Medium Trucks Research Articles

Data driven analysis and forecasting of medium and heavy truck fuel consumption

ABSTRACT Fuel consumption for transport activities should be as low as possible for ecological and economic reasons. This said, there is no transparency as to which truck model behaves better for a given route and weight. Existing physical models are trained using only specific reference driving cycles. This contribution proposes to use real data from telematics systems in order to extract differences in the fuel consumption of various truck models. ML models are then developed to predict their fuel consumption. Finally, the prediction model is applied to a sample roundtrip and the predicted fuel consumption of different truck models is compared.

Models of zoning of urban territory for rational delivery in the microconsolidation system

Urban logistics (or city logistics) is developing rapidly due to the strong growth of e-commerce. Accordingly, the last-mile urban logistics faces a significant number of orders that need to be fulfilled in a dense urban development, environmental constraints and permanent congestion. One of the possible systems of rational city delivery is the use of a network of consolidation centers at the micro level. Such a network provides for a two-tier system of urban delivery - 1) from the central warehouse or warehouses to the network of microconsolidation centers; 2) from microconsolidation centers to end consumers. This scheme is especially relevant in the presence of restrictions on the movement of trucks or heavy vehicles in certain areas of the city, as well as in significant congestion and the problem of parking trucks when unloading at the location of the client. Methods (research methodology). To create a rational delivery network through a microconsolidation system, the primary task is to determine the delivery zones (or geographical clusters) - their number, size, location. To solve this problem, optimization models are proposed based on several minimization criteria - delivery distance, time, cost and integrated distance-time criterion. Results. The result is the optimization models creation, based on those it is possible to divide urban consumers into several delivery zones. Delivery routes are planned within each zone of the respective centroid and minimize the cost of last-mile logistics. Delivery of goods to the centroids can be carried out by light or medium trucks, and within the zones should be dominated by delivery of environmentally friendly modes of transport (motorcycle or moped, bicycle, car, on foot delivery with the possibility of public transport usage). Conclusion. Thus, the article provides a mathematical apparatus for obtaining territorial zoning of existing customers of the city in order to minimize the cost (distance, time or their combination) for delivery within each zone. Perspectives. A perspective study may be an analysis of the costs of operating a network of urban consolidation centers and the delivery of goods from the central warehouse or warehouses to this network. Accordingly, the task of minimizing the total costs of the city freight delivery system should be solved, taking into account economic, environmental and social aspects.

Identifying Critical Clusters of Traffic-Loading Events in Recurrent Congested Conditions on a Long-Span Road Bridge

This paper examines the nature of traffic loading in recurrent congested traffic conditions on a long-span suspension bridge. Traffic flow and percentage of trucks are extracted from image data and a cluster analysis performed to classify the data into four clusters. One cluster (MTHF, medium truck percentage and high flow) is identified that incorporates almost 50% of the hours of traffic data scattered throughout the day. Site-specific load assessment confirms that this MTHF cluster is the most critical for the bridge considered, the Forth Road Bridge in Scotland. For non-recurrent congestion, another cluster (HTLF, high percentage of trucks and low flow) is shown to govern but this finding is highly site-specific, depending on the relative frequency of the different types of congestion. A comparison of the maximum hourly/daily MTHF load effect of the cable force for five notional bridges shows that a 100% increase in the bridge span generates an increase of about 65% in the characteristic load effect.

Vehicular impact resistance of seismic designed RC bridge piers

Bridge piers designed according to the seismic specifications are likely to be subjected to the accidental vehicular collisions during its service life cycle, while the correlations between the seismic capacity and impact resistance of bridge pier are rarely studied, as well as the practical damage evaluation approach. This paper aims to fill this research gap. Firstly, four typical double-pier RC bridges are designed based on the Chinese seismic design specifications with consideration of different seismic hazard levels, and the corresponding refined finite element models are established by using LS-DYNA. Then, based on the validated material models and numerical algorithm, the numerical simulations of total 108 vehicle-pier collision scenarios are systemically performed, including the pick-up light truck, Ford 800 medium truck and tractor-trailer heavy truck with different tonnages of 3–30 t and collision velocities of 40–120 km/h. By assessing the pier’s deformation and vehicular impact force, it derives that the bridge pier designed with the enhanced seismic capacity exhibits a lower damage level and survives the higher impact speed of heavy truck, as well as withstands the successive cargo impact. Besides, five potential failure modes of the seismic designed bridge pier under vehicular collisions are identified, i.e., local damage on pier, overall collapse of bridge structure, etc. Finally, a new explicit damage index is proposed by further considering the diameter and shear-span ratio of bridge pier, then the damage levels of the vehicular impacted pier and whole bridge structure are evaluated, and the corresponding damage evaluation diagrams are given. The current work could provide helpful reference in the evaluation and design of RC bridge pier regarding both the earthquake and vehicular collisions.

Field performance monitoring of waste tire-based permeable pavements

Abstract Traditional pavements in urban areas are often impervious, resulting in augmented surface run-off during rainfalls, thereby leading to flash floods and pollution of waterways. In contrast, permeable pavements allow percolation of water through their surface layers, thus alleviating the harmful impacts associated with traditional pavements. This study reports on the mechanical performance of a large-scale permeable pavement trial site — constructed by tire- and rock-derived aggregates (TDA and RDA) bonded together using a polyurethane (PUR)-based binder — located at a car park in South Australia. An area of approximately 400 m2 was paved using different TDA-based mix designs, i.e., different RDA contents and sizes/shapes, and different PUR contents. A series of unconfined compression tests were carried out alongside a six-month field performance monitoring program — including in-situ light-weight deflectometer tests, and strain measurements by optic fiber sensing — to assess the pavement’s true potential under live traffic. The greater the TDA and PUR contents, the lower and higher the pavement’s strength and stiffness, respectively. Meanwhile, the development of strain (and hence deformability) was in favor of both the TDA and PUR contents. An increase in RDA size, which promotes an induced inter-particle frictional resistance in the soft–rigid matrix, was also found to enhance the pavement’s strength/stiffness while offering a further reduction in its developed strain. Moreover, the greater the RDA angularity, the more effective the mechanical interlocking (and hence interfacial friction) generated between the soft and rigid particles, and thus the higher the developed strength/stiffness. Although effective under low–medium traffic loads imposed by passenger vehicles inside the parking bays, the TDA-based technology (with the implemented mixture designs) was not as effective in sustaining high traffic flows within the parking aisles, e.g., U-turns imposed by light–medium trucks.

Emissions and noise mitigation through use of electric motorcycles

Abstract Gasoline-powered motorcycles contribute disproportionately to traffic noise and emissions, so motorcycle electrification merits investigation. Recent advances in battery efficiency allow electric motorcycles (EMCs) to join electric cars and bicycles as a viable consumer option. This study quantifies noise and emissions using both simulations and experimental data, examines the factors that make EMCs big offenders and uses popular EMC specifications to estimate the costs and benefits of electrification in the USA. Motorcycles produce more CO, CH4, NOx, HC and particulate matter than passenger vehicles per vehicle-mile travelled. Due to limited regulation of motorcycles and weak enforcement, the perceived noise of motorcycles exceeds that of most other vehicles, being roughly double that of automobiles at speeds of over 30 mph and surpassing even that of medium trucks and buses at speeds of over 50 mph, at which point motorcycles exceed the 80 dBA US standard limit. Electrification can resolve such issues, although range limitations and high prices are presently a barrier to widespread adoption. In order to realize these environmental benefits, it is important that electrification occur with a corresponding shift away from coal as an energy source. Stricter emission regulations and stronger enforcement of existing prohibitions on certain forms of customization could also reduce the outlier status of gasoline-powered motorcycles.

Applicability of an automatic pneumatic–tube–based traffic counting device for collecting data under mixed traffic

Traffic volume and composition data can be collected using several techniques such as manual, camera video recordings and automatic traffic count devices installed across the road pavement. An automatic traffic count device is often used for long hours of traffic data collection exercises. In view that the accuracy of the data is an important aspect of data analysis, this paper discusses the applicability of an automatic traffic count device to be used for traffic volume and composition data collections based on Malaysian vehicle classification system, i.e. where traffic is characterised by various types of vehicles or mixed traffic. The automatic traffic count (ATC) used in the study was the pneumatic tube-based equipment known as Metrocount@5600. The data used for validating the ATC was obtained using a video recording technique. The data was collected at four different sites to ensure the result of the analysis is reliable. A video camera and ATC were installed at each of the sites considered in the study. Traffic volumes and compositions from video recordings were extracted manually based on five classes of vehicles, i.e. cars and small vans, medium trucks and lorries with two axles, large trucks and lorries with three and more axles, buses and motorcycles. The ATC was set to classify vehicle types using one of the equipment’s default setting, i.e. 13 classes (Scheme F). The data retrieved from the ATC was reorganised based on the vehicle classifications used in the data collected using the video recording technique. Twenty datasets of vehicles composition from four sites were used in the analysis. The result of the statistical analysis showed that there is no significant different in traffic volumes and compositions obtained using both techniques. The finding implies that an automatic pneumatic-tube-based traffic counting device such as MetroCount@5600 with scheme F can be used as an alternative technique to collect traffic volumes and compositions data based on five standard classes of vehicles classification system.

Proposed design procedure for reinforced concrete bridge columns subjected to vehicle collisions

In this study, analytical investigation and numerical simulations are utilized to examine the responses of reinforced concrete bridge columns (RCBC) against vehicle collisions. Based on the numerical results, a simplified approach is developed for analysis and design of RCBCs to resist vehicle collisions. RCBCs impacted by a medium truck and a heavy truck trailer at different velocities are considered. Based on the numerical results, empirical equations to determine the maximum shear force and bending moment at column critical sections are proposed. A single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system is employed to predict the dynamic response of the column. A procedure to design RCBCs under vehicle collision with either flexural bending or brittle shear failure governed response of the column is proposed. Two design examples of RCBC under medium truck impact and heavy truck impact are given in this study to demonstrate the proposed procedure.

Optimasi Model Pengiriman Bantuan Bencana Gempa Bumi di BPBD Kabupaten Bantul

Bantul regency had experienced of the disasters caused by the earthquake occurred in Bantul in 2006, where 4121 residents of Bantul region was died, thousands buildings was collapsed and many damage many places. This paper develop a model of earthquake demage and analyzes distributing humanitarian aid from BPBD Bantul to each warehouse distributor in each districts that classified as Vehicle Routing Problem With Time Window (VRPTW). This solution model is developed using Linear Programming and The Nearest Neighbors Algorithm s Algorithm. Goal of those methods are expected to get distribution solution more fast and efficient. Based on modeling result using scenario of refugee number 80% from population in very vulnerable area, 60% in vulnerable area, and 40% in less vulnerable area obtained mathematical model of allocation distribution done by optimization with Linear Programming, which obtained distribution allocation solution using 16 medium trucks and 4 heavy trucks only need 3 days.

A study of Land Zoning in the base of Traffic Noise Pollution Levels using ArcGIS: Kirkuk City as a Case Study

This study is an approach to assign the land area of Kirkuk city [ a city located in the northern of Iraq, 236 kilometers north of Baghdad and 83 kilometers south of Erbil [ Climatic atlas of Iraq, 1941-1970 ] into different multi zones by using Satellite image and Arc Map10.3, zones of different traffic noise pollutions. Land zonings process like what achieved in this paper will help and of it’s of a high interest point for the future of Kirkuk city especially urban planning and economic issues of the city. Also, it may be considered as a reference in solving the traffic jam problems in the city. Transportations and sounds of horn of vehicles are the major sources of traffic noise pollutions .Vehicular traffic noise problems are contributed by various types of vehicles such as heavy and medium trucks or buses or automobiles. During this study, six major regions within the city were selected (Governorate region, Baghdad road, Al Wasti, Al Askary, Al Nasir and North garage). A survey for all those six regions were taken place and noise measurements were captured at points or near to the intersections for a duration of three different periods days per a week [ Sunday 3rd , Monday 4th , and Tuesday 5th] of January 2016. The results showed a high level of noise pollution and super passing on many occasions to the prescribed levels by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) , maximum level noise pollution value was 94.6 dB(A) in AlWasti region near to the road that leading to Kirkuk university , while minimum level noise pollution value was 48 dB(A) in AlNasir region. As a result, a noise map zoning was prepared for Kirkuk City for top peak working three days. The prepared noise distribution map will help and could be used as a considerable point for the future during designing projects related to transportations. Also in another hand, the map reflected indirectly the amount of regional air pollutions. High distributed noise pollution zones means a zone of a high air pollutions levels specially Cox and Nox gaseous pollutions.

The Effects of Traffic Composition on Freeway Crash Frequency by Injury Severity: A Bayesian Multivariate Spatial Modeling Approach

This study sets out to investigate the effects of traffic composition on freeway crash frequency by injury severity. A crash dataset collected from Kaiyang Freeway, China, is adopted for the empirical analysis, where vehicles are divided into five categories and crashes are classified into no injury and injury levels. In consideration of correlated spatial effects between adjacent segments, a Bayesian multivariate conditional autoregressive model is proposed to link no-injury and injury crash frequencies to the risk factors, including the percentages of different vehicle categories, daily vehicle kilometers traveled (DVKT), and roadway geometry. The model estimation results show that, compared to Category 5 vehicles (e.g., heavy truck), larger percentages of Categories 1 (e.g., passenger car) and 3 (e.g., medium truck) vehicles would lead to less no-injury crashes and more injury crashes. DVKT, horizontal curvature, and vertical grade are also found to be associated with no-injury and/or injury crash frequencies. The significant heterogeneous and spatial effects for no-injury and injury crashes justify the applicability of the proposed model. The findings are helpful to understand the relationship between traffic composition and freeway safety and to provide suggestions for designing strategies of vehicle safety improvement.

Measurement and analysis of vibration levels for express logistics transportation in South China

Trunk transportation and terminal distribution are two important parts of express delivery in China. Heavy truck and medium truck are two main vehicles of trunk transportation. Mini van and two‐wheel electric bicycle are widely used for terminal distribution. Four vehicles mentioned previously and a sedan car were chosen for vibration level measurement and analysis in this paper. The results revealed that vibration levels were significantly higher in the vertical axis, and decreased with the increase of payload, and increased with the increase of speed again. Similar power spectral density peak frequencies were found in a comparison study with previous results in the low‐frequency region (1‐10 Hz), occurred at approximately 2 Hz in the van and sedan car and at 3 to 4 Hz in the truck and at 4 to 5 Hz in the two‐wheel electric bicycle. Except the two‐wheel electric bicycle, the second peak frequency occurred at approximately 20 to 30 Hz in the sedan car and at 10 to 20 Hz in the mini van and at 20 to 40 Hz in the heavy truck, which were also similar to the previous studies. Vibration levels of the sedan car were the lowest, and the trunk transportation vehicles (heavy truck, medium truck) were the highest. The terminal distribution vehicles (mini van, two‐wheel electric bicycle) were somewhere in the middle.

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТОВ ПРИРОСТА ИНТЕНСИВНОСТИ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ ВО ВРЕМЕНИ ДЛЯ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ДОРОГ УКРАИНЫ

The paper presents an analysis of changes in coefficients of traffic vehicles intensity increment for eight major groups of vehicles (cars, light trucks, medium trucks, heavy trucks, medium buses, heavy buses, trucks with trailers and semi-trailers), whi

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТОВ ПРИРОСТА ИНТЕНСИВНОСТИ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ ВО ВРЕМЕНИ ДЛЯ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ДОРОГ УКРАИНЫ

The paper presents an analysis of changes in coefficients of traffic vehicles intensity increment for eight major groups of vehicles (cars, light trucks, medium trucks, heavy trucks, medium buses, heavy buses, trucks with trailers and semi-trailers), whi

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF LIGHT AND MEDIUM TRUCKS IN TIMBER TRANSPORT IN RURAL PROPERTIES

ABSTRACT Aiming to analyze the economic-financial feasibility of the use of light and medium trucks in the transport of the timber produced by small farmers within the process of forest production, two types of light trucks and two of medium trucks were evaluated in 14 rural properties in the State of Espírito Santo. Considering the transport cycles, distances, productivity of the forests, acquisition values, load capacity and fuel consumption of each truck, in addition to the cost of opening roads, nonlinear regression equations were adjusted to estimate the timber transport cost in the different scenarios evaluated. Transport costs were included in the cash flow of the forest production process, and the internal rate of return and net present value for all combinations were evaluated. The results configured the light truck in the 6x2 version as the most economically viable alternative for timber transport, with 125 km being the maximum feasible distance in forests with productivity up to 250 m3/ha. In forests with productivity above 300 m3/ha, the medium truck in the 6x2 version proved to be the most viable economic alternative in distances over 150 km. The light and medium trucks in the 4x2 version did not prove to be the best economic alternative in any of the evaluated situations. It is concluded that light trucks are an economically viable alternative for timber transport, in order to ensure the profitability and sustainability of the forestry business in small rural properties.

Experimental Study on Gear Extrusion Machining Process of Gearbox Synchronizer Gear Hub

This study treats the synchronizer gear hub gear extrusion machining process for J6L medium truck. The CA6140 lathe has been reformed into a gear extrusion machine and the experimental research about the gear extrusion plastic forming processing has been did. The tooth surface roughness and hardness after the gear extruding process under the given process parameters had also been analyzed. The experimental results showed that the surface roughness had been improved after the gear extruding processing, and the tooth surface hardness was became higher compare with the original tooth surface. It is obviously that the gear extrusion machining process can improve the tooth surface quality of the gear hub and get a better process result.

Opportunities for improved heavy truck occupant protection in rollover and overhead loading impacts

ABSTRACTDriver compartments on medium and heavy trucks are essentially modular units that are applied to a chassis. The same cab is often utilised independent of what the rest of the truck application may be. However, the strength of the cabs has been found to be comparable to that of pickup trucks while the gross vehicle weights involved for the applications can be more than 10 times greater than their passenger vehicle counterparts. In this study, the background to the problem is reviewed. An example baseline cab configuration is then examined under various rollover loading and top loading conditions utilising virtual testing techniques. Under the same conditions, alternative design approaches are considered and evaluated. The results indicate that opportunities are available to provide substantially better improved compartment strengths to maintain the survival space for medium and heavy truck drivers.

Exploring the relationship between truck load capacity and traffic accidents in the European Union

Applying econometric techniques to EU28 panel data and controlling for explanatory variables such as road types, we find that increased truck load capacity does not necessarily aggravate road traffic safety. Specifically, heavy trucks do not seem to be linked with greater numbers of traffic fatalities/accidents, medium trucks appear to be the worst performers in terms of fatalities, and light trucks seem to be the worst for accidents. In summary, our results clarify the complex relationship between truck load capacity and road safety, pointing to the existence of a negative correlation for accidents per capita and an inverse U-shaped curve for fatalities per capita.

CENTRIFUGE MODELING OF LARGE DIAMETER UNDERGROUND PIPES SUBJECTED TO HEAVY TRAFFIC LOADS

impose uncertainties on pipe design. This paper describes the procedure and results of a series of geotechnical centrifuge tests performed on a large 1400 mm-diameter reinforced concrete pipe with a footing subjected to heavy traffic loading. The influence of soil cover depth, as well as the positions and magnitude of traffic loads, on the bending moments of the pipe were investigated. A heavy truck with a maximum load of 850 kN was simulated in the majority of the tests, and a medium truck of 252 kN was also simulated. The centrifuge test results were found to be in reasonable agreement with those from full-scale tests. The pipe would experience the most unfavorable conditions when the heaviest axis of the traffic vehicle was located directly above the pipe crown. A deeper soil cover would lead to higher initial stresses in the pipe, as well as reduced influence of traffic load. However, even for a soil cover depth of 4 m, there is significant bending moment induced by the heavy truck loading, which could not be ignored during the pipeline design. Comparison was made between the centrifuge test results and several widely adopted design methods, and unconservative calculation results were noticed for large diameter rigid pipes lying at a shallow soil cover depth subjected to heavy traffic loading.

Effect of Measurement Frequency and Test Duration on the Inflation Pressure Loss Rate of Radial Medium Truck Tires

ABSTRACT The inflation pressure loss rate (IPLR) of a tire has been a standard test method for several decades and is used to determine the rate at which a tire will lose pressure. Following these procedures, the rate of pressure loss is obtained and expressed numerically as the percentage of loss per month. This is an investigation of two experimental variables: (1) the frequency at which the inflation pressure is measured on a daily basis, and (2) the duration of the entire test. The measurement frequency means how many data points are recorded during a 24-hour period. For example, one study may collect data as infrequently as once per day by manually reading a pressure gauge every 24 hours. Alternatively, another study may collect data electronically with pressure transducers capable of transmitting large numbers of data points over short preset periods, then numerically averaging those data into a single 24-hour daily measurement. After a 21-day period to equilibrate the newly inflated tire, the test duration can range from 90 to 180 days but is allowed to be shortened when using electronic-pressure monitoring. This is a study of data-collection frequency and duration in a newly commissioned tire IPLR laboratory at Akron Rubber Development Laboratory, Inc (ARDL). It was constructed to have excellent temperature control and was equipped with 24 pressure-sensitive transducers with data being directly transmitted into a dedicated computer where the ASTM F1112 equations were applied. The present study includes data measurements from 56 radial medium truck tires manufactured by different companies. Results were obtained by averaging data collected four times per hour over a test duration of 90 days but were then recalculated using 60, 45, or 30 days of data to establish the feasibility of using a shorter testing time.