Median Particle Size Research Articles

Size-modulated Pt nanoparticles for low-temperature plasmon-enhanced hydrogen production from aqueous phase reforming of methanol

Al2O3 supported Pt nanoparticles photocatalyst enables efficient hydrogen production (115.2 μmol min−1 gcat−1) through aqueous phase reforming of methanol (APRM) reaction under light irradiation at low temperatures of 150 °C, which is 6 times higher than that of APRM reaction conducted in the dark. We demonstrate that the particle size of Pt nanoparticles greatly affected the light absorption ability, which is of great importance for light utilization of the photocatalyst. The medium particle size of Pt nanoparticles enables the lower electron density states, which is benefit for the dehydrogenation of methanol and the sequential water–gas shift (WGS) reaction and eventually promoted the photocatalytic performance for hydrogen production.

Estimating metal mass flowrate in gas-atomization for metal powder production

The gas-to-metal ratio (GMR) is considered an important parameter in the gas-atomization process for producing metal powders. Consequently, correlations for estimating the mass median particle size (d50) of powders use GMR as the main parameter. In an industrial setup, it is not easy to measure the melt flowrate to ascertain the GMR. Hence, in this study, we develop a theoretical approach to estimate the melt flowrate and measure it in a pilot setup. Both our theoretical and computational fluid dynamics approaches are in good agreement with the measurements. We then conduct a parametric study to elaborate the effect of certain parameters on the melt flowrate. We believe that the theoretical approach presented here will help to quickly estimate the powder size (d50) expected from a gas-atomization system. This will help to correctly choose geometric and operating parameters to reduce the spread in powder size distribution in an actual application.

Characteristics of hollow micron zero valent iron and its transport properties in groundwater: Effect of key engineering parameters and retention mechanism

In this study, a hollow micron zero-valent iron (H-mZVI) was synthesized, and its transport and retention property in saturated porous media was determined via a series of column experiments. Furthermore, the maximum migration distance (Lmax) and sedimentation rate coefficient (Kdep) models of H-mZVI in saturated porous media were established using statistical methods. The results revealed a distinct hollow structure in H-mZVI, with a density of 1.03±0.03 g/cm3, significantly lower than solid micron zero-valent iron (4.57±0.15 g/cm3). FTIR and XRD analyses indicated no formation of new functional groups on H-mZVI's surface, with iron being the main component. The column experiment demonstrated that the Lmax of H-mZVI in saturated porous media was 4.15 times that of solid micron zero-valent iron (mZVI) under the same conditions. The prediction model of Lmax aligned with the linear model, where Lmax correlated positively with particle size, injection velocity, and H-mZVI concentration, but inversely with ionic strength. Medium particle size and injection velocity were the main engineering parameters to control H-mZVI. The prediction model of Kdep accorded with the quadratic model, and an interaction was observed between medium particle size and injection velocity, which jointly affected the deposition rate of H-mZVI. Moreover, the single particle capture coefficient (η0) was hereby calculated and analyzed using the T-E theory. Interception primarily governed the precipitation of H-mZVI in saturated porous media, with gravity sedimentation contributing minimally to η0.

Effect of precursor particle size on the microstructure and Na storage performance of semi-coke derived carbon

The microstructure of carbon-based materials exerts a decisive influence on their Na storage performance. Furthermore, its evolution process may be influenced by the size of precursor particles during the pyrolysis preparation process. In this work, semi-coke has been used as the precursor, and its particle size (median particle sizes of 3, 7, 11, 15, and 19 μm) is investigated for its impact on the microstructure and Na storage performance of the resulting carbon materials (SDC-X, X = 3, 7, 11, 15, or 19). As the size of semi-coke increases from 3 μm to 19 μm, the highly-disordered carbon content of SDC-X decreases from 41.27 % to 30.94 %, while the content of pseudo-graphitic carbon associated with plateau capacity remains nearly constant. When SDC-X are employed as anodes for sodium-ion batteries, the initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) rose from 77.4 % to 82.3 % with the increase of size, primarily due to the increase in the ICE of slope region. However, despite SDC-19 having the highest ICE, its reversible capacity, rate, and cycle performance are inferior compared with the others due to its higher order degree and larger particle size. Therefore, carbon-based materials used as anodes for SIBs require a trade-off between particle size and the electrochemical performance.

Innovative Metal Powder Production Using CFD with Convergent-Divergent Nozzles in Wire Arc Atomization

This study aims to enhance the production of metal powders using a novel approach that integrates computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with convergent-divergent (C-D) nozzles in wire arc spraying atomization (WASA). The primary objective is to investigate the influence of nozzle design on particle size distribution and production efficiency. Utilizing the ANSYS CFD Fluent program, simulations were conducted to analyze the effects of various parameters, including throat diameter and divergent angles, on gas dynamics and metal droplet behavior. The findings reveal that C-D nozzles facilitate the acceleration of gas flow to supersonic speeds, significantly improving the shear force acting on the molten metal, thereby promoting the fragmentation of droplets into smaller particles. Notably, the optimized nozzle configuration achieved a median particle size (D50) of 44.42 µm, suitable for additive manufacturing applications. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive simulation framework that allows for rapid virtual testing, potentially leading to significant improvements in the efficiency and quality of metal powder production processes. This research addresses critical gaps in the existing literature and provides a robust foundation for future studies in the field of metal powder manufacturing. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-03-02 Full Text: PDF

The effects of processing parameters on the shape of particle size distribution and grinding rate in a stirred mill

The study of particle size distribution (PSD) of materials is a crucial aspect of mineral processing. It not only determines the appropriate beneficiation process and equipment but also has a significant impact on the grade and recovery of concentrate. This study utilizes a pin-stirred mill for the wet fine grinding of limonite to examine four different widths of PSD functions and compares their quantitative descriptions of the PSD. Skewness is a parameter introduced to quantitatively describe the asymmetry of the PSD. This study aims to investigate the effect of the stirrer speed, the density and the size of the grinding media on the shape of the PSD and on the grinding rate. The results show that a lower stirrer speed and a lower density of the grinding media result in a narrower and a more symmetrical PSD of the grinding products. Moreover, the time-dependent approach succeeds in simulating and proving the evolution behavior of the median particle size. It was found that the optimum mixing ratio of the grinding media can effectively adjust the shape of the PSD and improve the grinding efficiency.

Analysis of factors influencing GFRP shredding energy consumption and the physical properties of the resulting recyclates

Glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) remains the dominant composite produced globally due to its low cost, high specific mechanical properties and chemical resistance performances. These unique features, however, impose significant recycling challenges for their end-of-life parts. Although there are various recycling technologies available, all of them require the waste GFRP to be reduced in size in order to enhance the recycling process efficiency. In this work, a full factorial design analysis was conducted to identify factors that influenced specific shredding energy consumption, average physical size and resin content of shredded GFRP recyclates. Factors investigated were glass fibre fabric architecture in GFRP wastes (non-crimp and nonwoven), GFRP waste feed rate (10–60 kg/h) and screen aperture of the shredding process (6–20 mm). It was observed that specific shredding energy was not significantly affected by the fabric architecture but could be reduced by opting for larger screen aperture and/or lower feed rate. However, improvement to shredding energy efficiency was achieved if 6 mm diameter screen was selected together with 60 kg/h feed rate. The 60 kg/h feed rate was found to be ideal in reducing oversize recyclates content but did not affect the median particle size of the remaining recyclates, which was found to be influenced by screen aperture and fabric architecture. Resin-rich and fibre-rich fractions were identified from the recyclates. The resin content of the former was found to be sensitive to all the studied factors.

Utilizing Taguchi method and in situ X-ray powder diffraction monitoring to determine the influence of mechanical activation conditions on the physico-chemical properties and Al leachability of K-feldspar

K-feldspar represents an important natural resource of potassium and aluminum. Within the framework of this study, the K-feldspar was mechanically activated in a planetary ball mill under different conditions planned according to 43 Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design. As outputs, specific surface area (SBET), median particle size (d50), amorphization degree of mineral phases , and Al recovery were used. It was found that the initial d50 value of 293 μm could be reduced to 6.7 μm and the SBET value of 4.7 m2/g could be increased up to 32.5 m2/g upon milling. Both microcline KAl3SiO8, and albite NaAl3SiO8 could be almost completely amorphized, whereas quartz SiO2 still maintained some crystallinity even under the most intensive conditions. Increasing SBET and decreasing the d50 values did not lead to a significant improvement in Al leach recovery, whereas a clear relationship between the amorphization of microcline and the recovered aluminum was found. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that increasing ball-to-powder ratio is the most beneficial for the improvement in Al recovery. In situ powder X-ray diffraction monitoring performed in an oscillation ball mill under synchrotron irradiation has shown very rapid amorphization of microcline phase at the beginning. However, amorphization of microcline was only partial after two hours of the treatment in this mill, apart from almost complete process in the planetary ball mill. In the end, regressions for the calculation of Al recovery by knowing the values of input parameters were calculated. In general, by just using mechanical activation without the subsequent roasting process that is commonly used to boost metal recoveries, it was possible to quantitatively recover aluminum from K-feldspar.

A- and B-type wheat starch granules: The multiscale structural evolution during digestion and the distinct digestion mechanisms

The digestive characteristics of wheat starch are closely related to human health. However, the digestive mechanisms of distinct wheat starch granules are not well understood. To address this problem, A- and B-type wheat starch granules (AWS and BWS, respectively) were digested in vitro and the structural evolution of the digestive remnants was compared. After stomach–intestinal digestion of AWS, its crystallinity decreased from 12.75 % to 6.65 %, its fractal dimension decreased from 3.12 to 2.35, and the median particle size decreased from 20.613 to 10.135 μm. Additionally, the number of short chains (polymerization degree<14) and thermodynamic stability decreased after digestion. For BWS, Fourier transform infrared ratio of 1047/1022 cm−1 and 995/1022 cm−1 increased from 0.665 and 0.725 to 0.990 and 0.800, respectively. The median particle size decreased from 5.480 to 4.769 μm. An enzyme-resistant scattering peak was observed in the 1.35 nm−1 lamellar structure. Additionally, the number of B2 and B3 chains and the thermodynamic stability increased after digestion. Our study confirmed that BWS is more likely than AWS to form enzyme-resistant structures during digestion. These findings provide insights into the distinct digestion mechanisms of AWS and BWS, and serve as a foundation for modifying wheat starch to increase its nutritional value.

Maltodextrin polymer nanospheres as a filtrate reducer for filtration control in water-based drilling fluids

With the development of deep and ultra-deep wells, there is a need to enhance the rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluids under high temperature and salinity conditions. In this study, maltodextrin polymer nanospheres (MDPN) were synthesized through cross-linking maltodextrin and methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) via inverse emulsion polymerization. Then, the polymer MDPN-DAN was synthesized via aqueous solution polymerization, using maltodextrin polymer nanospheres, N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) as raw materials. Structural characterization confirmed the successful synthesis of the polymer MDPM-DAN, with a median particle size of 234.4 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a thermal decomposition temperature of 242 °C for MDPM-DAN. This polymer demonstrated excellent settling stability at 220 °C in high-temperature and weakly alkaline environments. Rheological assessments demonstrated a 754 % enhancement in the drilling fluid’s rheological properties when MDPM-DAN was added compared to the base mud. MDPM-DAN demonstrated significant reduction in filtration loss, with polymer mud aged at 220 °C showing only 5.6 mL of loss, and polymer mud aged at 220 °C with 15 wt% NaCl exhibiting 8.9 mL loss. The filtration loss reduction mechanism elucidated that MDPM-DAN could adsorb onto bentonite particles via hydrogen bonds, while nanoparticles filled the micropores of the filter cake, promoting the formation of a dense filter cake. Furthermore, plugging experiments showcased MDPM-DAN’s ability to block nano-pore throats, with the molecular chain’s amide groups reinforcing the plugging through hydrogen bonding with rocks, while bentonite coats the micro-pore throats.

Predicting within-city spatiotemporal variations in daily median outdoor ultrafine particle number concentrations and size in Montreal and Toronto, Canada.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that long-term exposure to outdoor ultrafine particles (UFPs, <0.1 μm) may have important human health impacts. However, less is known about the acute health impacts of these pollutants as few models are available to estimate daily within-city spatiotemporal variations in outdoor UFPs. Several machine learning approaches (i.e., generalized additive models, random forest models, and extreme gradient boosting) were used to predict daily spatiotemporal variations in outdoor UFPs (number concentration and size) across Montreal and Toronto, Canada using a large database of mobile monitoring measurements. Separate models were developed for each city and all models were evaluated using a 10-fold cross-validation procedure. In total, our models were based on measurements from 12,705 road segments in Montreal and 10,929 road segments in Toronto. Daily median outdoor UFP number concentrations varied substantially across both cities with 1st-99th percentiles ranging from 1389 to 181,672 in Montreal and 2472 to 118,544 in Toronto. Outdoor UFP size tended to be smaller in Montreal (mean [SD]: 34 nm [15]) than in Toronto (mean [SD]: 44 nm [25]). Extreme gradient boosting models performed best and explained the majority of spatiotemporal variations in outdoor UFP number concentrations (Montreal, R 2: 0.727; Toronto, R 2: 0.723) and UFP size (Montreal, R 2: 0.823; Toronto, R 2: 0.898) with slopes close to one and intercepts close to zero for relationships between measured and predicted values. These new models will be applied in future epidemiological studies examining the acute health impacts of outdoor UFPs in Canada's two largest cities.

A moderate-Ti lunar mare soil simulant: IGG-01

Lunar soil simulants play a crucial role in scientific research, payload tests and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) experiments. However, the currently available lunar soil simulants are either low in TiO2 content (≤3 wt%) or high in TiO2 content (≥6.7 wt%), despite orbital observations indicating lunar soils with moderate TiO2 content being widely distributed on the lunar surface. In December 2020, China's Chang'e−5 (CE-5) mission successfully returned a new mare soil sample characterized by high FeO content (22.5 wt%) and moderate TiO2 content (5.5 wt%), providing an opportunity to develop moderate-TiO2 lunar soil simulants. This study presents a newly developed simulant of the CE-5 lunar soil named IGG-01, which closely replicates the major physical and chemical properties of the CE-5 lunar soil. The median particle size of IGG-01 is 68.69 ± 4.44 μm, and its estimated specific surface area is 0.34 m2/g. It contains 17.6 wt% FeO and 4.8 wt% TiO2. It consists of pyroxene (49.3 wt%), plagioclase (40.9 wt%), ilmenite (6.1 wt%), and olivine (3.7 wt%), with specific gravity and bulk density are 3.33 g/cm³ and 1.86 g/cm³, respectively. The friction angle is 41.8°, and the cohesion is 19.2 kPa. It exhibits strong and weak reflectance absorption features in the 1 and 2 μm band centers. The physical properties of IGG-01 are also comparable to those of Apollo samples and typical lunar mare soil simulants. The unique chemical composition of IGG-01 makes it suitable for various scientific and engineering experiments, including but not limited to the study of dusty plasma migration, water formation via solar wind injection, oxygen preparation via hydrogen reduction, and tests involving the movement of rovers and excavation equipment.

Peak and Residual Shear Interface Measurement between Sand and Continuum Surfaces Using Ring Shear Apparatus

This study uses a ring shear apparatus to measure the interface shear stress between five types of sand and three surfaces: steel, PVC, and stone. Experiments were conducted under normal stresses of 25, 50, and 100 kPa at a constant shear rate of 0.5 mm/min. The research examines the impact of various sand properties, including particle size distribution, median particle size, particle shape, and initial density, as well as the surface roughness and hardness of continuum materials. The results show that interface shear strength is significantly influenced by the mechanical interlock between sand particles and surface asperities, which is affected by the normalized roughness and hardness of the materials. Machine learning models, including Multiple Linear Regression and Random Forest Regression, were used to predict peak and residual shear strengths, demonstrating high accuracy. Additionally, an empirical equation was generated using eight input parameters, considering the peak and residual interface shear strength as outputs.

Preparation and Mechanism of Shale Inhibitor TIL-NH2 for Shale Gas Horizontal Wells.

In this study, a new polyionic polymer inhibitor, TIL-NH2, was developed to address the instability of shale gas horizontal wells caused by water-based drilling fluids. The structural characteristics and inhibition effects of TIL-NH2 on mud shale were comprehensively analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, particle size distribution, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that TIL-NH2 significantly enhances the thermal stability of shale, with a decomposition temperature exceeding 300 °C, indicating excellent high-temperature resistance. At a concentration of 0.9%, TIL-NH2 increased the median particle size of shale powder from 5.2871 μm to over 320 μm, effectively inhibiting hydration expansion and dispersion. The zeta potential measurements showed a reduction in the absolute value of illite's zeta potential from -38.2 mV to 22.1 mV at 0.6% concentration, highlighting a significant decrease in surface charge density. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a close adsorption layer between TIL-NH2 and the illite surface through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding, which reduced the weakly bound water content to 0.0951% and maintained layer spacing of 1.032 nm and 1.354 nm in dry and wet states, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a marked reduction in heat loss, particularly in the strongly bound water content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that shale powder treated with TIL-NH2 exhibited an irregular bulk shape with strong inter-particle bonding and low hydration degree. These findings suggest that TIL-NH2 effectively inhibits hydration swelling and dispersion of shale through the synergistic effects of cationic imidazole rings and primary amine groups, offering excellent temperature and salt resistance. This provides a technical foundation for the low-cost and efficient extraction of shale gas in horizontal wells.

Characterization and Risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Size Segments of Atmospheric Particles in Jinhua, China

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) of different particle sizes was collected simultaneously from eight locations in Jinhua from December 2020 to January 2021, and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) loaded on the collected PM were analyzed and evaluated. The mass concentrations of PAHs (?15PAHs) in the sampled areas ranged from 17.29 to 41.37 ng/m3 , with an average concentration of 29.78 ng/m3 . The distribution of ?15PAHs concerning the PM10 particle size exhibited a three-peak pattern, with the highest concentration in the fine particle size segment. 4-ring PAHs were more likely to accumulate in the fine size segment, whereas 5-6-ring PAHs were more abundant in the coarse size segment, and 3-ring PAHs were more abundant in the medium size segment. The carcinogenic health risk of PAHs in different populations decreased in this order: adults &gt; adolescents &gt; children. Although the values of lifetime excess risk of carcinogenicity of each sampling particle size segment were less than 1 10-6, the proportion of cancer risk in the fine particle segment was significantly higher than that in the medium or coarse particle size segment.

Segregation flow behavior of polydisperse particle mixture with skewed distribution in a rotating drum

Industrial particle mixtures are naturally polydisperse due to the variations in size distribution during mineral processing, which makes it necessary to investigate segregation behaviors of polydisperse particle mixtures. In this work, five groups of polydisperse particle mixtures were defined separately by different skewed distributions. Based on discrete element method, the polydisperse particle segregation behaviors of in rotary drums were simulated. The results indicate that in the polydisperse particle system with normal distribution, larger particles tend to accumulate towards the both sides, while smaller particles tend to be in the middle of the drum. In this case, the medium-sized particles are uniformly distributed throughout the system. However, once the polydisperse particle mixture transitions from the coarse particle to the fine particle system, the size of medium particles exhibiting uniform distribution characteristics decreases with an increase in the skewness coefficient. Moreover, the smaller the skewness coefficient of the polydisperse particles, the slower the initial particle segregation rate, and the lower the steady particle segregation degree. Furthermore, whether the drum length to diameter (L / D) ratio or drum filling rate increases, the particle segregation rate in initial stage and the particle segregation degree in steady stage are subsequently significantly reduced, while the size of medium particles with uniform distribution characteristics remains essentially constant.

Synthesis of Spherical Hexagonal Boron Nitride via Precursor Morphology Control

The growing demand for high‐performance semiconductors, driven by the advancement of emerging industries such as artificial intelligence (AI), necessitates the development of novel materials for thermal management. In this respect, hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its unique properties. However, challenges arise from its two‐dimensional layered structure, resulting in thermal transfer anisotropy and poor fluidity when mixed with polymers for thermal management. To address these challenges, researchers have attempted to fabricate h‐BN into spherical shapes. In this study, a two‐step synthesis method of spherical h‐BN (s‐BN) particles via control of the precursor morphology and a subsequent thermal reaction is proposed. Therefore, as‐fabricated s‐BN exhibits solid spherical shapes with a uniform size distribution, with a median particle size of 0.955 μm. These s‐BN particles, when integrated into epoxy resin, disperse homogeneously, forming efficient heat transfer networks that achieve a 138% improvement in thermal conductivity compared to h‐BN particles with similar diameters, even at lower viscosities. This can overcome the limitations found in the conventional particle shapes while preserving the advantages of h‐BN. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the s‐BN will be applied in thermal management systems, thereby accelerating advancements in electronic technology.

Optimization of the gas system for gas–water combined atomization technique in FeSiBC amorphous powder production

The gas–water combined atomization is an advanced technology for Fe-based amorphous powder preparation, and its gas/water system parameters have significant impacts on powder properties. In this study, numerical simulations and industrial trials were combined to optimize the gas atomization parameters. The results showed that increasing the atomization pressure promotes the transition of the flow field to the closed wake. Moreover, the median particle size was significantly refined and the cooling rate was improved. Extending the extrusion length facilitated the decrease in suction pressure, while excessively long extrusion lengths led to instability in the atomization process. The decrease in delivery tube diameter enhances droplet breakup and cooling, but increases the risk of clogging. Industrial trials at different atomization pressures showed that low atomization pressure led to the formation of needle-shaped powder, and the FeSiBC amorphous powder prepared at 3.0 MPa exhibited optimal comprehensive properties, with saturation magnetization of 166.1 emu·g−1 and coercivity of 4.5 Oe.

LNMR analysis of the retention of different guar gum structure in sandstone: Based on a new characterization method

The adsorption and retention damage of guar gum to reservoirs are important factors affecting the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing. Accurately understanding and evaluating the adsorption and retention of guar gum can better support the research of low-damage fracturing fluid. However, previous indoor evaluation methods have some limitations in studying the adsorption and retention characteristics of guar gum. The analysis object of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LNMR) is water rather than guar gum, which cannot achieve visualization of guar gum retention. In addition, Ordinary guar gum (GG), hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPG), and carboxymethyl guar gum (CMG) are commonly used in the hydraulic fracturing of sandstone gas reservoirs, but there are very few studies that focus on the differences in the adsorption and retention damage of the three guar gums from a microscopic perspective. In this study, a new characterization method for evaluating the retention of polymer in fracturing fluid based on the principles and properties of LNMR was proposed. This method can quantitatively evaluate the amount of guar gum adsorption retention and achieve a visual evaluation of the adsorption and retention of guar gum in cores. The aggregation characteristics of guar gum in porous media can be reflected. The dynamic retention process of GG, HPG, and CMG in sandstone cores was directly characterized through this method. The aggregation and entanglement characteristics of the three types of guar gum in sandstone were analyzed from the structure of guar gum. The experimental results show that the difference in molecular weight and modified groups of guar gum has an impact on its adsorption and retention. The molecular chain after the gel-breaking of GG was longer due to the large molecular weight. Long chains and intramolecular hydrogen bonds caused a larger curling degree of GG molecules. The entanglement degree of guar gum increased due to the introduction of non-ionic long-chain hydroxypropyl. The introduction of anionic carboxymethyl made CMG molecules more stretched due to electrostatic repulsion. The median particle size of the gel breaking liquid of GG was 10.65 μm, HPG was 8.8 μm, and CMG was 5.88 μm. A larger molecular particle size after guar gum gel breaking would aggravate the retention in sandstone porous media. After 150 min of displacement, the adsorption and retention amount of GG in the core was 4.59 mg/g, HPG was 4.17 mg/g, and CMG was 3.86 mg/g. The compactness of aggregates formed by guar gum in the core was HPG > GG > CMG. The gas flooding can relieve the adsorption and retention of guar gum. The higher the degree of entanglement of guar gum molecules, the more difficult to remove them from the core. The flowback degree of gas flooding of GG was 10.2%, HPG was 6.8%, and CMG was 21.9%. This research provides an experimental strategy for the microscopic evaluation of polymer adsorption and retention in rock porous media. The research results provide a deep understanding of the microscopic characteristics of guar gum adsorption and retention from the perspective of guar gum structure, which has some significance for guiding the optimization of fracturing fluid and the study of low-damage fracturing fluid.

Extracellular vesicle isolation methods identify distinct HIV-1 particles released from chronically infected T-cells.

The current study analyzed the intersecting biophysical, biochemical, and functional propertiesof extracellular particles (EPs) with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) beyond the currently accepted size range for HIV-1. We isolated five fractions (Frac-A through Frac-E) from HIV-infected cells by sequential differential ultracentrifugation (DUC). All fractions showed a heterogeneous size distribution with median particle sizes greater than 100nm for Frac-A through Frac-D but not for Frac-E, which contained small EPs with an average size well below 50nm. Synchronized and released cultures contained large infectious EPs in Frac-A, with markers of amphisomes and viral components. Additionally, Frac-E uniquely contained EPs positive for CD63, HSP70, and HIV-1 proteins. Despite its small average size, Frac-E contained membrane-protected viral integrase, detectable only after SDS treatment, indicating that it is enclosed in vesicles. Single particle analysis with dSTORM further supported these findings as CD63, HIV-1 integrase, and the viral surface envelope (Env) glycoprotein (gp) colocalized on the same Frac-E particles. Surprisingly, Frac-E EPs were infectious, and infectivity was significantly reduced by immunodepleting Frac-E with anti-CD63, indicating the presence of this protein on the surface of infectious small EPs in Frac-E. To our knowledge, this is the first time that extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation methods have identified infectious small HIV-1 particles (smHIV-1) that are under 50nm. Collectively, our data indicate that the crossroads between EPs and HIV-1 potentially extend beyond the currently accepted biophysical properties of HIV-1, which may have further implications for viral pathogenesis.