Medium Term Research Articles

The value chain of the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) in Mexico: Diagnostic, structural analysis, and scenarios

The value chain for jumbo squid fishery encompasses a process of linking multiple components and actors that generate and promote capitalization of the added value of this fishery product. This study aims to diagnose the value chain for jumbo squid in Mexico using the structural analysis approach, allowing a description of the main actors, and their interactions with the markets, socioeconomic drivers, as well as the influence of different variables in the performance of jumbo squid chain value. The results derived from the structural analysis, six variables (related to the transformation, marketing, and consumption activities) and two actors (producers and academic research) were identified as the most relevant. The competitive advantages and added value could be reached by integrating the aspects related to the most relevant variables and taking appropriate decisions to deal with situations of uncertainty, which can promote weak nodes in the value chain, primarily because of the failures in the commercialization and consumption of jumbo squid. This suggests that efforts should not be concentrated on a single node but should be addressed jointly. Considering that the jumbo squid value chain currently depends on the changing conditions of the fishery, which is marked by production instability, causing uncertainty in the subsequent nodes; the status indicates that a restructuring of the value chain is evident since the market is prone to dismantling or self-regulation over the medium term.

Efficacy of radiofrequency in lumbar facet joint pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials.

Lumbar facet joint pain (LFJP) is one of the main causes of chronic low back pain (LBP) and can be treated using radiofrequency (RF) sensory denervation. The aim of this work is to analyze the efficacy of RF in LFJP through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with placebo control. A systematic search was conducted in the Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science databases, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). The variables of interest were pain, functional status, quality of life (QoL), and global perceived effect (GPE) measured at different time intervals: short (< 3months), medium (> 3 and < 12months), and long term (> 12months). Eight RCTs with placebo control were included. RF showed significant benefits over placebo in pain relief in the short (MD - 1.01; 95% CI - 1.98 to -0.04; p = 0.04), medium (MD - 1.42; 95% CI - 2.41 to - 0.43; p = 0.005), and long term (MD - 1.12; 95% CI - 1.57 to - 0.68; p < 0.001), as well as improvement in functional disability in the short (SMD - 0.94; 95% CI - 1.73 to - 0.14; p = 0.02) and long term (SMD - 0.74; 95% CI - 1.09 to - 0.39; p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed in QoL or quantitative GPE, but benefits for RF were observed in dichotomous GPE in the medium (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.07-0.52; p = 0.001) and long term (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.06-0.78; p = 0.02). Subgroup analyses showed more benefits for RF in LBP < 1year in the short term and in RCTs that did not require performing an MRI for patient selection. RF demonstrated significant improvement in pain and functionality, but the benefits in terms of QoL and GPE are inconclusive. Future clinical trials should investigate the long-term effects of RF, its impact on quality of life, and define appropriate criteria for patient selection.

PENINGKATAN SARANA PRASARANA LINGKUNGAN TINGKAT KELURAHAN BACIRO PADA RPJM 2019-2023

The Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM) for 2019-2023 for Baciro Village, Gondokusuman District is a planning document that aims to describe development directions and strategies for a five-year period in the region. This RPJM was prepared by involving the participation of the community, government and related stakeholders to achieve development that is sustainable, inclusive and competitive. This RPJM establishes the vision and mission of the Baciro Sub-District, which is to create a prosperous, independent and sustainable kelurahan, with a focus on improving the quality of life of the community, developing adequate infrastructure, developing the local economy, and equitable access to basic services. The main objectives of this RPJM are to improve people's welfare, create jobs, improve the quality of education, increase access to health, and strengthen good governance. This RPJM also identifies the resources needed to realize the development strategy, including human resources, funding, technology, and inter-agency cooperation. Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out periodically to ensure effective implementation and measure the achievement of predetermined development targets. Through the implementation of this RPJM, it is hoped that the Baciro Village can achieve sustainable growth, improve the quality of life of the community, and create a good and competitive environment. Active community participation, government support, and inter-agency collaboration will be the key to success in realizing the vision and mission of Baciro Village development in this medium-term period.

Vulnerability Index to COVID-19 for Brazilian States

This present article brings a vulnerability index to COVID-19 for Brazilian states. The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest since the great flu of 1918, and Brazil, which already has major supply limitations in health provision, is experiencing additional stress on the health system caused by the excess demand caused by the pandemic. Thus, this index is composed of a weighted average of state indicators, which are human development index (HDI), net current revenue per capita, health expenditure per capita, percentage of households with more than six residents, percentage of elderly population, access to basic sanitation, total population, the number of ICUs and the number of doctors and respirators per hundred thousand inhabitants. The results indicate that the states best placed in the vulnerability ranking are the Federal District and São Paulo, while the states with the worst ranking are Alagoas and Amapá. In the medium term, there is an association between the number of accumulated cases and the hospital vulnerability index. The same association exists, although at a lower level, between the hospital vulnerability index and the number of deaths per capita.

Impact of credit access of farmers in cooperative societies on financial performance: the predictive effect of financial literacy

PurposeThe goal of this study was to determine the impact of access to credit facilities on financial performance among farmers of cooperative societies. The study also tested the predictive power of financial literacy.Design/methodology/approachThe descriptive survey research design was used for the study while the sample size was 240 farmers of cooperative societies from South-East Nigeria. The farmers were categorised into those with access to credit facilities and those without access to credit facilities. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. Data were analysed using multiple analyses of variance (MANOVA) and multiple regression analysis.FindingsFarmers with access to credit facilities reported higher financial performance such as return on investment, working capital, net profit, profit margin and sales. However, those without access to credit facilities reported lower mean scores on financial performance. Also, financial literacy, like financial knowledge, attitude and awareness, significantly predicts the impact of access to credit facilities on financial performance. It was also found that the duration of repayment of credit facilities, like medium and long term, contributes more to improving financial performance.Originality/valueThis study has shown that even though access to credit facilities impacts financial performance, financial literacy is an important consideration. Also, the duration of repayment is a crucial factor.

Mid-term results of an anatomic total knee replacement design.

A significant proportion of patients remain dissatisfied following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery. Reasons for this are unclear. Contemporary implants seek to mirror innate anatomy. Such innovations are necessarily subject to scrutiny to validate their use. The Zimmer-Biomet Persona® Personalized Knee system is such an anatomic TKA. This work seeks to establish medium term survival data and patient reported outcomes for this implant. This was a cohort study of prospectively collected data on all patients undergoing Persona TKA at our institution. Patients were managed using a standardised protocol for intra- and post-operative care. Survivorship data were collected using our National Joint Registry and corroborated with local data. Range of motion, Oxford Knee Score (OKS) and patient satisfaction were recorded at six weeks and one year post-operatively. Hip-knee-ankle radiographs were used to record pre- and post-operative alignment. Data were collected for 749 knees in 679 patients. Overall survivorship was 99.0% at a mean 5.35years, with seven patients undergoing revision surgery during the study period. Significant improvements in the OKS (mean 20.7 points) and range of motion were observed (mean 104.6° at one year). 94.9% of patients were satisfied at one year. Mean correction was to a mechanical femoro-tibial angle of 0.8° varus. We demonstrate excellent medium term survival of the Persona TKA in this large cohort, coupled with improvements in patient reported outcomes, range of motion and patient satisfaction at one year which compare favourably to other implants.

Dispersal and interbreeding as survival strategies for species exposed to environment change

The success of individual species under a change to the environment is dependent on a number of factors, which include the changes to habitat, competition with other species and adaptability. Here we investigate the impact of differing dispersal characteristics of two competing species responding to the change using an idealized spatio-temporal model. The rate of dispersion is given by a combination of the growth term and the form of the diffusion term, which is set to give either normal diffusion or anomalous (super) diffusion. The later is brought about by employing fractional diffusion and we characterize the population as being more adventurous than the population undergoing normal diffusion. The more adventurous population is found, not surprisingly, to reach and occupy uninhabited ground before the population undergoing normal diffusion can get there. Interbreeding is found to be important in that it can aid the spread of the less adventurous population preventing its extinction. The response to an abrupt environment change, taken here to be a change in the distribution of the growth rate, is dependent on the initial conditions, the dispersion characteristics, and the level of interbreeding, leading to very different intermediate and final states. Our results highlight instances when a particular dispersal strategy gives a population an edge over another. In the cases considered here we find states where the more adventurous population can dominate across the domain, the two populations exist in separate parts of the domain separated by fronts, and both populations coexist across the domain in the medium term with one or other of the populations dominating across the domain in the long term. Given the long time to reach equilibrium where one or other of the populations dominate, consideration needs to be put to the time scale of change, as sufficiently frequent change can allow coexistence. We demonstrate the need to include dispersion characteristics when considering the factors affecting the response of species to a change in the environment.

Effects of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Anabolism Biomarkers and Thrombotic Biomarkers Compared with Traditional Training in Healthy Adults Older Than 60 Years: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the effects of low-load blood flow restriction training (LL-BFRT) on muscle anabolism and thrombotic biomarkers compared with the effects of traditional LL training and to analyse the changes in these biomarkers in the short and medium term (acute/immediate and after at least 4 weeks of the training programme, respectively). A search was conducted in the following electronic databases from inception to 1 March 2024: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, PEDro, Science Direct, CINHAL, and Scopus. A total of 13 randomized controlled trials were included, with a total of 256 healthy older adults (mean (min-max) age 68 (62-71) years, 44.53% female). The outcome measures were muscle anabolism biomarkers and thrombosis biomarkers. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated to compare the outcomes reported by the studies. The overall meta-analysis showed that LL-BFRT produces a large increase in muscle anabolism biomarkers compared with traditional LL training (eight studies; SMD = 0.88 [0.39; 1.37]) and compared with a passive control (four studies; SMD = 0.91 [0.54; 1.29]). LL-BFRT does not produce an increase in thrombotic biomarkers compared with traditional LL training (four studies; SMD = -0.02 [-0.41; 0.36]) or compared with a passive control (two studies; SMD = 0.20 [-0.41; 0.80]). The increase in muscle anabolism biomarkers was large after applying a single session (four studies; SMD = 1.29 [0.18; 2.41]) and moderate after applying a training programme (four studies; SMD = 0.58 [0.09; 1.06]). In conclusion, LL-BFRT increases muscle anabolism biomarkers to a greater extent than traditional LL training (low-quality evidence) or a passive control (moderate-quality evidence) in healthy older adults. This superior anabolic potential of LL-BFRT compared with LL training is sustained in the short to medium term. LL-BFRT is a safe training methodology for older adults, showing moderate-quality evidence of no increase in thrombotic biomarkers compared with traditional LL training.

Перспективы обеспечения потребностей России в продукции электронного машиностроения

The paper delves into the problem of meeting the needs of Russia’s electronic industry with technological equipment for semiconductor production at present and in the medium term, taking into account the expected development of consumer industries. A quantitative assessment of the scale of the emerging electronic engi-neering industry in Russia, as well as the necessary investments for this purpose is formed. The available op-portunities for reorientation of Russian imports of equipment for the electronic industry to countries that are not unfriendly are considered, and the groups of equipment are identified for which the reorientation of imports is possible, and for which it is completely unrealizable. The analysis of the means of localization in Russia of the necessary industry competencies through cooperation with non-CIS countries, as well as deepening coopera-tion with Belarus, which possesses technologies in the field of production of equipment for the electronics in-dustry in demand in Russia, is carried out.

Long-term effects of combined mindfulness intervention and app intervention compared to single interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized controlled trial.

The study examines the short-, middle-, and long-term effects of a combined intervention (face-to-face mindfulness intervention plus the mindfulness app 7Mind), compared to single interventions (face-to-face mindfulness intervention alone and an intervention via app 7Mind alone). The subgroups were compared with an active control group on mindfulness, mindful characteristics, mental health, emotion regulation, and attentional abilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the study explores whether students' engagement with the app and their formal mindfulness practice at home improves intervention outcomes. The study employs a randomized controlled trial approach involving three intervention groups and an active control group, with two follow-ups conducted over 12 months. The study included 177 university students who were randomly assigned to a mindfulness group (n = 42), a mindfulness app group (7Mind app, n = 44), a mindfulness + app group (n = 45), and an active control group (n = 46). The duration of the interventions was 4 weeks. The outcome variables were assessed at pre- and post-intervention, at 4 and 12 months post-intervention. At post-intervention and during both follow-ups, students in the combined mindfulness intervention did not demonstrate better outcomes compared to students in the single interventions or the active control group across all measures. Additionally, no statistically significant difference was observed between all interventions and the active control groups on any of the measures. However, it is noteworthy that all intervention groups and the active control group exhibited improvement in mindfulness, body awareness, emotion regulation, stress, and attentional abilities over the short, medium, and long term. Moreover, higher app usage in the app groups was significantly associated with increased body awareness. However, greater app use was also correlated with higher stress. The results suggest that the mindfulness intervention and the mindfulness app were similar to the active control condition (communication training) on the investigated variables in the short, medium, and long term. Furthermore, an increased use of a mindfulness app can negatively affect stress.

The Healthcare Cost of Air Pollution: Evidence from the World's Largest Payment Network

Abstract This paper exploits the universe of credit- and debit-card transactions in China during 2013-2015 and provides the first nationwide analysis of the healthcare cost of PM2.5 for a developing country. We leverage spatial spillovers of PM2.5 from long-range transport to generate exogenous variation in local pollution and employ a flexible distributed lag model to capture semiparametrically the dynamic response of pollution exposure. We find significant impacts of PM2.5 on healthcare spending in both the short and medium terms. A 10 μg/m3 decrease in PM2.5 would reduce annual healthcare spending by over $9.2 billion, about 1.5% of China's annual healthcare expenditure.

Anti-sanction and sanction economic policy of Russia in 2022–2025. Part 2: Aftermaths of sanctions war, management of changes, clarification of research concepts

Objectives: to study and forecast the state of the Russian economy after the intensification of the sanctions war and formalization of the Russian anti-sanctions and sanctions economic policy.Methods: the research uses such techniques of abstract-logical method as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, formalization, and forecasting.Results: The main macroeconomic indicators of Russia were analyzed (2006–2023) and forecasted (2024–2025). The impact of sanctions on the negative trends in the development of industries mainly contributing to the Russia’s GDP was assessed. As a result, the author identified the industries that have become drivers of the country’s economic development, as well as those subjected to the most significant pressure as a result of the sanctions. the comparative analysis of indicators allowed us to conclude that the Russian economy as a whole in the medium term coped with the sanctions load better than the world economy with the consequences of the sanction war. Conclusions were made on the results of anti-Russian sanctions and Russia’s response measures. Russia’s sanctions, anti-sanctions and counter-sanctions economic policy was formalized.Scientific novelty: the concepts of “sanctions economic policy”, “anti-sanctions economic policy”, “counter-sanctions economic policy”, “sanctions policy”, “anti-sanctions policy”, “counter-sanctions policy” were clarified. The main goals of sanctions and anti-sanctions economic policy of Russia were revealed. The principles of Russia’s sanctions and anti-sanctions policy were supplemented. It was shown that the Russian sanctions economic policy is open, rational, protective and protectionist. It was found that Russia’s anti-sanctions economic policy is highly politicized, medium-term and protectionist. The main directions of development of anti-sanctions and sanctions economic policy of Russia were outlined.Practical significance: the obtained results will allow understanding the essence, causes and processes in the management of the Russia’s sanctions and anti-sanctions activity, predicting its results more accurately, and determining measures to correct the anti-sanctions and sanctions policy of the Russian Federation.

Assessment of the Colombian long-term energy planning scenarios for the national hydrocarbon value chain: Insights from the TIMES-O&G model

Using energy system modeling tools has successfully contributed to energy planning for mid-century energy sector decarbonization goals at different levels, such as national, regional, and global scenarios. In this way, these tools provide scientific evidence to define long-term strategies per the objectives set, such as energy self-sufficiency, energy transition, and decarbonization, which includes each sector's actions. Hydrocarbons are one of the most studied sectors due to their relevance in the energy sector. However, more work needs to be reported on analyzing the implications of these actions and exploring what the role of this sector may be in the strategy of the country or region. This study models a conceptual company's oil and gas value chain at a country level, exploring its role in the long-term vision of Colombian energy strategy. We developed a TIMES-O&G model, tested on three scenarios based on Colombia's National Energy Plan. In the short and medium term, the possibility of adding new resources could indicate how quickly the Colombian hydrocarbon market will lose its self-sufficiency since by 2030 and 2040, imports of natural gas and crude oil will exceed national production, respectively, leading O&G company in Colombia would lose its role as a producer of hydrocarbons, and from 2040, its value chain would be limited to being an importer of raw materials for refining to meet the national fuel demand; the preceding would imply an increase in costs of 15 and 18% of the system for the upgrading and inflection scenarios concerning the base case scenario. Moreover, the refineries are identified as the primary sector that must be decarbonized in the short and long term, considering their importance in the value chain they represent.

Unconditional cash transfers, health and savings

This paper examines the relationship between a national unconditional cash transfers (UCTs) program, health and savings. We theoretically and empirically show that motives to save can be strong when cash transfers promote health outcomes. We first present a theoretical model that considers lifecycle-consumption savings decisions, where households derive utility from consumption and leisure time at working age, as well as old-age consumption and old-age longevity that positively depend on health spending. We then empirically examine the impact of Pakistan’s Benazir Income Support Programme on various indicators of savings and provide suggestive evidence on how UCTs influence savings via health. We find that in the short and medium term, UCTs increase the probability that a household decides to save and have significant positive effects on the rates and amounts of household savings. The effects of UCTs are more pronounced on informal compared to formal savings. The results present exploratory and suggestive evidence that health is a mechanism through which UCTs transmit to savings. These findings are consistent with our theoretical predictions.

Key Aspects of India’s Arms Export Policy amid Military-Industrial Complex Reform

The study examines the key features and areas of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government’s policy aimed at boosting the export of weapons, military and special equipment (WMSE) within the broader strategy of reforming the Indian military-industrial complex (MIC). The long-term goal of the Indian government is to achieve “strategic autonomy” in the defence sector. In the short term, Indian arms exports serve as the driving force behind the “Make in India” and “Self-reliant India” programmes - pivotal components of Prime Minister Modi’s political agenda. The significant amplification factor for India’s export ambitions has been conditioned in part by the escalating border tensions with China since 2017. The export of WMSE is emerging as a crucial tool to strengthen India’s bilateral relations with countries in the Asia-Pacific region to counterbalance China. Nonetheless, to propel India into the group of the world’s leading arms exporters, as well as to gain full “strategic independence,” may be hard to achieve even in the long run. Despite systemic reforms in the military-industrial complex, efforts to engage private businesses and attract foreign capital, a number of challenges impede the growth of the defence industry and the export potential of the Indian military-industrial complex. These include the inadequate development of India’s manufacturing sector, dependency on foreign technologies, and insufficient funding for military-technical advancements. At the same time, the policy of supporting defence exports and reforming the MIC has been a stable trend in the strategy of the BJP government, playing a crucial role in the fulfillment of its short, medium and long term goals.

دور فحص التقارير المتكاملة للاستدامة في جودة عمل مراقب الحسابات

The research aims to know the impact of examining integrated sustainability reports in improving and raising the quality of the auditor’s work and giving correct and highly confident decisions for use by stakeholders. To achieve this goal, work was done to prepare a questionnaire consisting of two axes: examining integrated sustainability reports and the quality of the auditor’s work, which consists of The research community consisted of a group of auditors in Iraq, and the effect of integrating variables on the performance of the auditor’s work was demonstrated through the researcher’s use of the program. Statistician (SPSS) in analyzing the questionnaire. The researcher also used statistical tests and testing hypotheses and reached the most important conclusions. Examining the integrated reports for sustainability ensures the workflow of the auditor with high quality, while emphasizing that all efforts made are working to achieve the goals planned by the management of the economic units and preparing the reports. Integrated sustainability is more developed because it integrated financial and non-financial information together and focused on economic, environmental, social and governance issues. This is reflected in the quality of the auditors’ work. And how to link it with the economic unit’s strategy to enable stakeholders to know the extent of the economic unit’s ability to create value and maintain it in the long, medium and short term. Among the most important recommendations is that it is necessary to direct the management of the economic units to integrate the dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental, social and governance) with their strategy when developing policies, systems and plans. Programs and their performance to help achieve the set goals

Intramedullary Screw Fixation of Proximal Phalangeal Fractures: Short- to Medium-term Outcomes.

Intramedullary screw fixation of phalangeal and metacarpal fractures has gained popularity as a method of providing rigid internal fixation with minimum tendon disturbance, allowing early mobilization and rehabilitation. Despite this, the literature on outcomes using this technique is limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the short-term to medium-term outcomes of intramedullary screw fixation for proximal phalangeal fracture fixation in an Australian setting. A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with a fracture(s) of the proximal phalanx fixated using intramedullary screws between January 2020 and March 2023 was conducted via telehealth. Forty-six phalangeal fractures from 37 patients were included in this study. Mean Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score of 6.2 (range: 0-61.4, median: 0), mean pain visual analogue scale score of 1.8 (range: 1-7, median: 1), and mean total active motion of 231° (range: 132-282) were noted. A total of 4.4% of fractures sustained a major complication, and 94.6% of patients reported willingness to undergo intramedullary screw fixation again. This study concurs with the prior literature that intramedullary screw fixation is a safe and effective method of stabilizing extra-articular proximal phalangeal fractures in the short to medium term. Superior clinical outcomes, as well as cost-effectiveness and time-effectiveness, render it a viable alternative to plate fixation in this setting.

Catching Fire: How National Humiliation Spreads Hostile Foreign Policy Preferences on Chinese Social Media

Abstract Research shows that emotions alter preferences, which are central to many models of political choice. However, how can theories that explain individual-level preference change explain policy outcomes, which usually take place at higher levels of analysis? I outline three competing approaches to this question, ultimately building on the third approach, which argues that emotions can spread through emotional contagion within identity groups. This implies emotions can broadly shift preferences towards or away from conflict during crises. It also explains how identities, which are relatively constant over the medium term, can suddenly become fault lines in a conflict. I find supporting evidence using a large (more than 1.6 billion posts) nationally representative data set of Chinese social media posts. Users’ national humiliation posts lead their followers to become more likely to make posts about national humiliation, suggesting contagion, and about using military force and maintaining territorial disputes, suggesting preference change.

Enabling seamless migration of optical metro-urban networks to the multi-band: unveiling a cutting-edge 6D planning tool for the 6G era

The relentless demand for high-bandwidth services and applications in the beyond-5G/6G era necessitates optical networks to provide ample spectral resources to accommodate the increasing traffic loads. This requirement is especially pronounced in metro and regional segments, where a projected traffic compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 40%, driven by content delivery network (CDN) traffic concentrated near the end users, threatens to push the fiber capacity to its limits on a number of heavily utilized links in the short to medium term. This limitation cannot be circumvented despite the utilization of spectrally efficient modulation formats designed for short-distance transmission. Thus, it is imperative to explore migration strategies to solutions that allow the expansion of spectral resources beyond the current usage of the extended C-band (4.8 THz). In this article, we present a comprehensive evaluation of multi-homed edge-to-core routing, modulation-level selection, and spectrum assignment simulations conducted over reference metropolitan area networks (MANs) by leveraging on a novel network planner called 6D-MAN, which we have developed to adapt to heterogeneous multi-layer networks based on multi-band and multi-fiber transmission. Our simulations consider coherent transmission with flexible modulation format transponders operating at capacities ranging from 100 to 400 Gbps on the 50 GHz grid and explore link-by-link migration strategies restricted to the C+L-band, ensuring optimal performance in terms of the generalized signal-to-noise ratio (GSNR). The obtained results demonstrate that deploying L-band equipment on a selected number of links effectively extends the lifespan of existing networks, enabling congestion-free operation with minimal intervention. In their entirety, our findings underscore the importance of contemplating alternative spectral resources beyond the conventional C-band. They unequivocally accentuate the potential of L-band equipment strategic deployment to tackle capacity constraints in MANs, resulting in a 60% reduction in fiber length and a remarkable 45% decrease in new fiber-pair link deployment needs. The profound implications of efficient fiber capacity utilization manifest themselves in substantial OPEX and optical total cost of ownership savings, amounting to approximately 71% and 17%–27%, respectively, over a 10-year period. This research provides valuable insights for MAN operators seeking sustainable strategies to support the growing demands of future beyond-5G/6G services.

Effect of medium term PFCL tamponade on eyes previously filled with silicon oil.

Effect of medium term PFCL tamponade on eyes previously filled with silicon oil.