5.86%) or indole (56.26±3.58%). Conclusions This novel assay is capable of quantifying these metabolites in HepaRG cells. Our novel findings suggest that mefenamic acid can be potentially utilized therapeutically to attenuate pCS-associated toxicities.

Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of hafnium doped tungsten oxide (Hf-WO3) for ultrasensitive detection of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Efficient hafnium-doped tungsten oxide nanoparticles (Hf-WO3) were developed by hydrothermal approach and characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques were employed to assess the electrochemical response of the fabricated carbon paste electrodes (CPE) for the analysis of mefenamic acid (MA). The objective of this work is to develop and optimize parameters to enhance the selectivity and sensitivity of Hf-WO3 modified sensor for the trace-level detection of MA, addressing its critical importance in both pharmaceutical and environmental analysis. The Hf-WO3 predominantly showed a monoclinic phase with some hexagonal peaks, confirming its good crystallinity and 1-D structure, which enhances charge transport and catalytic sites. XPS analysis confirmed the formation of pure Hf-WO3 by showing distinct W and Hf peaks and verifying their valences: W in the +6 state and Hf in the +4 state. CV showed that the Hf-WO3/CPE greatly enhances the electrochemical oxidation of MA compared to unmodified and tungsten oxide-modified electrodes, with a six-fold increase in peak current and notable redox activity attributed to improved surface properties and charge transfer efficiency. Under optimum experimental conditions, the Hf-WO3/CPE exhibits a low limit of detection (LOD) of 3.94 nM with dynamic concentration linearity ranging from 0.01 to 100.0 μM with good sensitivity of 1.74 μAμM−1cm−2. Furthermore, the Hf-WO3/CPE was employed in real-time analysis of MA in spiked urine samples and pharmaceutical tablet samples, which showed satisfactory recovery results ⁓ 98 %. Moreover, the electrode showed good stability over multiple measurements, and these results demonstrate that Hf-WO3/CPE is a promising sensor for MA detection.

Concentration-QTc analysis of soticlestat in healthy adults: An alternative to a thorough QT study.

This study aimed to examine the cardiac and overall safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of soticlestat (TAK-935), an oral, first-in-class selective cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor. Data came from a randomised, phase 1 study of soticlestat in 33 healthy Japanese adults (NCT04461483); 24 adults in Part 1 (single-dose soticlestat 200-1200 mg or placebo) and 9 in Part 2 (soticlestat 100-300 mg twice daily or placebo for 21 days). PK sample collection was paired with 12-lead electrocardiogram data from continuous Holter recordings. The concentration-QTc relationship was analysed using a linear mixed-effects model. QTc prolongation safety margins were determined for two scenarios of calculated high clinical exposures: scenario 1 (NCT05064449) involved coadministration of single-dose soticlestat 300 mg with itraconazole or mefenamic acid and scenario 2 (NCT05098054) involved single-dose soticlestat 300 mg administration in participants with mild/moderate hepatic impairment (implementing a 3-fold dose reduction for moderate severity). Based on concentration-QTc analysis, placebo-corrected change-from-baseline QT values (90% confidence intervals), corrected for heart rate (Fridericia's method), were 0.94 ms (-2.35, 4.23) for soticlestat and 0.63 ms (-3.15, 4.41) for its N-oxide metabolite plasma concentrations at therapeutic doses (soticlestat 300 mg twice daily); safety margins were >2-fold for scenarios of calculated high clinical exposures. No (Part 1) and five (83.3%; Part 2) participants experienced treatment-emergent adverse events (all mild). There was no evidence for QT prolongation with soticlestat at therapeutic doses or in two scenarios of high clinical exposures, which resulted in regulatory agencies waiving requirements of a thorough QT study. Safety/PK findings aligned with previous soticlestat clinical studies.

Synthesis and release studies on amylose-based ester prodrugs of fenamic acid NSAIDs.

Aim: To achieve colon-targeted release of mefenamic acid from its ester-linked amylose prodrugs.Materials & methods: The prodrug was characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. Drug activation and release profile was studied in enzyme enriched simulated physiological media via UV-vis spectroscopy and was validated with HPLC analysis. ELISA assay was employed for evaluating the % inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition at different concentrations of the prodrug preincubated with ester and/ or amylose hydrolyzing enzymes. SEM studies further validated the performance of the prodrug under simulated physiological conditions.Results: Pancreatin was essential for the prodrug activation in SIM to make the ester bonds in prodrug vulnerable to hydrolysis by esterase. This evidence was confirmed by drug release studies, HPLC analysis, ELISA assay and SEM investigation where the ester conjugated prodrug showed marked stability in physiological media only to get activated in the presence of amylose degrading enzyme.Conclusion: Ester linked amylose-mefenamic acid conjugate showed both enzyme responsive activation and release in SIM.

Spectroscopic determination of cobalt(II) ion by using azo dye of triazole derivatives

Highly efficient azo-day triazole derivatives carrying a π bond and OH electron donor groups have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated as colorimetric chemosensors for detecting metal ions in environmental samples, which was further supported by the functional theory studies and UV–Vis spectrophotometric experiment. The 4-amino-5-(2-((2,3-dimethylphenyl)amino)phenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol was directed to react with 3-nitrophenol during a diazotization type reaction to form an azo-day 4-((3-(2-((2,3-dimethylphenyl) amino)phenyl)-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)diazenyl)-3-nitrophenol (Y), which have been confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and could also be easily used for the detection metal ions. Compound (Y) exhibited a rapid quantitative method for the detection of Co(II) at λmax (532 nm) in an aqueous solution. The current study introduces a facile, low cost, more specific and selective chemosensor for detecting trace amounts of cobalt ions. KEY WORDS: Mefenamic acid, Azo dye, Cobalt(II), Spectroscopy Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1557-1567. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i6.5

Potential Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Certain Hormones in Females in Basrah City

Nonsteriodial anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used by women to control pain associated with menstruation period. The main objective of this study is to determine whether use of NSAIDs has impact on the levels of certain hormones in females or not. A cross-sectional study was conducted between participant women who were taken one of the following NSAIDs including diclofenac, ibuprofein and mefenamic acid, for at least one year and more during menstruation and control women (did not take any medication). Levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured by i-CHROMA method. The results showed that the level of LH significantly increased in groups of women who were taken NSAIDs during menstruation period, as well as diclofenac and mefenamic acid have a significant effect on the level of prolactin However, no clear changes were observed in the levels of FSH and testosterone at any type of NSAIDs that were used by the participant women in this study, the results were variable. No clear associations were observed between types of analgesic use and FSH, testosterone, prolactin and TSH. Further studies are required to confirm definite effect of NSAIDs on these hormones.

An Additive Manufacturing MicroFactory: Overcoming Brittle Material Failure and Improving Product Performance through Tablet Micro-Structure Control for an Immediate Release Dose Form.

Additive manufacturing of pharmaceutical formulations offers advanced micro-structure control of oral solid dose (OSD) forms targeting not only customised dosing of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) but also custom-made drug release profiles. Traditionally, material extrusion 3D printing manufacturing was performed in a two-step manufacturing process via an intermediate feedstock filament. This process was often limited in the material space due to unsuitable (brittle) material properties, which required additional time to develop complex formulations to overcome. The objective of this study was to develop an additive manufacturing MicroFactory process to produce an immediate release (IR) OSD form containing 250 mg of mefenamic acid (MFA) with consistent drug release. In this study, we present a single-step additive manufacturing process employing a novel, filament-free melt extrusion 3D printer, the MicroFactory, to successfully print a previously 'non-printable' brittle Soluplus®-based formulation of MFA, resulting in targeted IR dissolution profiles. The physico-chemical properties of 3D printed MFA-Soluplus®-D-sorbitol formulation was characterised by thermal analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction Powder (XRPD) analysis, confirming the crystalline state of mefenamic acid as polymorphic form I. Oscillatory temperature and frequency rheology sweeps were related to the processability of the formulation in the MicroFactory. 3D printed, micro-structure controlled, OSDs showed good uniformity of mass and content and exhibited an IR profile with good consistency. Fitting a mathematical model to the dissolution data correlated rate parameters and release exponents with tablet porosity. This study illustrates how additive manufacturing via melt extrusion using this MicroFactory not only streamlines the manufacturing process (one-step vs. two-step) but also enables the processing of (brittle) pharmaceutical immediate-release polymers/polymer formulations, improving and facilitating targeted in vitro drug dissolution profiles.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel carboxylic acid DHA-alkanolamine derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents by targeting Nur77

In this study, twenty-five novel carboxylic acid DHA-alkanolamine derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid-alkanolamine (DHA-AA) with various carboxylic acids, including Naproxen (S1), Ibuprofen (S2), Ferulic acid (S3), Mefenamic acid (S4), and Aspirin (S5). Their molecular structures were characterized using 1H/13C NMR and HRMS techniques. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of synthesized compounds, RAW264.7 macrophage cells pretreated with or without these compounds, were stimulated by LPS, and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were then measured by ELISA, qPCR, and Western Blot. The cell-based assays showed that compound 11 had marked anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, the molecular docking study and SPR assay demonstrated that compound 11 exhibited good Nur77-binding affinity (KD = 3.61 × 10−6 M). Moreover, compound 11 was found to inhibit NF-κB activation in a Nur77-dependent manner. Notably, compound 11 could attenuate LPS-induced inflammation in the mouse acute lung injury (ALI) model. In conclusion, these derivatives are potential Nur77-targeting anti-inflammatory agents against versatile inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.

An approach for pH-independent release of poorly soluble ionizable drugs using hot-melt extrusion

Hot melt extrudates with combinations of Soluplus® and Aqoat® AS-LF or Eudragit® E PO were investigated to improve drug release and to overcome the pH-dependent release of poorly water-soluble basic (itraconazole, ITZ) and acidic (mefenamic acid, MFA) drugs. The release of ITZ was improved in both 0.1 N HCl and PBS pH 6.8 by hot-melt extrusion with combinations of Soluplus®:Aqoat® AS-LF and can be adjusted by varying the ratio of the polymers. At the ratio Soluplus®:Aqoat® AS®LF 75:25, an almost pH-independent release was achieved without any drop in the drug concentration within 24 h. A pH-independent and extended release (over 24 h) was obtained from milled extrudates when formulated in erodible matrix tablets using 15 % Methocel® K15M as the carrier. The release of MFA from extrudates with Soluplus® was immediate only in PBS pH 6.8. From extrudates with cationic Eudragit® E PO the release of MFA was slow in 0.1 N HCl and PBS pH 6.8, due to poor drug solubility and insoluble Eudragit® EPO, respectively. However, in the medium with an intermediate pH of 5.5, both MFA and Eudragit® E PO are highly ionized, and the release was fast, complete, and stable within 24 h. These release behaviors could be to some degree applicable for immediate or enteric, but not for extended-release formulations.

Isatin-based ibuprofen and mefenamic acid Schiff base derivatives as dual inhibitors against urease and α–glucosidase: In vitro, in silico and cytotoxicity studies

α-Glucosidase and urease inhibitors have emerged as crucial for developing therapeutic drugs targeting diabetes and gastrointestinal disorders. This study reports on new series of ibuprofen and mefenamic acid Schiff base derivatives incorporating isatin as dual inhibitors of α-glucosidase and urease enzymes. These synthesized derivatives (7a-r) were structurally characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS (EI). Biological evaluation (IC50) identified several derivatives i.e.,7a (urease = 17.37 ± 1.37 µM, α-glucosidase = 44.1 ± 1.15 µM), 7j, (urease = 16.61 ± 1.37 µM, α-glucosidase = 81.2 ± 1.33 µM), 7o, (urease = 18.63 ± 1.27 µM, α-glucosidase = 70.3 ± 1.14 µM), 7r (urease = 11.36 ± 1.32 µM, α-glucosidase = 39.3 ± 1.17 µM), as dual inhibitors of urease (thiourea 21.37 ± 1.76 µM) and α–glucosidase (acarbose 375.82 ± 1.76 µM) enzymes. These bioactive derivatives were explored for cell viability studies against mononuclear cells revealing a good cytocompatibility. In silico molecular docking studies were also conducted to predict the binding mode of new derivatives with target enzymes that were found consistent with the results of in vitro research.

Innovative approach for trace level detection of mefenamic acid by ferrite nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensor

In the present work, the rapid and highly efficient catalyst has been designed for the electrochemical sensing of the non-steroidal drug Mefenamic acid (MFA) for quality control and clinical assessment. Ferrite nanocomposite (SFBF-NC) has been synthesized by sol-gel method from the precursor sodium ferrite and barium ferrite and applied for the electrochemical sensing of MFA. The SFBF-NC was examined by various analytical methods to confirm its coral-like shape with a highly rough and porous structure, cubic/spinal phase crystallinity, and average crystalline size < 60 nm with good stable electronic properties. Due to the large electroactive surface area, fast electron transfer rate, and potent electrocatalytic activity of SFBF-NC, the fabricated SFBF-NC/GCE showed good sensitivity for the quantitative determination of MFA. The proposed sensor showed the limit of detection (LOD) of 2.12 nM with a linear range of 0.01–450 μM for MFA detection. Additionally, the proposed sensor demonstrated excellent catalytic activity, stability, repeatability, and selectivity for MFA sensing and was utilized for the routine analysis of MFA in biological and pharmaceutical samples.

Development of an eco-friendly fluorescent probe for mefenamic acid sensing in pharmaceuticals and biofluids.

Mefenamic acid, renowned for its analgesic properties, stands as a reliable choice for alleviating mild to moderate pain. However, its versatility extends beyond pain relief, with ongoing research unveiling its promising therapeutic potential across diverse domains. A straightforward, environmentally friendly, and sensitive spectrofluorometric technique has been developed for the precise quantification of the analgesic medication, mefenamic acid. This method relies on the immediate reduction of fluorescence emitted by a probe upon interaction with varying concentrations of the drug. The fluorescent probe utilized, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPNA), was synthesized in a single step, and the fluorescence intensities were measured at 480 nm using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy with a wavelength difference of 200 nm. Temperature variations and lifetime studies indicated that the quenching process was static. The calibration curve exhibited linearity within the concentration range of 0.50-9.00 μg/mL, with a detection limit of 60.00 ng/mL. Various experimental parameters affecting the quenching process were meticulously examined and optimized. The proposed technique was successfully applied to determine mefenamic acid in pharmaceutical formulations, plasma, and urine, yielding excellent recoveries ranging from 98% to 100.5%. The greenness of the developed method was evaluated using three metrics: the Analytical Eco-scale, AGREE, and the Green Analytical Procedure Index.

The Effect of Fenugreek on the Severity of Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Dysmenorrhea is the most common periodic pain, which affects more than 50% of women with regular menstruation. Fenugreek is one of the medicinal plants with analgesic properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of fenugreek application in the severity of dysmenorrhea and its side effects in women with dysmenorrhea. PICO: Population: women with dysmenorrhea; Intervention: fenugreek; Comparison: control groups; and Outcome: reduction in the severity of dysmenorrhea and its side effects. English database (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science) and Persian database [SID (Scientific Information Database) and Magiran] were used for research until February 11, 2023, using the keywords "Dysmenorrhea [Mesh]," "Foenum [Mesh]," "fenugreek [Mesh]," and "Trigonella [Mesh]." The reference list of the selected articles was also checked. The quality assessment was conducted through the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 5.2.0. The RevMan 5.3 software was used to analyze and report the data of the entered studies. Meta-analysis results were reported with the standardized mean difference (95% confidence interval). A subgroup analysis was performed based on the type of control groups. The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. After removing duplicates and ineligible cases, four articles were included in the systematic review out of the 1526 records obtained. The results showed that the pain intensity caused by primary dysmenorrhea decreased with fenugreek compared to placebo (pooled result SMD: -2.21; 95% CI: -3.26 to -1.17; Z: 4.17; p <0.001). There was no significant difference between fenugreek with mefenamic acid (SMD: 0.05; 95% CI: -0.57 to 0.67; Z: 0.17; p = 0.86) and fenugreek with Chandrasura churna (SMD: 0.06; 95% CI: -0.56 to 0.68; Z: 0.19; p = 0.85). Bias, in terms of incomplete outcome data and selective reporting, was low risk in all studies, and the available evidence was low quality according to the GRADE approach. The results showed that the effect of fenugreek on pain intensity in dysmenorrhea is highly uncertain. The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. Regarding the importance of the health and quality of life of women of reproductive age and the low quality of evidence of the studies, clinical trials with stronger methodology are suggested in this field.

An open clinical trial of Mefenamic Acid in Primary Dysmenorrhoea of Medical Students of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet

An open clinical trial of Mefenamic Acid in Primary Dysmenorrhoea of Medical Students of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet

Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Determination of Mefenamic Acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Environmental Wastewater Sample: Application to Content Uniformity

Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Determination of Mefenamic Acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Environmental Wastewater Sample: Application to Content Uniformity