Medium Voltage Research Articles

Recovering AlN from secondary aluminum ash using a novel triboelectric separation

ABSTRACT Secondary aluminum ash is a byproduct in the aluminum industry that contains valuable components, such as aluminum nitride (AlN) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). AlN has excellent thermal and electrical properties and is widely used in various applications, making the recovery of AlN from secondary aluminum ash essential for both economic and environmental reasons. In this study, we developed a novel triboelectric separation technique to recover AlN from aluminum ash by investigating the tribocharging characteristics of the main components of secondary aluminum ash, Al2O3 and AlN. We studied the effects of tribocharging ball ratio, friction time, and stirring speed on the tribocharging of pure Al2O3 and AlN, using various materials such as polytef (PTFE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), copper (Cu), and stainless steel (SS) as tribocharging materials. We also examined the effects of friction medium ball ratio, friction medium material, rotational speed, and voltage on the triboelectric separation process. Our results showed that the charge-to-mass ratio for Al2O3 and AlN was 1.96 and −15.56 nC/g, respectively, the difference is largest, with a PTFE ball, a 1:5 ratio, a stirring speed of 290 n/min, and a tribocharging duration of 30 s. The triboelectric sequence of these friction materials was (+)PTFE, PP, Al2O3, SS, Cu, PVC, and AlN (-). To recover AlN from aluminum ash, PTFE should be chosen as the friction medium, and a friction medium ball ratio of 1:3, rpm rotation speed of 50, and voltage of 40kV should be used, resulting in an AlN grade of 89.25% and a significant increase in the recovery rate of AlN in the positive and negative electrode. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of effective triboelectric separation of Al2O3 and AlN.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE USE OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES IN LOCAL ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO THE CRITERION OF MINIMUM LOSS OF ELECTRICITY

The issue of optimizing the use of distributed energy resources in local electric power systems (LES) based on the criterion of minimum power loss is considered. It was determined that an important step in optimizing the use of distributed energy resources in the LES is the development of an energy router that allows devices that generate, store, and consume electricity to be combined into a single system at low voltage (without integration into medium voltage electrical networks). The energy router itself can be positioned as a basic device that ensures the operation of LES, the interaction of neighboring LES at the level of energy and information exchange, and the integration of specific LES to medium voltage distribution networks.
 It is shown that the basic component of the evaluation of the effective functioning of energy routers and the platform approach in the LES, in accordance with the requirements of the Energy Internet, is the analysis of the components of electricity losses, the influence on their level of various factors, as well as the formation of appropriate energy efficiency criteria and the assessment of the partial impact of LES elements. It is proposed to carry out a description of energy processes during the decomposition of Frize reactive power with the allocation of reactive and active current in the controlled intersections of the system. The decomposition of the QF power into components under the action of various causes (factors) of additional electricity losses in the LES, in particular, due to different modes of operation of generators and LES loads (voltage and current spectra), both during the period of system operation and for an arbitrary period of time, was considered. which is determined by technological factors of system operation.
 The use of Frize power made it possible to take into account the energy supply processes of LES loads on alternating and direct current from a single point of view, in particular, to assess the impact of a combination of various factors of the appearance of additional electricity losses; comparison of electricity losses for different time intervals through a selected controlled intersection, when the direction of the flow of electricity is constant or the direction of the flow of electricity changes during separate time intervals; analysis of electricity losses in direct and alternating current systems of LES or hybrid systems, where modified capacities are introduced, as integral estimates of the discrepancy, which determines the influence of distorting factors; assessment of the impact of changes in voltage and current in the intersection of LES of limited power on the components of additional losses; analysis of changes in load consumption of active power according to the first harmonic and higher harmonics as integral indicators.

Visually impaired recognition of a fully loaded high and medium voltages electrical network for layout formation and fault monitoring

Faults in power systems are inevitable. These faults can cause undesirable outages that interrupt people's life, block factories’ production chain, and may even in worse case scenarios contribute to killing hospitalized patients. To minimize such catastrophes, many techniques were developed for the purpose of instantaneous monitoring and repairing of power systems. However, due to the increasing complexity of transmission line networks, enhancements to the fault location techniques became a necessity to align with the new challenges. This paper presents a technique designed to diagnose faults in a power network under test; it starts by a comparison between two commonly used Fault Location Algorithms: impedance and travelling wave-based methods. The latter have shown numerous advantages when compared to impedance-based methods that led us to the adoption of a travelling-wave variant Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). TDR was incorporated with the graph theory and an optimization algorithm (Particle swarm optimization (PSO) in order to acquire the fault data rapidly, accurately, and with the least possible complexity.

“Adaptive virtual synchronous generator control using optimized bang-bang for Islanded microgrid stability improvement”

In this paper, a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) controller is applied to a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) containing a battery energy storage system and supercapacitor storage system for maintaining the frequency stability of an isolated microgrid. The microgrid contains a photovoltaic generation system and a diesel generator in addition to the HESS and two constant impedance loads that are fed through a medium voltage radial feeding system. The adaptive virtual inertia constant (H) with constant virtual damping coefficient (D) based on ‘ bang-bang’ control for the microgrid’s frequency stability enhancement is investigated and compared with the constant parameter VSG. In addition, the bang-bang control is modified to adapt the D beside the adaptive H, and the system response is investigated and compared with the conventional adaptive H technique. The VSG parameters are evaluated based on two different methods. The first is a computational method based on the simplified small signal stability analysis, while the other is based on an optimization method using two different objective functions and the particle swarm optimization technique. This paper also investigates the superiority of the proposed technique compared to other techniques in enhancing frequency stability, accelerating steady-state frequency restoration, and reducing the energy requirement of the HESS. The required power from the HESS is shared between the two energy storages using the low pass filter technique so as to reduce battery peak current.

A novel multi-input medium-gain DC-DC boost converter with soft-switching performance

This paper proposes a new non-isolated dual-input zero-voltage switching (ZVS) dc-dc boost converter with medium voltage gain. Two input ports of the converter are current-fed and suitable for a unidirectional dc power source, and a chargeable dc energy storage. The proposed converter basic circuit composed of three cascaded power switches, which at their connection points join to the converter three inductors and a switched capacitor voltage multiplier (VM) cell is accompanied. Using this VM cell the converter voltage gain achieves two times of that in the conventional boost converter and also half voltage stress across the power switches. Through the converter two input inductors powers from a unidirectional source (like PV) and a chargeable battery source can be accepted. Taking a triangular resonant current at the switching frequency, the converter third inductor aids to reach ZVS for the power switches. The converter power switches turn-on with ZVS and the power diodes stop conducting with ZCS in all operation conditions. As a result, low switching power losses, reduced reverse recovery issue, and high efficiency are accessible especially for higher input and output powers. The converter power switches are switched in PWM manner with two individual duty ratios, allowing to regulate the output voltage and control the extracted power from the input unidirectional port. The proposed circuit has been analyzed in detail to find its different operating modes, determine its capacitor currents, estimate its power losses components and design its control system. Behavior of the proposed system is also examined by a low-power laboratory prototype tested under four different practical operation conditions. The proposed converter benefits from simple and compact structure, current-fed input ports, low number of power switches and magnetic elements, low voltage stress across the power switches, medium voltage gain and high efficiency.

A new distributed voltage control method for MVDC electric railway systems with renewable energy sources

The medium voltage DC (MVDC) electric railway system is one of the most interesting options for future high-speed rail (HSR) lines. The dc voltage control is one of the most critical challenges of MVDC electric railway systems due to various reasons such as simultaneous, continuous and considerable changes in the power and location of trains, regenerative brake energy of trains, long power lines, the application of ESS’s and RES’s. In this paper, a voltage control, i.e., the optimal-voltage voltage-power (OVVP) control method, is presented for MVDC electric railway systems. OVVP control method is a practical, reliable, automatic, and modular distributed voltage control method. The proposed voltage control method satisfies the nearest voltage to the nominal value in each node and the smoothest voltage profile in different MVDC electric railway systems. Although the analyses carried out in this paper analytically prove the significant performance of the presented voltage control method, different challenging scenarios are considered to verify OVVP control method more. In addition, the results of the proposed voltage control method are successfully validated by GAMS software.

Medium-Voltage Drives (MVD) - Performance Analysis of Seven-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Driver

The drawbacks of traditional inverters, particularly in high-power applications and medium voltage, have been highlighted in previous investigations. Due to the cascaded H-bridge multilevel driver (CHBMD) harmonic characteristics improved and power enhanced, inverters with multiple levels are increasingly popular for high-power applications. The scientific literature has documented works on multilevel inverter topologies, control strategies, and applications. Additionally, no conclusive results investigate or rate a three-phase multilevel inverter's effectiveness. The present investigation evaluates the performance of a multi-carrier sinusoidal pulse width modification (MCS-PWM) based, Seven-Level cascaded H-bridge multilevel driver (7LCHBMD). Performance assessments develop based on the outcomes of a modeling experiment on the CHBMD functionality utilizing MATLAB. The characteristics of the results chosen to perform the task were the harmonic range, waveform arrangement, and essential significance reducing the THD output of the 7LCHBMD. The MCS-PWM technique procedure from the perspective of the voltage line had been determined according to the findings of the simulation investigation and analysis carried out for the 7LCHBMD utilizing the PD-PWM as the control framework.

Reactive power management considering Transmission System Operator and Distribution System Operator coordination

The increasing integration of Distribution Energy Resources (DER) in the distribution system has brought the necessity of a change in grid management and also for better coordination between the Transmission System Operator (TSO) and the Distribution System Operator (DSO). This work proposes a reactive power management model to be used by DSOs, in which reactive power flexibility from DER, and also from On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) transformers and capacitor banks are used to handle voltage problems that may arise in both transmission and distribution grids due to the uncertain production of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Besides, it is proposed that the DSO may provide a service to the TSO, in which the latter requests a reactive power setpoint from the first one, in the TSO-DSO boundary. Adaptive robust optimization on an Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow (AC-OPF) is modelled, ensuring that the DSO receives a feasible solution and is able to manage congestion and voltage problems. The proposed model is compared with its stochastic equivalent to assess its strengths and drawbacks. To test and validate the proposed models, a 37-bus Medium Voltage (MV) distribution grid with high RES penetration is used. An important conclusion is that, though the robust model presents a safer solution than the stochastic model, the operator must be aware of the trade-off between the desired level of robustness and the expected operating cost.

Provision of ramp-rate limitation from distribution networks to transmission systems as preventive action towards frequency disturbances

The high proliferation of Converter-Interfaced Renewable Energy Sources (CIRES) poses several challenges to electric power system operators regarding frequency stability and control. Some of these issues are related with the high active power Ramp Rates (RRs) of CIRES, stemming from their inertia-less and stochastic nature. To deal with such problems, Transmission System Operators (TSOs) often commit excessive amounts of conventional spinning reserves, while in weak Transmission Systems (TSs) regulations are imposed, aiming to mitigate RRs of CIRES. Moreover, several technical studies have proposed control approaches for RR Limitation (RRL). Nevertheless, the influence of RRL on frequency quality and mainly the impact of RRL control capability of small-scale CIRES, connected to Distribution Networks (DNs), on frequency deviations have not been fully explored and quantified. To fill this gap, a detailed investigation is performed in this paper. For this purpose, simulations are conducted on a simplified System Frequency Response (SFR) model as well as on an analytical power system model. The latter is a modified version of the IEEE 9-bus Test System, consisting of three conventional Synchronous Generators (SGs) and three Medium Voltage (MV) DNs, which include CIRES equipped with SuperCapacitors (SCs), thus presenting RRL control capability. To thoroughly evaluate the impact of RRL on frequency dynamics, a set of metrics is introduced and frequency duration curves are created for various scenarios. Finally, the influence of several factors, such as the total system inertia, the RRL target value, the SC size, etc, is quantified by using the proposed indices.

An aqueous BiI3-Zn battery with dual mechanisms of Zn2+ (de)intercalation and I−/I2 redox

The development of aqueous battery with dual mechanisms is now arousing more and more interest. The dual mechanisms of Zn2+ (de)intercalation and I−/I2 redox bring unexpected effects. Herein, differing from previous studies using ZnI2 additive, this work designs an aqueous BiI3-Zn battery with self-supplied I−. Ex situ tests reveal the conversion of BiI3 into Bi (discharge) and BiOI (charge) at the 1st cycle and the dissolved I− in electrolyte. The active I− species enhances the specific capacity and discharge medium voltage of electrode as well as improves the generation of Zn dendrite and by-product. Furthermore, the porous hard carbon is introduced to enhance the electronic/ionic conductivity and adsorb iodine species, proven by experimental and theoretical studies. Accordingly, the well-designed BiI3-Zn battery delivers a high reversible capacity of 182 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, an excellent rate capability with 88 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1, and an impressive cyclability with 63% capacity retention over 20 K cycles at 10 A g−1. An excellent electrochemical performance is obtained even at a high mass loading of 6 mg cm−2. Moreover, a flexible quasi-solid-state BiI3-Zn battery exhibits satisfactory battery performances. This work provides a new idea for designing high-performance aqueous battery with dual mechanisms.

Sensorless Control of Wound Field Synchronous Machine Drive Using Current Source-Based Modular Multilevel Converter

This paper proposes a wound field synchronous machine (WFSM) drive using a double star chopper cell (DSCC) based modular multilevel converter (MMC) for high power medium voltage variable speed applications. A controlled current source delivers power to this DSCC-MMC. This current source is derived using the field winding of WFSM and a 12-pulse full-controlled thyristor rectifier. The 12-pulse rectifier draws power from a three-phase grid and delivers power to the field winding and the DSCC-MMC. Thus, the field current of WFSM becomes the input dc current of the DSCC-MMC, and no separate power supply is required for the field winding of WFSM. The input current to the DSCC-MMC is kept constant at all operating speeds of the WFSM for a given value of torque to keep peak-peak voltage ripple constant across the submodule capacitor of the MMC. The field current is varied proportionately with the average torque to avoid the saturation of the machine at light load torque. This variation of field current is essential for the successful operation of DSCC-MMC. The small current ripple in the field current, caused by the 12-pulse thyristor rectifier, is utilized to extract the rotor speed information for sensorless operation of vector-controlled WFSM drive. Simulation results are presented in this paper to verify the proposed configuration and their control strategy at medium voltage. A hardware prototype has also been built in the laboratory to verify the same results experimentally at low voltage and low power.

Improving the Estimation of Partial Discharge Direction Using a Four-Terminal Surface Current Sensor

To improve the insulation diagnosis of a medium-voltage (MV) switchgear, we have developed a four-terminal surface current sensor and a method to estimate the direction of partial discharge occurrence. In this method, the accuracy of the direction estimation is improved by referring only to the direct wave, and the error due to noise can be suppressed by calculating the outputs of the four terminals. The experimental results demonstrate that the detection characteristics of the sensor concur well with the theoretical characteristics derived from the detection principle. Additionally, we conducted an experiment using the developed sensor and the new method to detect the surface current generated due to partial discharge occurring in a rectangular enclosure. The results demonstrate that the occurrence direction could be estimated even for a rectangular enclosure. Furthermore, the propagation attenuation of the surface current at the corners of the enclosure was large, exhibiting an attenuation 0.25 times for the worst case. Finally, it was confirmed that noise removal using a wavelet transform could reduce the direction estimation error of the discharge occurrence by approximately half.

Feasibility study of medium voltage AC fast current limiter

When a short-circuit fault occurs, it is important to avoid the problem of excessive short-circuit current. This paper offers a current limiter scheme which considers both flow capacity and current limiting capacity. The feasibility of the current limiting scheme is verified by building a simulation model of the power grid around 110/11 kV substation. In addition, the optimal performance parameters of each component of the scheme are determined.

Flexible load control of new energy based on improved genetic algorithm

In the medium and low voltage distribution network, the load form of users is complex and changeable. There are a large number of single-phase and two-phase loads connected to the distribution network, resulting in a three-phase unbalanced operation of the distribution network. With the development of the new energy, the high proportion of distributed new energy will further aggravate the three-phase imbalance of the distribution network. Therefore, this paper proposes a coordinated optimization framework of droop parameters based on the multi-converter droop control, which takes the minimum loss of the distribution network as the optimization objective, and optimizes the reference point and the slope of the VSC droop hierarchically. A small-signal stability optimization dispatching method for the VSC droop slope in the DC distribution network is proposed. By adding small-signal stability constraints to the slope optimization model, the optimal slope command and slope stability region which can ensure the small-signal stable operation of the system are obtained. Experiments show that the optimization model of the VSC small-signal stability slope can make the droop control instruction significantly improve the small-signal stability of the system to adapt to the intra-day source load power fluctuations with a small economic cost. The slope stability region pre-optimization model can provide a reliable stability slope upper limit for the slope optimization problem based on ensuring the system operation economy. The research in this paper can make full use of the flexible control ability of power electronic equipment, and then suppress the three-phase imbalance, which is of great significance to improve the security and economy of the distribution system operation.

Разработка мероприятий по устранению резонансных явлений на частотах высших гармоник на линии электропередачи 35 кВ

One of the problems to ensure the quality of electricity and reliability of the network is significant deviation of the voltage curve from sinusoidal in some active electricity transmission lines of the energy system of the Irkutsk region. The purpose of the research is to develop organizational and technical measures to eliminate resonance phenomena at higher harmonics that occur in the active 35 kV electrical line connected to a traction power substation. The object of the research is non-sinusoidal mode of the 35 kV electric power transmission line connected to the medium voltage winding of the three-winding traction transformer. The authors have used technological research methods of calculation using an equivalent circuit of the existing linear circuit of an electrical power system with a traction substation. The software “Calculation program of non-symmetric and non-sinusoidal modes of the electric power system” and Microsoft Excel are used for the research. The authors have developed a 110–35–10 kV “Consumer 1 – Consumer 2 – Consumer 3” model using the software “Calculation program of non-symmetric and non-sinusoidal modes of the electric power system”. The calculation results are processed using Microsoft Excel. Non-sinusoidal electrical modes of the equivalent circuit of the electrical power system and the power transmission lines are calculated. Calculation of non-sinusoidal modes of a 35 kV line is carried out to show the distribution of higher harmonic voltages along the line. It is established that the quality indicators of electricity in terms of non-sinusoidal voltages in most nodes of the 35 kV power transmission line do not comply with GOST 32144-2013. Calculation and analysis of non-symmetric and non-sinusoidal modes of the network have shown resonance voltage increase along the line on the odd harmonics frequencies and elimination of resonance factor when installing the compensation reactor at the beginning of the 35 kV line. Based on the calculation results, the diagrams of harmonics power-voltage curve from 3 to 39 are compiled. Based on the results obtained, the authors have proposed technical measures such as installation of a compensation reactor at the beginning of the electrical power system line to prevent resonance factor to improve the electrical power quality in terms of voltage unsinusoidality in the consumers busbars connected to the 35 kV line. The proposed measures will improve the electrical power quality in busbars of consumers and satisfy the requirements of GOST 32144-2013.

Using spatial elimination and ranking methods in the renewable energy investment parcel search process

The study presents a framework for an elimination algorithm aimed at determining potential investment locations for photovoltaic farms in three separate counties located in northeastern Poland. The research focuses on identifying environmental and economic criteria for solar farm locations, establishing boundary values, and discussing the outcomes of multi-criteria decision support using the Boolean method and Borda ranking methods. Through the amalgamation of the elimination algorithm and a multi-criteria decision-making model, ten different location variants were derived, ranging from the best (Variant 1) to the worst (Variant 10), out of a total of 1024 variants. The results highlight five critical criteria that persisted after the elimination algorithm: distance from medium voltage lines, distance from roads, parcel shape, average parcel width, and average slope. The analysis revealed that the analysed counties have between 150 and 1336 optimal locations (depending on the analysed area) that satisfy all the specified conditions. This method, which enables the swift and reproducible identification of suitable areas for photovoltaic farm construction, can be applied in various European regions.

Enhancing medium voltage underground circuit design: Assessing limitations, thermal influence, and accurate modelling

The research article conducted a study aimed at elucidating the limitations present in existing international standards related to the permissible quantity of medium voltage circuits that can be placed within a single trench. The study also explored important considerations for underground circuits in the context of renewable energy projects, particularly focusing on the crucial roles of capacity and load requirements in cable design. The research employed advanced finite element methods with Composition, Environmental, Structure, and Mechanism (CESM) and mathematical modeling to enhance existing procedures defined by international standards like IEC 60287, 60502, and 60228. The primary parameter of interest was the thermal influence of subterranean XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) current capacity, considering various factors such as circuit quantities, distances, and depths. Notably, the study made several key findings, including a notable reduction in the current capacity of the underground circuits. This reduction in current capacity was found to vary, ranging from 100 % to 25.75 %. The reduction was attributed to factors such as native soil conditions, circuit separation. The findings furnish valuable insights into the challenges pertinent to medium voltage underground circuit design. Moreover, the paper establishes the accuracy of the proposed process, achieving a precision of 99.4850 ± 0.5150 % for 240 mm2 and 99.3698 ± 0.6301 % for 630 mm2.

A Comprehensive Review of Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis Techniques in High Voltage and Medium Voltage Electrical Power Lines

This paper presents an extensive review of the most effective and modern monitoring methods for electrical power lines, with particular attention to high-voltage (HV) and medium-voltage (MV) systems. From a general point of view, the main objective of these techniques is to prevent catastrophic failures by detecting the partial damage or deterioration of components and allowing maintenance operations to be organized. In fact, the protection devices commonly used in transmission and distribution networks guarantee the location of faults, such as short-circuits, putting the non-functioning branch of the network out of service. Nowadays, alongside these devices, it is possible to introduce new intelligent algorithms capable of avoiding the total loss of functionality, thus improving the reliability of the entire network. This is one of the main challenges in modern smart grids, which are characterized by the massive integration of renewable energy sources and a high level of complexity. Therefore, in the first part of this paper, a general overview of the most common protection devices is proposed, followed by an analysis of the most modern prevention algorithms. In the first case, the coordination of the relays plays a fundamental role in obtaining the fault location with a high level of selectivity, while in the field of preventive analysis, it is necessary to address the implementation of artificial intelligence methods. The techniques presented in this paper provide a comprehensive description of the different monitoring approaches currently used in distribution and transmission lines, highlighting the coordination of protection relays, the computational algorithms capable of preventing failures, and the influence of the distributed generation in their management. Therefore, this paper offers an overview of the main diagnostic techniques and protection devices, highlights the critical issues that can be overcome through the introduction of artificial intelligence, and describes the main prognostic methods, focusing on their invasive level and the possibility of operating directly online. This work also highlights the main guidelines for the classification and choice between the different approaches.

Power grid monitoring based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques

<p><strong>Background:</strong> In this work, some application examples of machine learning and deep learning techniques in the monitoring of electricity distribution services and infrastructures are proposed. Three different fields of application are considered to highlight the use of techniques based on neural networks: detection and classification of power quality disturbances, monitoring of underground cables in medium voltage lines and diagnosis of joints in high voltage overhead power lines. <strong>Methods:</strong> In the field of power grid monitoring, this work proposes a classification method based on a complex valued neural network to assess working conditions of junction regions in high-voltage overhead lines and insulating materials in medium voltage underground networks. The purpose of this method is to prevent the rupture of joint structures and the abnormal degradation of underground cables via frequency response measurements. This approach allows the direct processing of complex measurements and to reduce the computational effort compared to other methods available in the literature. <strong>Results:</strong> The results obtained in the monitoring of underground cables and joints of high voltage lines guarantee an overall classification rate higher than 90%. In the field of power quality, several deep learning and machine learning methods are proposed to detect the most common voltage disturbances. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> In this paper, an innovative use of widespread algorithms such as convolutional neural networks is proposed with excellent results. Furthermore, the use of a complex-valued neural network in electrical infrastructure monitoring is presented, introducing a minimally invasive classification method that could be instrumental in the transition from corrective to predictive maintenance in the near future.</p>

Research and experiment the wireless passive surface acoustic wave technology for conductor temperature monitoring of high voltage equipment

This paper presents the research and design of a passive thermal monitoring system using wireless temperature sensors based on the principle of surface acoustic wave (SAW). The monitoring system is employed on components that need to be monitored for heat generation, including switch contacts, busbars, and cable connections at switchgears or ring main units (RMUs). The basic impulse insulation level (BIL), or voltage spike tolerance, of the wireless SAW temperature sensor utilised in this study, means that it is not necessary to power it with sensors that meet the high criteria for equipment installed in closed cabinets or medium voltage cabinets. The research team’s activities in this study included software development, data transmission design and manufacture, and sensor selection. The system functions steadily, with a temperature error of no more than 2oC, according to the test findings under laboratory settings.