Medium Ones Research Articles

Can patch size and patch distance improve the recolonization of mussel‐seed beds exploited for aquaculture?

Abstract Industrial‐scale exploitation of mussel seed from the rocky intertidal of north‐western Iberia is known to be detrimental for many organisms that live on or among the competitively dominant Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Searching for practices that may ameliorate the damage caused by mussel‐seed harvesting, the influence of two properties of the exploitation (patch size and patch distance) on the recolonization of the intertidal assemblage was assessed using a split‐plot design, replicating the techniques used by professional collectors. Patch recolonization was monitored by monthly records of the cover of sessile and sedentary organisms within and outside clearings throughout the official closed season (7 months). Patch distance and patch size had a moderate influence on recolonization. Regardless of size and/or distance, richness and diversity stayed below control values until the end of the study, whereas total coverage was significantly smaller in the smallest patches than in control plots, but it recovered to control values in medium and large ones. Patch separation had a mostly non‐significant effect on assemblage attributes, except for a slightly greater richness and diversity in patches cleared close together than when they were apart. Larger, close patches were more readily recolonized than smaller, isolated ones, possibly because the neighbouring herbivores had a negative impact during the early recolonization of the open space during the season when the shore is closed to commercial seed mussel harvesting. Nonetheless, the recolonizing assemblage consistently displayed a distinctive species composition until the end of the study, in part because clearings favoured the arrival of early colonizers, such as Ulva spp., Chthamalus sp., or Porphyra umbilicalis. The consistently distinctive species composition of the recolonizing assemblage suggests that time—a too short closed season—rather than patch size and/or distance is the major obstacle to a more complete recovery of mussel‐seed exploited beds.

Synthesis, stability and activity of palladium supported over various inorganic matrices in the selective hydrogenation of nitroaniline

This work aimed to study the influence of catalyst supports on their catalytic activity and physico-chemical properties of resulting material. Such supports as SiO2, γ-Al2O3 and carbon containing 3, 4 or 5% palladium are used for the experiments. The hydrogenation of p-nitroaniline is chosen as a model reaction for testing the synthesized catalysts. Catalysts were studied by different physico-chemical methods in order to reveal the structure and its changes in reaction. XPS data shows the catalyst surface changed its chemical structure. The palladium oxidation state strongly depends on the nature of the matrix. For γ-Al2O3- and SiO2-supported catalysts, the formation of palladium(II) oxide was found to take place, at the same time, the carbon support is characterized by the presence of both palladium(II) oxide and palladium(IV) oxide. Such a difference shows that the nature of the support influences the oxidation state of active metal. The application of carbon matrix provides a lower oxidation state of the active metal due to electron density shift to the support. Temperature programmed desorption of NH3 demonstrates γ-Al2O3 to contain weak, medium and strong acid sites, while activated carbon has only medium and weak ones. Silica has only weak acid sites. A correlation between catalyst activity and acid–base properties was shown.

Sustainable marketing strategy in food and drink industry: a comparative analysis of B2B and B2C SMEs operating in Europe

PurposeThe paper aims to make a contribution by providing a comprehensive understanding of the scope of the implementation of sustainable marketing tools in SMEs operating in the food and drink industry in Europe. The focus will be put on the identification of differences between companies operating in business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-customer (B2C) context.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical basis is a survey of 770 European SMEs, of which 369 operate in Western European countries (including UK, Germany and Spain) and 401 in Central and Eastern Europe (including Poland, Croatia and Russia). The respondents in the particular countries were stratified according to company size, measured by the number of employees. The research covered 316 micro companies, 5 small companies and 209 medium ones. The questionnaire was completed by the managing directors of the enterprises (CEOs) or heads of the marketing departments (CMOs). The research was conducted between April 2016 and January 2017. An in-depth analysis of the findings helped to identify differences between the two groups of SMEs, i.e. operating in the B2B and B2C context, in terms of the extent of sustainable marketing implementation. The non-parametric U Mann–Whitney test was used to examine the significance of the differences between the two groups of companies.FindingsThe research results suggest that both groups of B2B and B2C companies implement sustainable marketing tools to some extent. However, in most cases, B2B organizations do it to a significantly greater extent. Nevertheless, these activities relate mainly to those tools, which are directly visible to customers, both institutional and individual, such as packaging, product ingredients or certificates. To a lesser extent, they involve marketing activities of an internal nature, such as production process and the level of energy, water or resources used.Originality/valueTo the best knowledge of the author, this is the first empirical research study on the implementation of the sustainable marketing concept in SMEs operating in European countries. The study is a comparative analysis of the phenomenon between B2B and B2C companies, which has not been previously researched.

Learning from The Legacy of Post-Disaster Recovery in Indonesia for The Acceleration of Post-Disaster Recovery in Lombok

As a country known for its very disaster-prone areas, Indonesia has experienced frequent disasters, either large, medium and small-scale ones, which even in the last six months have had at least a fairly large-scale natural disaster, one of which is an earthquake occurred in Lombok in late July to mid-August 2018. Learning from the experiences of post-disasters management that have occurred before, especially after the earthquake and tsunami disaster in Aceh and Nias in 2004, the earthquake in Yogyakarta in 2006, the earthquake in West Sumatra in 2009, and eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010, the post-disaster recovery process needs to be carried out in an integrated and comprehensive manner, by involving participation of stakeholders at the national and regional levels, not only the central government, local governments and other government partners. In relation to the post-earthquake recovery efforts in Lombok in 2018 which affected seven districts/cities in NTB Province which resulted in recovery needs of more than Rp. 11 trillion, despite the issuance of the Presidential Instruction policy framework Number 5 of 2018 on the Acceleration of Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction in NTB Province, which assigns relevant ministries/agencies and Governor and Regents and Mayors whose areas are affected in NTB Province, to be able to accelerate the process of recovering local conditions and disaster-affected communities in the affected NTB region, which for implementation still requires operational policies and strategies in the field. For this reason, some best-practices in managing the recovery process from previous disasters can be used as input in establishing appropriate and applicable policies and strategies in order to accelerate the rehabilitation and reconstruction of post-disaster areas in Lombok further, to realize a recovery to rebuild a better one, safer and more sustainable.

The Success Factors of Small Business

Purpose: Small businesses in the economy of any country are of great significance. However, their viability is much lower than large and even medium ones. As is known, only a little number of the established small enterprises will not go bankrupt in a year, and they will succeed and continue developing for the next five years by expanding their activities. Even a smaller number of small enterprises will be able to transform into the medium one. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors that assist to define the success of small businesses’ performance and development. Design/Methodology/Approach: This commentary note studies, identifies and generalizes the success factors of small enterprises described in the works of many successful entrepreneurs both in Russia and abroad. The authors use the toolkit and methods of economic analysis, consider quantitative and qualitative characteristics and features of small business development as well as entrepreneurial abilities that allow to identify key factors for small businesses’ success. Findings: The authors have found that many successful entrepreneurs describing their experience in managing business and identifying main success factors of small businesses have similar opinions in this area. These main aspects have been identified. Practical Implications: The note provides practical recommendations to entrepreneurs establishing their small businesses and trying to develop them successfully. It describes main secrets of business and philosophies of entrepreneur’s actions. Originality/Value: The authors’ position is because business success is achieved by people who have not only the necessary economic knowledge but also those who have the necessary mindset, so called philosophy of success, personal attitude including intuition.

Effect of fruit size on fruit quality, shelf life and microbial activity in cherry tomatoes

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of large, medium, and small fruit sizes on fruit quality, shelf life, and microbial activity in cherry tomatoes. Large (31.28 mm), medium (28.52 mm), and small (24.16 mm) tomatoes were harvested at light red maturity in Gangwon Province in the Republic of Korea. The quality of the tomatoes was measured at harvest time. Following harvest, the tomatoes were stored at 5 ℃; they were kept in boxes, acting as controls, or packed with a 20,000 cc oxygen transmission rate (OTR), acting as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) to measure postharvest quality. The large tomatoes showed lower rates of respiration and ethylene production compared to the other sizes. The rate of fresh weight loss was the highest in the small tomatoes. A prolonged shelf life was observed in the large tomatoes. The rate of fungal incidence was lower in the large tomatoes compared with the medium and small ones. On the final day of storage, the large tomatoes retained the highest level of firmness and the concentrations of titratable acidity and vitamin C. However, the small tomatoes contained the highest level of soluble solids among the different sizes. Bacterial and fungal counts were the lowest in the large tomatoes. Based on the above results, large tomatoes may be better than smaller tomatoes for exporting over long distances.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ КОМПОНЕНТОВ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ И АТТРАКЦИИ ОБРАЗЦОВ ФАСОЛИ ОБЫКНОВЕННОЙ (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) В СЕВЕРНОЙ ЗОНЕ ВОЛГО-АХТУБИНСКОЙ ПОЙМЫ

Background. Despite the value of common beans as a food product, the area under this crop in Russia is quite small and the assortment of commercialized cultivars is limited. In this regard, a vital breeding trend for common bean in this country is still the development of new cultivars, more high-yielding and adapted to various areas of cultivation. To solve this problem, an advanced science-based search for breeding sources is required. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at Volgograd Experiment Station of VIR by conventional methods. Fifty-nine common bean accessions from the collection of VIR were altogether studied to determine their precocity, yield components and attraction indices. Statistical data processing and correlation analysis of the results were carried out. Results and conclusions. A comparative study of common bean accessions belonging to different earliness groups was conducted. Differences in the degree of variability were identified for yield components and macro- and micro-attraction indices. For a majority of traits, early-ripening accessions exceeded medium and late ones in the degree of variability. Strong positive correlations were observed between the seed weight per one plant and such characters as the number of pods, aggregate weight, weight of pods, and weight of valves. The index of micro-attraction practically did not correlate with productivity in early accessions, and only slightly correlated in medium/late ones, so it seems inexpedient to use the micro-attraction index in common bean breeding for higher yield in the region. Accessions with high maximum yield rates were selected mainly from the group of early-ripening accessions, and those with high macro-attraction levels, from the group of medium/late ones. In view of their obvious advantages, it is early cultivars that should be recommended for yield-targeted common bean breeding in the northern areas of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain. Special attention needs to be paid to the accessions ‘Code 128’ (k-15261), ‘Bertires’ (k-15262) and ‘Oxy Amidor’ (k-15269). The medium- or late-ripening accessions ‘Jetta’ (k-14689), ‘Prima’ (k-14687) and ‘Zlute’ (k-15127) are recommended to be used in breeding for micro-attraction

A trilogy of inequalities: Land ownership, forest cover and ecosystem services distribution

A main challenge in sustainability sciences is to incorporate distributional aspects into ecosystem management and conservation. We explored and contrasted land ownership, forest cover and ecosystem services supply (ES) distribution in two municipalities of southern Chile (Panguipulli and Ancud), comprising 5,584 private properties. We relied on farm typologies data and ES indicators for forage, water regulation, and recreation opportunities. We calculated Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients to establish concentration ratios, and performed a hotspot analysis to determine ES supply distribution across properties. In both municipalities land ownership was highly concentrated: large properties (>1,000–30,000 ha) represented less than 1% of total and comprised 74.5% and 20.7% of farm area, in Panguipulli and Ancud respectively. Forest cover distribution followed the same pattern (80.5% and 58.2%, respectively). As a result, water regulation and recreation opportunities concentrated in medium and large properties, whereas forage concentrated in small and medium ones. Gini coefficients ranged from relatively equal to relatively unequal for land ownership, forests cover and ES in both study areas. These inequalities reflect a historical land ownership concentration in private lands since colonial times, a structural condition that challenges both nature conservation and development and, therefore, it should be brought to the forefront of policy design in developing countries.

Genetic Variability and Heterosis in F1 and F2 Generations of Diallel Crosses among Seven Wheat Genotypes

In order to study the effect of heterosis and nature of genetic on plant height and yield traits were studied in a 7x7 diallel cross without reciprocals and their F2 generation in wheat to define and select an efficient and prospective material for immediate use in hybridization programs to improve grain yield of wheat in Egypt. Parents, F1 and F2 were evaluated for quantitative traits in 2016/2017 season. Significant genotype mean squares and its components (parents and crosses) were obtained for all traits in both generations. Significant heterosis in F1 generation was obtained for all studied traits. Heterosis of grain yield/plant relative to mid parent varied from 4.64 to 75.50% in F1 crosses. The P2xP3, P1xP4 and P2xP5 were the best crosses for grain yield heterosis. General (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability mean squares were significant for all traits. MS (GCA)/ MS (SCA) ratios indicated the relative importance of additive and non-additive gene action in their inheritance for all the traits. The nine crosses i.e. P1xP2, P1xP6, P2xP5, P2xP6, P4xP5, P4xP6, P5xP6 and P5xP7 had significant and positive effects in F1 and F2 generations and contained Inter-and intera-allelic interactions. Generally, no wide differences in the genetic parameters in F1 and F2 generations were detected. Highly significant and larger (in magnitude) values of dominance component (H2) than additive were obtained for all studied traits resulting in more values of (H1/D)0.5 which were more than unity in both generations. High heritability values (in a broad-sense) along with medium or low ones in narrow-sense were exhibited in both generations, indicating that most genetic variances were due to non-additive genetic effects. The regression line passed through the origin in spike length and No. of spikes/plant in F1 generation and 1000-grain weight in F2 generation, revealed a presence of complete dominance. Meanwhile, it intersects the Wr axis above the origin in plant height in both generations,1000-grain weight in F1, No of spike/plant and Spike length in F2, reflecting partial dominance.

Trophic patterns and home‐range size of two generalist urban carnivores: a review

AbstractFoxes and cats are the most abundant medium‐sized urban carnivores. To date, however, there has been a lack of effort to synthesize data on the spatial and trophic resources used by these two carnivores, despite the importance of this information for assessing their similarity and roles in urban food webs. In this paper, we first synthesize all available information on the trophic patterns and home‐range size of these two predators based on a total of 91 studies. Second, we conduct statistical analyses to test the influence of environmental and biological variables such as regional differences, habitat characteristics, age, and sexual status on their home‐range size and diet patterns within urban habitats, and then evaluate the methods used to investigate these components. Our findings highlight the lack of studies that simultaneously monitor the diet and home‐range size of both predators within urban habitats. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare fox and cat home‐range size and diet. Foxes exhibited larger ranges than cats, while intact cats showed larger home ranges than desexed cats. Diet diversity obtained for both predators confirmed their trophic plasticity within urban habitats. Both predators consumed fewer mammals and invertebrates in highly disturbed habitats compared to medium ones. We also found that the procedure of data acquisition significantly influenced fox and cat home‐range sizes. In terms of diet, the type of recovered samples had a significant effect on the diet composition of both predators. To improve our understanding of the relative impact of these two urban carnivores on urban wildlife, we recommend simultaneously studying both species in future studies. Moreover, methodological standards for both diet and home‐range size studies are needed to allow comparisons.

Some Issues on the Protection of Employee Rights and Interests in Vietnamese Enterprises Today

Abstract Protecting employee rights and interests is the issue attracted attention of related parties in Vietnam. It includes a lot of contents. The article deals with some basic contents such as salary, working time and labor safety and hygiene. In the past years, besides the achievements, the protection of employee rights and interests in Vietnamese enterprises has some limitations. In some enterprises, the minimum wage has not met the demand, the real income of employees is low while working time is relatively high and labor safety and hygiene are not ensured. This is due to many reasons, such as: firstly, most Vietnamese enterprises are small and medium ones, their economic potential is not strong enough to be able to good equipment for employees; secondly, the employees themselves are not aware of their rights and interests as well as are also under pressure to survive; thirdly, it is the problem of profit. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust both the awareness and policies to make sure the harmony between employees, enterprises and society.

Internal Proportions of The Body Composition in Members of the Female National Tennis Team of Poland

Contemporary anthropological research confirms the fact that body composition is one of the basic elements differentiating athletes from persons not practising sport. Among athletes representing various branches of sport there are also significant differences in their body composition. Internal proportions of the body composition of an athlete, or a selected group of athletes, is an especially important yet little researched issue of sports anthropology. This problem is still topical in sports games, especially in tennis. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine internal proportions of the body composition of female tennis players from the Polish national team in comparison to persons who do not practice sport professionally. The study involved female athletes of the Polish national tennis team (n = 10). The study was carried out in a training camp from 28 September to 9 October 2002 in Zakopane — Centre of Sports Preparation. Athletes’ age was 16—20 (18.1 ± 1.4) years, and the training experience 8—12 years (10.5 ± 1.8). The mean body height for the group members was 171.9 ± 6.7 cm and the mean body mass 59.7 ± 6.3 kg. The results of research by Piechaczek et al. (1996) constituted the reference point for the results of measurements of Polish tennis representatives. The authors studied 153 female students of Warsaw Technical University aged 20.2 ± 1.09 years. They were randomly chosen students of the first and the second year of various departments at this university. The mean body height of the students was 166.2 ± 6.2 cm and the mean body mass 57.4 ± 7.72 kg. Anthropometric measurements were taken using standard instruments (Drozdowski, 1998). The analysis involved 11 somatic features which determined three so-called factors of body composition: length (m1), stoutness (m2) and obesity (m3). The assessment of proportions of the body composition was made by means of Perkal’s natural indices (1953) with Milicerowa’s modifications (1956). We determined the following: composition factors (m), index of total body size (M), internal proportions of the body composition, evenness of composition, the code of internal proportions; also the assessment of internal proportions of the body composition within each of the factors.Taking into consideration the mean values of the studied somatic features in the control group and the comparative group we found differences in their body composition. The representatives of the Polish national tennis team showed substantially longer upper and lower limbs, and the body height was greater. They also had much greater forearm perimeter and shorter pelvic width. As to the total body size, the tennis players slightly exceeded the students (M = 0.24). The total body size (M) resulted from high values of length features (m1 = 1.01), low ones of stoutness (m2 = –0.39) and medium ones of obesity (m3 = 0.1). The value of the intragroup variability index (harmony of composition) amounted to 1.4 and the code of internal proportions of tennis players’ body composition — to 6—2—4. The proportions of internal features of the stoutness index (natural indices of features within a factor) showed the advantage of the forearm perimeter (1.62) and elbow width (0.36). The knee width (–1.30) and pelvic width (–0.60) were disproportionate to the total value of this factor. The input of features characterizing the length factor was relatively proportional.Keywords: tennis, training, body composition, internal proportions.

Innovation and Exporting: A Study on Eastern European Union Firms

This paper investigates how firm-level innovation and productivity affect the export propensity in manufacturing firms in seven Eastern European Union countries. With respect to innovation activities, we analyze the complementarity between pair-wise product, process and non-technological (organizational and marketing) innovations when the objective function is represented by the exporting probability of a firm. Analyzing CIS2008 data, we find that productivity always has a positive and significant impact on the exporting propensity of firms. Furthermore, complex innovative firms, when large in size and/or from medium high–high technology sectors, can take advantage in terms of a higher attitude to export than non-innovators and simple innovators. By considering these results, governments have to introduce policies that can induce firms, especially small and medium ones, to implement complex innovations. This is fundamental in order to be more productive and more competitive.

Pt supported on Zn modified silicalite-1 zeolite as a catalyst for n-hexane aromatization

Abstract Platinum (Pt) supported on Zinc (Zn) modified silicalite-1 (S-1) zeolite (denoted as Pt-Zn/S-1) was prepared by using a wetness-impregnation method and applied in the n-hexane aromatization reaction for the first time. Both Lewis and Bronsted acid sites were detected in Pt-Zn/S-1 catalyst by means of FT-IR adsorption of NH3 experiment, which were identified as mostly weak and medium ones. Besides, Pt and Zn species showed strong interaction, as revealed by the TPR (Temperature-programmed reduction) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) experiments. Pt-Zn/S-1 catalyst exhibited excellent aromatization function rather than isomerization and cracking side reactions in the conversion of n-hexane. Pulse experimental study showed that 75.6% of n-hexane conversion and 76.8% of benzene selectivity were obtained over Pt0.1-Zn6.0/S-1 catalyst at 550 °C and under atmospheric pressure. By spectroscopy tests and pulse experimental results, it was concluded that the n-hexane aromatization over Pt-Zn/S-1 catalyst follows a metal-acid bifunctional mechanism. Furthermore, with the assistance of Zn, the electron-deficient Pt species in Pt-Zn/S-1 showed good sulfur tolerance performance.

Mechanism of plant mediated methane emission in tropical lowland rice

Methane (CH4) is predominantly produced in lowland rice soil, but its emission from soil to atmosphere primarily depends on passage/conduit or capillary pore spaces present in rice plants. The gas transport mechanism through aerenchyma pore spaces of rice cultivars was studied to explore the plant mediated CH4 emission. Seven rice cultivars, based on the life cycle duration (LCD), were tested in tropical eastern India. Three LCD groups were, (a) Kalinga 1 and CR Dhan 204 (LCD: 110–120 days); (b) Lalat, Pooja and CR 1014 (LCD: 130–150 days); and (c) Durga and Varshadhan (LCD: 160–170 days). Rate of CH4emission, root exudates, root oxidase activities and shoot aerenchyma pore spaces were analyzed to study the mechanism of plant mediated emission from rice. Aerenchyma pore space was quantified in the hypothesis that it regulates the CH4 transportation from soil to atmosphere. The ratio of pore space area to total space was lowest in Kalinga 1 cultivar (0.29) and highest was in Varshadhan (0.43). Significant variations in the methane emission were observed among the cultivars with an average emission rate ranged from 0.86 mg m−2 h−1 to 4.96 mg m−2 h−1. The CH4 emission rates were lowest in short duration cultivars followed by medium and long duration ones. The greenhouse gas intensity considering average CH4 emission rate per unit grain yield was also lowest (0.35) in Kalinga 1 and relatively less in short and medium duration cultivars. Root exudation was higher at panicle initiation (PI) than maximum tillering (MT) stage. Lowest exudation was noticed in (197.2 mg C plant−1 day−1) Kalinga 1 and highest in Varsadhan (231.7 mg C plant−1 day−1). So we can say, the rate of CH4 emission was controlled by aerenchyma orientation, root exudation and biomass production rate which are the key specific traits of a cultivar. Identified traits were closely associated with duration and adaptability to cultivars grown in specific ecology. Therefore, there is possibility to breed rice cultivars depending on ecology, duration and having less CH4 emission potential, which could be effectively used in greenhouse gas mitigation strategies.

AKTIVITAS SGOT, SGPT DI PENDERITA LUKA BAKAR SEDANG DAN BERAT

Burn injury is a kind of trauma with the high mortality and morbidity rate that needs special treatment since the very first phaseup to the end. this study targeted medium to severe burns, limited to liver complications. the objective of this study is to calculate andobserve the difference Sgot, SgPt activities in medium and severe burns. the Methods of this study was Cross Sectional, we conductedon 42 subjects with medium to severe burns, Hospitalised during the period of June 2005 to May 2007 at DR.Wahidin Sudirohusodohospital of Makassar. the data were calculated and statistically analysed using the SPSS V.11.5. We obtained of 12 (28.6%) mediumburn injuries and 30 (71.4%) severe burn injuries. In medium burn subjects the got showed normal activities in 6 subjects (50%) andhigh activities in 6 subjects (50%), the gPt showed normal activities in 8 subjects (66,7%) and high activities in 4 subjects (33.3%).In severe burn subjects the got showed normal activities in 6 subjects (20%) and high activities in 24 subjects (80%), the gPt showednormal activities in 13 subjects (43.3%) and high activities in 17 subjects (56.7%). there was no significant difference in the increasingactivities of Sgot and SgPt in either medium or severe burns, where p > 0.05. Increased activities of SgPt and Sgot was higher insevere burns than in medium ones. It was also obtained that increasing Sgot activities was found more often than SgPt in patientswith either medium or severe burns.

AKTIVITAS SGOT, SGPT DI PENDERITA LUKA BAKAR SEDANG DAN BERAT

Burn injury is a kind of trauma with the high mortality and morbidity rate that needs special treatment since the very first phase up to the end. this study targeted medium to severe burns, limited to liver complications. the objective of this study is to calculate and observe the difference Sgot, SgPt activities in medium and severe burns. the Methods of this study was Cross Sectional, we conducted on 42 subjects with medium to severe burns, Hospitalised during the period of June 2005 to May 2007 at DR.Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital of Makassar. the data were calculated and statistically analysed using the SPSS V.11.5. We obtained of 12 (28.6%) medium burn injuries and 30 (71.4%) severe burn injuries. In medium burn subjects the got showed normal activities in 6 subjects (50%) and high activities in 6 subjects (50%), the gPt showed normal activities in 8 subjects (66,7%) and high activities in 4 subjects (33.3%). In severe burn subjects the got showed normal activities in 6 subjects (20%) and high activities in 24 subjects (80%), the gPt showed normal activities in 13 subjects (43.3%) and high activities in 17 subjects (56.7%). there was no significant difference in the increasing activities of Sgot and SgPt in either medium or severe burns, where p > 0.05. Increased activities of SgPt and Sgot was higher in severe burns than in medium ones. It was also obtained that increasing Sgot activities was found more often than SgPt in patients with either medium or severe burns.

Bank-type specific determinants of sensitivity of loan-loss provisions to business cycle

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we explore several new factors which may affect the procyclicality of loan-loss provisions in all commercial and cooperative banks operating in Poland between 2000 and 2012. More specifically, we test whether there are visible differences between commercial and cooperative banks in the sensitivity of those provisions to the business cycle. Our results show that whereas loan-loss provisions are procyclical in both cases, the procyclicality is particularly prominent and stronger in the case of commercial banks, than of the cooperative banks. Additionally, in contrast to existing findings, we establish that the negative impact of the business cycle on loan-loss provisions is greater in the case of small banks than of medium or large ones, this feature being common for both commercial and cooperative banks. We have identified two factors which affect procyclicality of loan-loss provisions in different ways for commercial and cooperative banks. The first factor is the empirical importance of capital adequacy ratio size. In commercial banks, the capital ratio size exerts a statistically significant impact on the procyclicality regardless of capitalization. The other factor is discretionary income-smoothing, as we find that the statistically significant increase of procyclicality due to the high discretionary income-smoothing is present only in cooperative banks.

Budżet obywatelski jako forma konsultacji społecznych prowadzona przez polskie gminy (na przykładzie Częstochowy)

Teza. W ostatnich latach w Polsce obserwuje się wzrost aktywności jednostek Samorządu Terytorialnego w zakresie partycypacji społecznej, realizowanej wśród mieszkańców.
 Omówione koncepcje. W artykule na przykładzie gminy miasta Częstochowa omówiona zostanie idea budżetu obywatelskiego, sposoby jego wdrażania, a także rola organizacji pozarządowych w jego realizacji.
 Wyniki i wnioski. Swoją działalność w zakresie partycypacji społecznej gminy prowadzą za pomocą różnych form, do których zaliczyć można wszelkie inicjatywy lokalne, konsultacje społeczne i budżet obywatelski. Wśród wymienionych form największą popularność zyskał budżet obywatelski, pozytywnie przyjęty zarówno w dużych miastach (Warszawa, Kraków, Łódź), średnich (Częstochowa, Płock), jak i mniejszych (Karpacz, Kostrzyn).
 Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza podejścia
 Podjęty w artykule temat wzrostu aktywności społecznej w związku z wprowadzaniem budżetu obywatelskiego w Częstochowie nie doczekał się jeszcze szczegółowych analiz. Tekst stanowi ważny przyczynek do badania zjawiska partycypacji społecznej, realizowanej w jednostkach Samorządu Terytorialnego.

Frecuencia de la displasia coxofemoral en perros de la raza Golden Retriever atendidos en el Centro de Radiología Veterinaria en Río de Janeiro

Frequent in dogs, especially the medium and large ones, the Hip Dysplasia is a polygenic disease of a quantitative and multifactorial nature. The Golden Retriever breed is prone to this disease. For the conclusive evaluation a correct radiographic opinion with high technical quality is important, besides the confirmation of the documentation. The exams should be performed in clinics that meet the criteria of the International Cinologic Federation, where the Norberg angle is an important diagnostic data. The data presented in this work refer to the years 2010 to 2015 and the results obtained show that the majority of dogs do not present the Hip Dysplasia, and among the sick animals, mild Hip Dysplasia type C is the most frequent.