Medium Temperature Research Articles

The effect of Cu-doping to the DLC interlayer on the temperature dependent current-conduction mechanisms and barrier shape of the Schottky devices

The objective of this study is to determine the temperature and voltage-dependent current conduction mechanisms (CCMs) of the Al/Cu-doped DLC/p-Si Schottky device. It is aimed to obtain extensive and detailed data by current-voltage (I–V) measurements taken with 0.3 V voltage steps in the ±4 V voltage range, at 30 K intervals from 80 K to 410 K. Firstly, an examination of the semi-logarithmic I–V curve revealed that the low temperature (LTs, 80 K–170 K), medium temperature (MTs, 200 K–290 K) and high temperature (HTs, 320 K–410 K) regions should be examined separately. The basic parameters of the Schottky device such as the ideality factor (n), reverse saturation current (Io) and zero-biasing potential barrier height (ΦBo) were obtained separately for LTs, MTs and HTs by the Thermionic Emission (TE) theory. The results obtained show that the device deviates from ideality, especially in LTs and HTs, and the n values decrease with increasing temperature, while the ΦBo values increase. The analysis of the presence of other CTMs in the Schottky device revealed that Field Emission (FE) and Thermionic Field Emission (TFE) were effective in LTs and MTs, while FE was effective in HTs. Since it is thought that quantum mechanical CTMs cannot be the cause of such a deviation from ideality due to the interface layer thickness, the existence of Gaussian Distribution originating from lateral barrier inhomogeneity was investigated. As a result, it is concluded that the Multiple Gaussian Distribution (MGD) is dominant in the possible CTMs of the Schottky device.

Pitch-based carbon anode for high-energy and long-life sodium-ion battery

Pitch-based carbon generally demonstrate remarkable electrochemical performance for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In this paper, the medium temperature pitch is successively subjected to heat treatment under high pressure, extraction of toluene to remove soluble matter, and carbonization of toluene insoluble matter, to prepare the anode material, named pitch toluene insoluble anode (PTIA). The PTIA is characteristic of the coral-like morphology distributed with 100−200 nm pore channels and 2−3 nm mesopores for electrolyte immersion, and the disordered carbon structure is interwoven with graphitic carbon for sodium-ion insertion/desertion and electron transmission. In the PTIA half battery, the reversible specific capacity reaches 276.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 300 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 99.22%. Importantly, the PTIA exhibits good compatibility with vanadium sodium phosphate (NVP) cathode materials, enabling a battery PTIA//NVP to achieve a capacity density of 154 mAh g−1, an energy density of 246.7 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 4800 W kg−1 for 1000 cycles at a current density of 3 A g−1 (16−18 C). The battery has a certain working efficiency at -10−70°C.

Developmental ecology in embryos of an estuarine pupfish endemic of the Yucatan peninsula: Survival out of water, metabolic depression, and asynchronous hatching.

Theory predicts that drought-resistant embryos with extended incubations are evolutionarily favored in environments with high mortality of larvae but safe for eggs. Here, we experimentally test, under common garden conditions, the effect of three incubation temperatures and media on embryonic developmental length, extended incubation out of the water, survival, metabolic rate, and hatching dynamics in the estuarine pupfish Garmanella pulchra. We also described the morphological changes of embryonic cortical structures related to air exposure. We found that embryos incubated out of water in low and medium temperatures present an extended incubation period beyond their hatching capability with a deep metabolic depression. Also, these embryos exhibited a hatching asynchrony not related to water availability. Embryos incubated at high temperatures did not show extended incubation, with decreased probability of survival out of water. Our morphological observations of the embryonic cortical structures reveal that the perivitelline space and hair-like filaments buffer the deleterious drought effects. Our results reveal that G. pulchra possesses life-history traits typical of two separate phenomena: delay hatching and diapause; supporting a true continuum between them, rather than a dichotomy. The evolution of these traits may respond to aerial exposure during low tides in the estuaries of Yucatán they inhabit.

High-temperature planar asymmetric ceramic membranes: Effect of the Pt amount and dispersion on the H2 separation performance

This work investigates for the first time the effect of Pt catalyst amount and dispersion on hydrogen permeation performances of BaCe0.65Zr0.20Y0.15O3−δ–Gd0.2Ce0.8O2−δ (BCZY–GDC) composite planar Cer-Cer membranes with asymmetrical architecture, aiming to maximize the ratio between the permeated hydrogen and the metal content. To boost the hydrogen separation reactions, Pt must be deposited on both the dense and porous sides of the membrane. Moreover, the complex architecture of the porous layer can be used to disperse Pt particles providing a good interaction with the membrane. To fulfil this aim BCZY-GDC membranes composed of a 20 μm thick active dense layer and a 600 μm thick, porous support were produced by tape casting and impregnated with different amounts of platinum. Hydrogen permeation properties were thoroughly investigated examining the composition of the feed and the sweep gasses, temperature, stream humidification, catalyst amount and nature of the dispersion media. The effect of Pt-catalysed hydrogen permeation and water splitting reaction at the permeate side was investigated and discussed. It was found that using an optimal amount of Pt solution to activate the porous side of the membranes is paramount to increase hydrogen permeation in the whole operating temperature range while keeping low the amount of noble metal catalyst. Moreover, the selection of a proper solvent with good interaction with the membrane allows the obtainment of smaller Pt nanoparticles resulting in higher permeation. The best performances in terms of hydrogen permeation (0.74 and 1.29 mL min−1 cm−2 at 750 °C using a feed stream with respectively 50 % and 80 % of H2 in He) were obtained using an acetone-based solution for depositing 1.5 mg cm−2 of Pt at the porous side. This work suggests that the metal deposition plays a non-trivial role in the hydrogen separation process and should be fully evaluated to increase the final performance while cutting down the cost of the Pt catalyst and therefore, of the final device.

Law of earthquake productivity in the Olami‒Feder‒Christensen‒Zhurkov model

The generalized cellular model based on the of Olami‒Feder‒Christensen cellular automaton model and modified by the allowance for the lifetime of the material on the basis of the kinetic concept for strength of solids by Academician S.N. Zhurkov is used to model and clarify the nature of the statistical law of earthquake productivity. The modified model is named Olami‒Feder‒Christensen‒Zhurkov model (OFCZ). The OFCZ model implements the main statistical regularities of seismicity: the Gutenberg‒Richter and Omori‒Utsu laws, the Bath’s law, fractal geometry of seismicity, and the law of earthquake productivity. It is shown that the clustering of model events (analogs of earthquakes), corresponding to the law of earthquake productivity, is due to the kinetic component of the OFCZ model. The productivity dependences on material strength and medium temperature are obtained. The influence of the Zhurkov parameter and the cell coupling parameter in the cellular model (the dissipativity of the model) on the productivity is considered. It is shown that the revealed dependences of productivity on strength and temperature are consistent with the empirical data.

IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROTHERMAL DISTRIBUTIONS USING THE WENNER-SCHLUMBERGER CONFIGURATION GEOELECTRIC METHOD IN LEMEU VILLAGE, LEBONG REGENCY, BENGKULU

The hot spring pool, Lemeu Village, Lebong Regency, is one of the geothermal fields. This research aims to identify the study area's geothermal potential and lithology. This is illustrated by the correlation method of resistivity and electrical conductivity values of rocks based on geoelectric measurements. This research uses the Wenner-Schlumberger configuration geoelectric method, as many as four tracks spread around the hot spring hill with a length of 480 meters, which are used to see variations in resistivity values that can indicate the presence of hydrothermal potential. The result is a 2D Resistivity model processed with Res2DinvX32 software. Based on the interpretation results, the subsurface rock lithology in each track is relatively similar in color, texture, grain size, and composition because it is around the hill. The Hulusimpang formation consists of clay, silty sand, tuff, andesite, basalt, and granite. Hydrothermal is found on lines 2 and 4 with resistivity values of 7.3 and 10.1 Ωm at a depth of 26 meters. Geothermal potential in the research area is divided into several temperature categories; some have low, medium, and high temperatures. In the research area, tracks 1 and 3 have low temperatures.

Drying characteristics of bamboo bundles and the heat transfer model

To optimize the drying process of bamboo bundles, this study investigates the heat and mass transfer behavior during the drying process by using temperature sensors to measure the temperature field at different positions and track the overall moisture content over time. Additionally, a heat transfer model is used to simulate and predict the drying process. The analysis of the experimental results indicates that the diameter of the bamboo bundles has a greater impact on the drying rate than the drying temperature. At the same temperature, the drying time significantly decreases as the temperature increases. Under drying conditions at 80 °C, the average drying rate constant is 0.072 for bamboo bundles with a diameter of 40 mm, whereas it is only 0.015 for bundles with a diameter of 100 mm. Using Newton’s law of cooling, the convective heat transfer coefficient calculation method was derived. The average convective heat transfer coefficients at 40, 60, and 80 °C were calculated to be 6.16 W/(m2 K), 7.14 W/(m2 K), and 7.22 W/(m2 K), respectively. A mathematical model was established for the temperature at the center of the bamboo bundles, the temperature of the drying medium, the diameter of the bamboo bundles, and the drying time. This model effectively simulates the temperature variation inside the bamboo bundles, and the temperature simulation data fits well with the measured values, with a standard error of less than 2.8 °C and a prediction error of less than 6.1%. This coupled model and method provide a theoretical basis for predicting and controlling the bamboo bundle drying process, reducing energy and time consumption in actual production.

Dynamic viscoelastic properties of ultra-large particle size asphalt mixture based on fractional derivative constitutive model

The aim of this paper was to accurately grasp and precisely characterize the dynamic viscoelastic properties of Ultra-Large Particle Size Asphalt Mixture (LSAM-50), and fully explore the features and simplified forms of the generalized fractional derivative Zener (GFDZ) model. The constitutive relations of the GFDZ model with n Abel elements were first given, and a modified GFDZ (mGFDZ) model was proposed. Then the master curves of LSAM-50, AC-13 and AC-20 mixtures were constructed, and the expression effects of different models and the dynamic viscoelastic behaviors of different asphalt mixtures were compared. The results showed that LSAM-50 was a typical viscoelastic material similar to traditional mixture. Both dynamic modulus and energy storage modulus decreased with increasing temperature. The phase angle increased first and then decreased with temperature increasing, and the peak value appeared near 40℃ at low frequency. The loss modulus increased first and then decreased with the temperature increasing. When the loading frequency was 0.1 Hz∼25 Hz, the peak value appeared at 0℃∼20℃. The rutting factors of LSAM-50 became larger with temperature reduction and frequency enhancement. When the number of Abel elements reached 2 in the GFDZ model or reached 3 in the mGFDZ model, the model fitting effects would no longer change significantly. The 2-mGFDZ model with only 5 parameters fitted master curves data satisfactorily and the physical meanings of parameters were clear. Comparing among three mixtures, LSAM-50, with the lowest asphalt content, showed significantly superior elasticity and better deformation resistance at medium and high temperatures. At low temperatures, the viscosity behavior of LSAM-50 was slightly inferior, but it may have pronounced plate properties considering the effect of aggregate skeletonization. The research results would promote new pavement structural design and mechanical response analysis.

Probing the contribution of bismuth on electronic transport and phonon scattering properties of Mg3Sb2-xBix solid solutions

In this work, first-principles calculations have been used to investigate the electronic structure, phonon scattering, and Debye temperature of Mg3Sb2-xBix alloys. The electronic transport properties were predicted by solving the Boltzmann equations. Additionally, thermoelectric properties of alloys with corresponding compositions prepared using directional solidification were analyzed and compared with the predicted results. The research findings reveal that the increase in Bi content is accompanied by an increase in carrier concentration and mobility, and a decrease in carrier effective mass. The Mg3Sb1.5Bi0.5 alloy showed the highest power factor value of 0.49 mWm−1K−2 due to the synergistic effect between the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient. As the Bi atoms replace Sb sites, the scattering rates of low-frequency phonons become stronger, significantly reducing the lattice thermal conductivity. The Mg3Sb0.5Bi1.5 alloy reaches the lowest thermal conductivity, especially in the low and medium temperature range. Mg3Sb1.5Bi0.5 alloy provides the maximum ZT value of 0.29 at 630 K. This study systematically analyzes the impact of Bi on electronic transport and phonon scattering in Mg3Sb2-xBix alloys，and extensively discusses the dependence of thermoelectric performance parameters on Bi content. This work also provides a theoretical reference for the subsequent research on doping modification of Mg3Sb2-xBix alloys.

Expert-driven geothermal play fairway analysis for low to medium temperature hidden systems in northwestern Luzon Island, Philippines

The Philippines is the third largest geothermal power-producing country in the world. However, additional opportunities exist to expand the geothermal portfolio of the country with the exploitation of low- and moderate- temperature resources, as well as assessment and development of hidden geothermal systems (i.e., those with no active surface manifestations). As part of the Geothermal Development Initiative (GEODE) funded through the U.S. Department of State award to the University of Nevada, Reno, a collaboration between the Philippines Renewable Energy Management Bureau (REMB) of the Department of Energy and the University of Nevada in Reno, Great Basin Center for Geothermal Energy occurred from September 2022 to March 2024. As part of this collaboration, an expert-driven geothermal Play Fairway Analysis (PFA) was conducted in the northwestern portion of Luzon Island of the Philippines utilizing existing data sets available to the REMB. The goal of this PFA is to identify areas with greater relative geothermal favorability, determine where the data gaps are, and assist in the discovery of hidden geothermal systems. A geothermal PFA requires the compilation and transformation of datasets into appropriate formats (e.g., tables, shapefiles, and raster files) and evaluation of each dataset to determine how it can be used as a proxy for the key attributes of a geothermal system (e.g., heat and permeability). Once the data are organized, they are weighted for integration into the GIS software to develop a favorability model for heat and permeability. The attribute models are then combined to produce two PFA models: the conventional hydrothermal low- to moderate- temperature geothermal favorability and the hidden systems favorability. The data difference between the conventional geothermal favorability and hidden systems models is that hot springs are not used for the hidden systems model. The conventional favorability model of northwestern Luzon Island indicates areas of higher geothermal favorability in the central and southern sections of the study area. Many of the favorable areas identified in the conventional model already have active leases for geothermal exploration, lending more confidence to the methodology and model, and suggesting that the areas with no current leases and high geothermal favorability could represent future exploration targets. The hidden systems model shows favorable zones in the north, central and southern sectors, and can serve as a tool to decide the areas for exploration of potential hidden geothermal systems, particularly, in the Ilocos Norte, Apayao, and Nueva Viscaya regions.

Mechanism of NO removal by CO + NH3 coupling in iron–manganese/activated carbon catalysts at medium and low temperatures

Mechanism of NO removal by CO + NH3 coupling in iron–manganese/activated carbon catalysts at medium and low temperatures

Controlling the structure of nitrogen-doped zeolite-templated carbon for CO2 capture based on the synthesis conditions

The surface chemistry and the textural properties of nitrogen-doped zeolite-templated carbon materials (N-ZTC) are decisive for their functionality in CO2 capture. This study analyses how the synthesis conditions affect the structure, formation of N-containing functional groups, thermal stability and CO2 capture of N-ZTC in comparison with nitrogen-free ZTC. Faujasite as a hard template and chemical vapour depositions (CVD) with propene and acetonitrile were used for the synthesis of ZTC and N-ZTC, respectively. XRD, SEM, N2 and CO2 sorption, XPS and TG/DSC analyses showed that the structural ordering and microporous volume in N-ZTC increases with increasing synthesis temperature. Conversely, at higher temperatures, the content of basic pyridinic groups in N-ZTC decreases in favour of stable graphitic nitrogen. The Lewis acid−base interaction of CO2 with the pyridinic groups provides the highest adsorption heats, the highest affinity for CO2 compared to N2 and enhances CO2/N2 selectivity (CO2/N2 selectivities of 127, 95, 89, and 66 for N-ZTC750°C, N-ZTC800°C, N-ZTC850°C and ZTC, respectively). The maximum adsorption capacity was achieved for N-ZTC800°C still yielding a high content of basic groups and a larger micropore volume compared to N-ZTC750°C. The decisive factor for the selectivity is thus the presence of basic centers attainable in N-ZTC at a lower synthesis temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity is associated with a large microporous volume and basic centers in N-ZTC synthesized at medium temperatures. The energy of CO2 adsorption by Lewis acid−base interactions and well-developed micropores are decisive for high selectivity and large adsorption capacity for efficient CO2 capture using N-ZTC materials.

Study on the Influence of Industrial Coke Oven Size on the Quality of Metallurgical Coke

The large-scale coke oven is a developing trend in coking technology, and the influence of the industrial coke oven size on the quality of metallurgical coke needs to be revealed. Under the same raw coals and blending ratios, metallurgical cokes were obtained from top-loading coke ovens with carbonization chamber heights of 6 and 7 m, respectively. The macroscopic quality and microstructure of the refined metallurgical cokes were comprehensively tested. The results showed that the conventional cold and thermal strength indexes of Coke-7m were better than those of Coke-6m. The comprehensive thermal strength at multiple temperatures further showed that the thermal strength advantage of Coke-7m was mainly manifested at low temperatures (1050 and 1100 °C) or a high temperature (1300 °C), where the solution-loss reaction mode of coke tended to be the “uniform reaction model” or “unreacted core model”. At medium temperatures, the solution-loss reaction mode tended to be the “gradient reaction model”, which had a greater destructive effect on the thermal strength of coke. At this time, the thermal strengths of the two cokes were close. Microstructure characterization revealed that industrial coke oven size mainly affected the carbon structure of coke but had little effect on pore structure. The advantage of Coke-7m regarding carbon structure is an important reason for its superior macroscopic quality compared to Coke-6m.

Wall-scaling prevention in cryogenic external cooler of ammonium chloride solution by liquid-solid fluidization

A double-tube cooler with liquid-solid circulating fluidization operation and corresponding parameter measuring system are developed to avoid fouling of inner walls of heat exchange tubes in a cryogenic temperature external cooler of ammonium chloride solution in soda ash production. Wall-scaling prevention performance of the cooling process is experimentally evaluated using convection and overall coefficients, enhancement factor, wall temperature and fouling resistance. Effects of different volume fractions of added particles, particle size, superficial liquid velocity, and cooling medium temperature on heat transfer are examined. Under present conditions, convection coefficient of liquid-solid flow inside the tube of external cooler is higher than that of the liquid phase flow, increased by 0.7–2.8 times, enhancing cooling performance obviously. Convection coefficient initially increases and then decreases as the volume fraction of added particles increases, reaching its maximum value at a volume fraction of 2.0%. The wall-scaling prevention effect of glass beads mainly depends on the volume fraction of added particles; optimal anti-fouling effects are achieved when adding particles at a volume fraction of 2.0%, regardless of changes in superficial liquid velocity or cooling medium temperature. This study lays a foundation for industrial applications of this new technique of fluidized bed external coolers.

Assessing the effects of temperature, diet and threat conditions on defensive behaviour and venom regeneration in scorpion (Buthusatlantis)

Understanding animal's behaviour and adaptation in the face of threats and predators under different biotic and abiotic conditions is fundamental in ecology. In this study we examined defensive behaviour of Buthus atlantis scorpion in order to assess how various factors such as temperature, prey type, and threatening conditions influence stinging behaviour, venom usage and regeneration. Our study had revealed that stings frequency was significantly lower in cooler temperature compared to the medium and warm temperature. Threatening condition had no significant effect in medium and warmer temperature, the difference between the two conditions was only significant in the cooler temperature. Conversely, we had shown that venom expenditure in B. atlantis is regulated by both temperature and threatening conditions. Our results show that scorpions maintained in higher temperatures yielded the greatest amount of venom compared to those in lower temperatures. Analyses of proteins concentration according to temperature and diet variation had revealed that scorpions placed in intermediate (25 °C) and warmer temperature (40 °C) had a significantly higher venom proteins concentration when compared to the cooler temperature (10 °C). Results also showed that scorpions adjust their venom usage based on their perception of danger, which can be influenced by temperature.

Enhancing thermodynamic performance with an advanced combined power and refrigeration cycle with dual LNG cold energy utilization

Utilizing waste heat to drive thermodynamic systems is imperative for improving energy efficiency, thereby improving sustainability. A combined cooling and power systems (CCP) utilizes heat from a temperature source to deliver both power and cooling. However, CCP systems utilizing LNG cold energy suffers from low second law efficiency due to significant temperature differences. To address this, an “Advanced Power and Cooling with LNG Utilization (ACPLU)” system is proposed, integrating a cascaded transcritical carbon dioxide (TCO2)-LNG cycle with an Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for improved power generation and an absorption refrigeration system (ARS) for simultaneous cooling. This study evaluates the second law efficiency, net work output, and exergy destruction performance through a sensitivity analysis, optimizing variables such as heat source temperature, superheater temperature difference, ORC and CO2 turbine inlet and condenser pressures, evaporator temperature, and pinch point temperatures of heat exchangers and generator. Compared to previous studies on CCP systems, the ACPLU shows a superior performance, with a second law efficiency of 27.3 % and a net work output of 11.76 MW. Cyclopentane as an ORC working fluid resulted in the highest second law efficiency of 29.06 % and net work output of 12.27 MW. Parametric analysis suggested that heat source temperature significantly impacts net power output. The exergy analysis concluded that a high-pressure ratio and good thermal match between the heat exchangers enhance overall performance. Utilizing artificial neural network (ANN) to produce a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) objective function and performing multi-objective optimization (MOO) using genetic algorithm (GA), an improved second law efficiency and net power output by 28.11 % and 14.16 MW respectively, with pentane as the working fluid, is demonstrated. An average cost rate of 9.121 $/GJ was observed through a thermo-economic analysis. The ACPLU system is promising for medium temperature waste heat recovery, such as, pharmaceutical manufacturing plants.

Numerical investigation to predict the impact of pre-heated air on the tar formation of cocoa pod husk gasification in a fixed bed downdraft gasifier

Tar production is a critical aspect of gasification thermochemistry, and it hinders the widening of biofuel utilisation in several applications. Both the gasifier configuration and the operating conditions influence the quantity of tar in PG. Since temperature plays a major role, this study examines the performance parameters of a gasifier across a spectrum of input air temperatures, from 27 to 627 °C, utilising computational fluid dynamics with species transport and porous media models. Since the deviation of numerical predictions from experimental results is within 10 %, the model's validity is confirmed. CO and H2 gas production increased from 19.23 % to 27.12 % and 9.23 %–16.2 %, respectively, over the tested air temperature range; however, the variation in methane content was not significant. Furthermore, the higher heating values of PG and cold gas efficiency were found to be 5–6.8 MJ/Nm3 and 65–69 %, respectively. The study also investigates reaction rates for gasification, combustion, and volatiles' breakdown under various operating conditions. Among the tar species studied, benzene is the most concentrated at 1.6 g/Nm3, followed by toluene at 0.9 g/Nm3, with naphthalene and phenol present in comparatively smaller amounts. Furthermore, the research indicates that an appropriate temperature of gasifying medium can control tar in PG.

Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Camellia oleifera Fruit Shell Explosion by Hot Air Drying

The shell explosion by hot air drying is a critical step in the processing of Camellia oleifera fruit (COF), which directly affects the degree of the shell explosion, and the separation effect of Camellia oleifera seed and Camellia oleifera shell after the shell explosion of COF. To reveal the characteristics of the COF shell explosion, a hot air drying device was designed based on mass conservation and drying principles. The physical characteristics of COF and the evolution of drying parameters were thoroughly analyzed with a combination method of drying analysis and experimental. Moreover, under the conditions of air temperature 50–70 °C, relative humidity 20–50%, and air velocity 1.3–1.9 m/s, the internal relationship between COF shell explosion formation through hot air drying and the hot air drying medium was systematically investigated by response surface methodology, and a prediction model for the shell explosion rate of COF by hot air drying was constructed using statistical methods. Results demonstrated that decreasing the relative humidity and increasing the temperature and air velocity of the drying medium could reduce the dehydration time of COF. The moisture content of Camellia oleifera shell was found to be 177.45% d.b. (dry basis) at the initial cracking stage of COF. Furthermore, at temperatures ranging from 50 to 70 °C Deff values of COF were estimated to be within the range of 0.915 × 10−9 to 1.782 × 10−9 m2/s. Similarly, at relative humidity levels of 20 to 50%, Deff values ranged from 1.226 × 10−9 to 1.501 × 10−9 m2/s. At an air velocity of 1.3 to 1.9 m/s, Deff values ranged from 0.956 × 10−9 to 1.501 × 10−9 m2/s. The measured values of the shell explosion rate were in close agreement with that calculated using the fitted model, with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and a root mean square error of 0.9743. This study will provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the shell explosion process and improving shell explosion rate of COF by hot air drying.

IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MAJOR POLYPHENOLS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF OLIVE OIL: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF HEALTH BENEFITS

Olive oil is a key component of the Mediterranean diet, renowned for its flavor and health benefits, especially for its polyphenol content. These polyphenols have strong antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative stress and reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. This study aims to systematically identify and quantify the main polyphenols in different types of olive oil, including Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO), Virgin Olive Oil (VOO), Refined Olive Oil (ROO), Pure Olive Oil (POO), and Pomace Olive Oil. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis, a comprehensive literature study was conducted to collect and evaluate research on polyphenol content in various olive oils. The results showed significant differences in polyphenol profiles. EVOO, which is produced through cold pressing without heat or chemicals, has the highest polyphenol content, offers superior health benefits and complex flavors. VOO, although more processed, still contained moderately high polyphenols, suitable for medium temperature cooking. ROO, which is extensively processed, has lower polyphenol levels, ideal for high temperature cooking but with fewer health benefits. POO, a blend of VOO and ROO, offers a balance of flavor and practicality. Pomace Olive Oil, with the lowest polyphenol content, is used mainly for industrial frying due to its high smoke point. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of choosing the type of olive oil based on its use and health benefits. EVOO is optimal for raw or lightly cooked dishes, VOO for all- purpose cooking, and ROO and Pomace Olive Oil for high temperature applications. This research guides consumers and manufacturers in making the right choice to optimize the health benefits of olive oil.

Exploring Nb[sbnd]Si based alloys with excellent fracture toughness and oxidation resistance

The main objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive discussion of the fracture toughness and oxidation resistance of Nb-16Si-20Ti-3Al-5Cr-xSn-yZr (x=0.5, 1.5; y=2, 4, 6) alloys, based on experimental evidence, phase formation and diffusion theory. Results demonstrate that the microstructure of Sn0.5Zr2 and Sn1.5Zr2 alloys consist of Nbss and α-Nb5Si3, and the other four alloys are composed of Nbss, α-Nb5Si3 and γ-Nb5Si3. At the same time, the area fraction of γ-Nb5Si3 increases with the increase of Zr content. The coarsening of silicides increases with the addition of Sn. The KQ value of the Sn0.5Zr4 alloy reaches the highest with the mean of 12.64 MPa·m1/2. After oxidation at 800 °C for 24 h, Sn0.5Zr4 alloy alloy did not undergo pest oxidation. Sn0.5Zr4 alloy forms a continuous and dense TiO2 oxide layer oxidized at 1200 °C, which makes it have the best high temperature oxidation resistance. Sn0.5Zr4 alloy has excellent fracture toughness, medium temperature and high temperature oxidation resistance.