Medium Molecular Weight Substances Research Articles

Oxidative Status of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Stallions of Different Ages

Background: The aging process causes changes in the structure and functioning of body systems, including the immune system. The aim of this study was to assess the oxidative status of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of young (3-5 years old), full-aged (6-15 years old) and older stallions (16-25 years old). Methods: The level of protein carbonyl derivatives, low and medium molecular weight substances, the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, g-glutamyl transpeptidase, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase were studied in PBMCs of 31 stallions of Arabian breed. Result: An increase in the total content of carbonyl derivatives was revealed in the group of older stallions compared with young (p=0.0030) and full-aged stallions (p=0.0030) due to an increase in the content most of all carbonyl derivatives of a neutral and basic nature. An increase in the level of low and medium molecular weight substances was recorded in the group of older animals compared with young (p=0.0089) and full-aged stallions (p=0.0102). A decrease in g-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was observed in young stallions compared with full-aged (p=0.0026) and older stallions (p=0.0006). The data obtained indicate a violation of the redox balance in aged stallions‘ PBMCs.

Therapeutic efficacy of S-adenosylmethionine in chronic uranium intoxication in rats

Introduction. Chronic exposure to uranium compounds causes adverse cytotoxic and immunopathological effects in the body. The aim of the work was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of S-adenosylmethionine when administered intragastrically with respect to hepato-, nephro- and immunotoxic effects in chronic intoxicationwith uranyl acetate dihydrate (UAD). Materials and methods. Chronic intoxication was modeled by injecting 85 male rats with UAD solution (5.0 mg/kg/day by element) for one month. S-adenosylmethionine was administered to animals at a dose of 72.7 mg/kg for 21 days. Results. In chronic poisoning with UAD, 65% lethality, decrease of liver mass ratios (MR) and increase of renal MR were observed. Decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity, glucose level, lactic acid, number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity and creatinine level, number of CD8+ T-lymphocytes and apoptotic cell death, formation of catabolic pool of low and medium molecular weight substances (LMSMS) of blood plasma were registered. The results of urine analysis revealed the development of hyposthenuria, signs of glucosuria, hematosuria, proteinuria and leukocyturia, appearance of bilirubin in the urine. S-adenosylmethionine contributed to the decrease in the degree of target organ damage (reduction of fibroplastic and dystrophic changes in the liver and kidneys), normalization of immune system parameters (increase in CD4+ T-cells, decrease in CD8+ T-cells and frequency of apoptotic death of lymphocytes in immunocompromised animals) and endotoxicosis (decrease in the level of LMSMS from the catabolic pool area). Discussion. According to the totality of all revealed pathological changes, UAD poisoning led to the development of tubulointerstitial nephritis, metabolic disorders of detoxification functions of the liver. The causes of animal death during the first week of the experiment were acute kidney damage or confluent pneumonia. The appearance of bilirubin in the urine was associated with porphyrin metabolism disorders. In the remote period of intoxication an imbalance of the T-cell link of the immune system developed, as well as, probably, a decrease in nonspecific resistance, which led to the development of pneumonia in rats. Conclusion. S-adenosylmethionine therapy of hepato-, nephro- and immunotoxic effects in chronic UAD intoxication contributed to a decrease in the degree of damage to target organs, normalization of immune system parameters and endogenous intoxication.

About the effect of ethanol on the level of substances of low and medium molecular weight

The aim of this work is to study the effect of the concentration of ethanol in the blood on the level of low and medium molecular weight substances in the urine and blood of corpses. The content of LMMWS in the blood and urine of corpses without ethanol in the blood and its concentration of 0.5-1.5 ‰ and 2.0-5.0 ‰ was determined by the method of Malakhova modified by Kopytova at wavelengths of 238-298 nm. The dependence of the concentration of LMMWS in urine on the concentration of ethanol in the blood is shown: the decrease in the parameters of LMMWS in urine is the more pronounced, the higher the concentration of ethanol in the blood. One of the probable mechanisms of such a decrease is the neurotoxic effect of ethanol, leading to polyuria and a decrease in the concentration of various substances in the urine.Работы — изучение влияния концентрации этанола в крови на содержание веществ низкой и средней молекулярной массы (ВНСММ) в моче и крови трупов. Определяли содержание ВНСММ в крови и моче трупов без этанола в крови и при концентрации 0,5—1,5 и 2—5 ‰ по методике Малаховой в модификации Копытовой при λ=238—298 нм. Показана зависимость количества ВНСММ в моче от концентрации этанола в крови: снижение содержания ВНСММ в моче тем более выражено, чем выше концентрация этанола в крови. Один из вероятных механизмов такого снижения — нейротоксическое действие этанола, приводящее к полиурии и снижению содержания различных веществ в моче.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ВЕЩЕСТВ НИЗКОЙ И СРЕДНЕЙ МОЛЕКУЛЯРНОЙ МАССЫ И ОЛИГОПЕПТИДОВ В ПАТОГЕНЕЗЕ ВЕТРЯНОЙ ОСПЫ

Endogenous intoxication syndrome is an important link in the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. The role of low and medium molecular weight substances and oligopeptides acting as indicators of endogenous intoxication syndrome in the pathogenesis of varicella was studied, depending on the period of the disease, the severity of the course and the presence of complications. Based on this goal, 125 patients with varicella aged 18 to 49 years were examined. Determination of the content of substances of low and medium molecular weight in biological body fluids (blood plasma, red blood cells and urine) was carried out by the method of M. Ya.Malakhova (1995) on a spectrophotometer SF-46. The Lowru (1951) method was used to determine the level of oligopeptides in body fluids. The maximum level of substances of low and medium molecular weight was observed in patients with a complicated course of varicella during the height of the disease, as well as in patients with a severe course of the disease during the height. When determining the oligopeptides, the highest values were also obtained at the height of the disease in the severe course, as well as in the complicated course at admission. During the examination, the dependence of the studied indicators on the period of the disease, the severity, as well as the presence of complications was revealed. Thus, the most pronounced changes in the level of low and medium molecular weight substances and oligopeptides were observed in severe, and the least – in the mild course of varicella in all the studied media. In patients with developed complications, the disease was more severe, while the changes in the studied parameters were more pronounced.

Characteristics of immunobiochemical and morphological indicators of blood in cows with pyometra

Inflammatory diseases of the uterus are one of the main causes of decreased fertility and infertility in dairy cows. The aim of the study was to assess changes in the immunobiochemical and morphological parameters of the blood of dairy cows with pyometra. 20 cows with pyometra (G1) and 15 cows without visualized reproductive pathology (G2) were selected using transrectal ultrasound. The blood test showed that in G1 there was the decrease in the level of total protein to 73.69 ± 1.06 gr/l, which was 11.1% lower (P<0.001) than in the G2. The concentration of albumin in G1 was 34.23 ± 0.56 gr/l, which was 17.5% less (P<0.001) in comparison with the G2. The creatinine level in the G1 was 19.2% higher (P<0.01) and it amounted to 98.30 ± 4.92 μmol/l, and the urea level was 6.34 ± 0.37 mmol/l, which was 1,6 times higher (P<0.001). The AST activity in the cows from G1 was 100.06 ± 5.53 units/l, which was 19.4% higher (P<0.05), with the ALT activity was the same. The amount of low and medium molecular weight substances adsorbed on the surface of erythrocytes in the G1 was 15.4% higher, and those associated with plasma albumin was 21.8% higher (P<0.001). The immunological indicators in the G1 were characterized by the increase in the total immunoglobulins level by 63.2% (P<0.001), the concentration of which was 20.58 ± 1.13 mg/l. The content of circulating immune complexes of large and small sizes in the blood was 11.82 ± 0.88 optical density and 1.84 ± 0.06 optical density respectively, which was 2 times higher (P<0.001) than the indicator of healthy cows. The morphological pattern of blood in the G1 was characterized by leukocytosis - 10.08 ± 0.86 *109/l (the increase in the concentration of leukocytes by 17.2%, P<0.05), the decrease in the concentration of erythrocytes by 4.7% (P<0, 05) - 6.35 ± 0.10 *1012/l and platelets by 42.8% (P<0.05) - 176.88 ± 22.16 *109/l. There was qualitative redistribution of white blood cells: the increase in the concentration of neutrophils by 6.6%, eosinophils by 6.3 times (P<0.001), the decrease in lymphocytes by 15.8% (P<0.001). Thus, associated with pyometra in dairy cows, changes in protein and nitrogen metabolism are observed: the level of total protein is decreased, the level of globulins is increased, the level of urea and creatinine is increased, and the AST activity is increased. The immunological indicators are characterized by the increase in the level of total immunoglobulins and circulating immune complexes, and in the morphological blood pattern of the cows with pyometra, one can observe leukocytosis with granulocytic cells predominating over agranulocytes.

Assessment of endogenous intoxication values by oral fluid composition

To study changes in the parameters of endogenous intoxication using the level of substances of low and medium molecular weight in the oral fluid in patients with catarrhal stomatitis, which got developed after the acute drug poisoning. To determine the degree of intoxication, we studied the concentrations of low and medium molecular weight substances (SLMMW) in the oral fluid of patients. We studied the saliva of 20 patients (13 men and 7 women, average age 39 years). The control was done against the oral fluid of 10 healthy individuals. The studies were conducted in a control group consisting of 10 healthy individuals with intact oral mucosa and two groups of patients (20 patients in total) with drug poisoning. The first of these two groups of patients included 8 individuals without pathological changes in the oral mucosa, while the second group consisted of 12 patients diagnosed with catarrhal stomatitis that developed after acute drug poisoning. It became known that endogenous intoxication develops in the oral fluid of patients with acute drug poisoning, which is manifested by a statistically significant increase in the content of SLMMW in comparison with practically healthy individuals (15.3%). And the total level of SLMMW in the oral fluid of patients with acute drug stomatitis and catarrhal stomatitis has increased by 42.3% relative to the data of practically healthy individuals. Studies have shown the need for monitoring the oral cavity in patients with acute drug poisoning, with the aim of timely detection of pathologies of the oral mucosa in them and the appointment of complex treatment.

Prevention of reperfusion injury in patients operated on for acute lower limb ischaemia

Objective: to improve the results of treatment of patients with reperfusion syndrome after operations of open revascularization for embolism and acute thrombosis of lower limb arteries.Material and methods. From 2013 to 2017 in the department of acute vascular diseases SI «V.T. Zaytsev IGUS NAMS of Ukraine» were operated 154 patients admitted with acute ischemia of the lower extremities. Depending on the management in the perioperative period, the patients were divided into 2 groups: 91 patients of group I received conventional treatment, group II included 63 patients who underwent comprehensive prophylaxis of reperfusion injuries. All patients were determined by the dynamics of the levels of creatinine, potassium, lactic acid, low and medium molecular weight substances in the blood plasma.Results. In the postoperative period, various manifestations of renal dysfunction were observed in 21 patients (23.1%) of the first group and in 12 patients (19%) of the second group, 2 patients of the first group needed acute hemodialysis. 20 patients of group I (22.0%) and 13 patients of group II (20.6%) manifested with clinically significant worsening of cardio-pulmonary insufficiency in the postoperative period. In 13 patients of group I (14.3%) and in 8 patients of group II (12.7%) cognitive impairment was diagnosed in the postoperative period. Overall mortality in both groups was not significantly different. The use of comprehensive therapy allowed to reduce reperfusion lesions of distant organs, manifestations of endogenous intoxication, as well as their clinical manifestations, but did not affect the number of amputations in these categories of patients. Conclusions 1. An correlation of the clinical presentation of reperfusion injury of ischemic tissues and vital organs with biochemical parameters and markers of endogenous intoxication of blood plasma in patients with acute limb ischemia after operations revascularization was revealed. 2. Comprehensive prevention and correction of reperfusion syndrome manifestations significantly improves the course of the postoperative period.

Indices of peroxidation of lipids of biological membranes and endogenous intoxication in patients with psoriasis on the background of chronic viral hepatitis С

Aim. To study the features of lipid peroxidation of biological membranes and accumulation of toxic metabolites in the body of patients with psoriasis, depending on the presence of concomitant chronic viral hepatitis C.Materials and methods. In the survey, participated 56 patients with a vulgar form of psoriasis who received in-patient treatment at the Nalchik skin clinic in 2016–2017, divided into 2 groups, depending on the presence of concomitant chronic viral hepatitis C. In patients, the content of malonic dialdehyde in blood was determined as an indicator of the state of the prooxidant system, ceruloplasmin and erythrocyte catalase, as indicators of antioxidant protection, and also for the evaluation of the Intoxication Syndrome; the level of substances of low and medium molecular mass and oligopeptides in the biological environments of the organism in different periods of the disease.Results. It was found that the presence of concomitant chronic viral hepatitis C in patients with psoriasis was characterized by a more pronounced increase in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products than in the group of patients with hepatitis without psoriasis, accompanied by a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood plasma and an increase in the activity of catalase in erythrocytes. Simultaneously, the presence of chronic hepatitis C led to a significantly higher content in the body fluids of patients with low and medium molecular weight substances and oligopeptides.

Markers of Endogenous Intoxication in Rats with Diabetes Mellitus Combined with Carrageenan-Induced Enterocolitis

AbstractBackground and aims: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant public health issue, being one of the major contributors to morbidity and mortality in the modern societies. Chronic hyperglycemia produces significant physiological, biochemical, and histological changes in the affected organisms. This study aims to evaluate the markers of endogenous intoxication in rats with diabetes mellitus combined with carrageenan-induced enterocolitis. Materials and methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (Sigma Aldrich, USA, at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight). Carrageenan-induced enterocolitis was modeled by giving the animals free access to 1.0 % solution of carrageenan in drinking water for 1 month. The syndrome of endogenous intoxication was assessed by quantification of low and medium molecular weight substances in blood plasma, red blood cell suspension and urine using extraction-spectrophotometric method. Results: The increase in endogenous intoxication in streptozotocin-induced diabetes combined with chronic enterocolitis can mainly be attributed to the catabolic pool of blood plasma substances of low and medium molecular weight. The index of distribution of low- and medium-molecular-weight substances between blood plasma proteins and glycocalyx of erythrocytes in the experimental groups increased simultaneously with the quantities of investigated fractions in the erythrocyte suspension measured at the wavelengths of 242, 254 and 280 nm. Conclusions: We observed upsurge of endogenous intoxication markers in the rats with diabetes mellitus. Endotoxicosis became even more evident in the rats with diabetes mellitus combined with carrageenan-induced enterocolitis.

The analysis of the low and medium molecular weight substances for differential diagnostics of deaths from acute small-focal myocardial infarction and other forms of cardiac pathology

The objective of the present study was to analyze the possibilities for the use of the low and medium molecular weight substances for differential diagnostics of deaths from acute small-focal myocardial infarction and other forms of cardiac pathology. We determined the amount of the low and medium molecular weight substances in the urine obtained from the subjects who had died as a result of chronic coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The levels of the low and medium molecular weight substances in the urine were measured by the method of N.Ya. Malakhov in the modification of T.V. Kopytova [5]. The study has demonstrated the appearance of the products of cardiomyocyte degradation (giving rise to a peak at a wavelength of 278 nm) in the fraction of the low and medium molecular weight substances of the urine from the patients suffering from acute small-focal myocardial infarction and some other forms of cardiac pathology.

Textile wastewater reuse after additional treatment by Fenton’s reagent

This study verifies textile wastewater reuse treated by the conventional activated sludge process and subjected to further treatment by advanced oxidation processes. Three alternative processes are discussed: Fenton, photo-Fenton, and UV/H2O2. Evaluation of treatments effects was based on factorial experiment design in which the response variables were the maximum removal of COD and the minimum concentration of residual H2O2 in treated wastewater. Results indicated Fenton's reagent, COD/[H2O2]/[Fe2+] mass ratio of 1:2:2, as the best alternative. The selected technique was applied to real wastewater collected from a conventional treatment plant of a textile mill. The quality of the wastewater before and after the additional treatment was monitored in terms of 16 physicochemical parameters defined as suitable for the characterization of waters subjected to industrial textile use. The degradation of the wastewater was also evaluated by determining the distribution of its molecular weight along with the organic matter fractionation by ultrafiltration, measured in terms of COD. Finally, a sample of the wastewater after additional treatment was tested for reuse at pilot scale in order to evaluate the impact on the quality of dyed fabrics. Results show partial compliance of treated wastewater with the physicochemical quality guidelines for reuse. Removal and conversion of high and medium molecular weight substances into low molecular weight substances was observed, as well as the degradation of most of the organic matter originally present in the wastewater. Reuse tests indicated positive results, confirming the applicability of wastewater reuse after the suggested additional treatment. Graphical abstract Textile wastewater samples after additional treatment by Fenton's reagent, photo-Fenton and H2O2/UV tested in different conditions.

Reperfusion endotoxin eye damage in experimental study

Aim. To evaluate the level of endogenous intoxication in the blood and the status of the lipid peroxidation processes in eye tissues of experimental animals after acute circulatory arrest.&#x0D; Methods. Chronic (5 weeks) pathophysiological experiments were performed in 72 nonlinear mature male rats, in which acute circulatory arrest was modeled by neurovascular heart bundle compression, followed by resuscitation. Endogenous intoxication intensity was assessed using endogenous intoxication integral index based on the detection of oligopeptides and low and medium molecular weight substances. Free radical oxidation in eye tissues was assessed by determining the level of 2’-thiobarbituric acid-reactive products, as well as by chemiluminescence. The condition of antioxidant system was investigated by catalase activity features and reduced glutathione level.&#x0D; Results. There was a significant two-phased increase of endogenous intoxication index during the whole postoperative period. Fe2+-induced chemiluminescence with subsequent accumulation of lipid peroxidation secondary metabolites, as well as increased activity of catalase protective system both in early stages (days 1-3) and on the second week were revealed in eye tissues. A positive correlation of endogenous intoxication integral index and the level of 2’-thiobarbituric acid-reactive products on the first day after resuscitation was revealed.&#x0D; Conclusion. Endogenous intoxication syndrome is formed after the acute circulatory arrest with maximal levels of endogenous toxins in the systemic circulation on 1-3rd and on 10-14th day after resuscitation, as well as with significant intensification of lipid peroxidation processes in eye tissues at the same period.

ENDOGENOUS INTOXICATION AND INFLAMMATION: REACTION SEQUENCE AND INFORMATIVITY OF THE MARKERS (review)

Abstract According to modern phylogenetic theory of general pathology (V.N. Titov, 2003, 2013) inflammation is a nonspecific biological reaction, providing the removal of excessive amount of high-molecular macromolecules and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis (endoecology). The increase of any metabolite concentration above the physiological range is a violation of the «purity» of inter-cellular medium. This triggers two nonspecific biological reactions, namely the excretion used to re-move «biological waste» of a molecular weight less than 70 kD and the inflammation in case the lar-ger molecules and their complexes should be removed via neutrophils, resident macrophages and en-dothelial cells. Blood concentration of leukocytes has been used for evaluation of inflammation and intoxication activity for many decades. However, at the molecular level there is a requirement in precise differentiation of metabolites, activating leukocytes, and metabolites, excessively forming as a result of activation, because the last disturb molecular homeostasis and may damage cells and tissues. Validity of leucocytal intoxication index (LII) of Ya.Ya. Kalf-Kalif, concentration ratio of low and medium molecular weight substances, average molecular peptides, total and effective albumin as markers of endogenous intoxication (M.Ya. Malakhova, 2005) are considered. It is shown that pri-mary agent, activating neutrophils and some factors of humoral immunity, is a lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) of gram-negative microflora (M.Yu. Yakovlev, 2003; O.W. McIntyre, 2011). An excess of endotoxin inflow is possible under intestine and liver pathologies, and due to sympathoadrenal system activation, and also with feed and air. The overload of systems and organs of elimination of endotoxin causes secondary immunodeficiency, which becomes the cause of acute and chronic in-flammatory processes of various localizations. It is offered to consider lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative microflora as a primary agent of endogenous intoxication and all the metabolites, produces at increased concentrations as a result of polymorphonuclear leukocytes activation such as reactive oxygen species, oxidated proteins, products of lipid peroxidation and proteolysis, as a secondary one. Such an approach allows to single out various points of application for therapy of endogenous intoxi-cation: i) elimination of excessive concentration of lipopolysaccharide in blood by limiting its pro-duction and income from internal and external sources, as well as by a variety of methods of active binding and excretion of endotoxin (S.V. Smirnov et al., 2003; K. Battenschoen et al., 2010); ii) re-ducing the concentration of «secondary» metabolites in blood and tissues. Keywords: endogenous intoxication, segmentated neutrophils, lipopolysaсcharides, inflamma-tion, endotoxinemia, endoecology.

Effect of Heptral on Blood Coagulant Activity in Pancreonecrosis

Objective: to attempt to reduce the hemostatic, detoxifying, and antioxidant dysfunctions of the liver in experimental pancreonecrosis and the degree of pancreatogenic endotoxemia, by using the hepatoprotector heptral. Materials and methods. Experiments were carried out on 142 outbred male rats divided into 3 groups: 1) control (n=20); 2) study (n=69); 3) comparison (n=53). Pancreonecrosis was simulated in the study and comparison groups. In Stage 1, coagulation hemostatic parameters were studied and the levels of low and medium molecular weight substances and the rate of free radical oxidation processes were determined. In Stage 2, five minutes after stimulation of pancreonecrosis, heptral was given in a dose of 11.4 mg/kg to the comparison animals, by studying the same parameters as in the study and control groups. The results were processed using the nonparametric statistical methods. Results. It has been found that hepatic detoxifying and antioxidant functions are impaired and free radical oxidation processes activated within 2 days after simulation of pancreonecrosis. Blood coagulation activity is considerably higher due to activated coagulation factors. Heptral increases the capacity of the liver to synthesize blood coagulation factors, which proves improvement of some of the study parameters of the hemostatic system. Furthermore, its administration preserves the antitoxic function of hepatocytes, as shown by the decreased concentrations of low and median molecular weight substances in plasma and red blood cells. At the same time, there is an increase in antioxidant system activity detectable by chemiluminescence which also testifies that hepatic functional and metabolic impairments are ameliorated. Key words: pancreonecrosis, liver, endotoxemia, hemo-stasis, free radical oxidation, heptral.

Impaired Iron Metabolism in the Pathogenesis of Critical Conditions (an Experimental Study)

Objective: to study the pathogenetic value of iron metabolic disturbances in microcirculatory disorders and in the development of endotoxemia in the critical conditions caused by abdominal sepsis and bone injury. Material and methods: Abdominal sepsis was simulated in the first series of experiments on 40 male Wistar rats; hip fracture of both hind limbs was done in 40 rats in the second series. In each series of experiments, deferoxamine was injected at a dose of 80 mg/kg in 10 animals for preventive purposes 2 hours before simulating the critical condition. The viscosity of blood and the levels of serum transferrin, ferritin, iron, oligopeptides, and low and medium molecular weight substances (LMMWS) were studied. Results. In severe bone injury and abdominal sepsis, there was a reduction in serum transferrin by more than 50%, impaired blood rheology, and increases in LMMWS and oligopeptides. Pre-administration of deferoxamine led to the normalization of transferrin concentrations and blood rheology, which was associated with lower serum Fe2+ concentrations. Conclusion. Thus, pre-administration of deferoxamine reduces impaired blood rheology and the intensity of endotoxemia in different critical conditions. Key words: critical conditions, iron metabolism, transferrin, microcirculatory disorders, endotoxemia, deferoxamine.

Modified Hemocorrection in the Complex Treatment of Patients with Pyoinflammatory Lung Diseases

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of extracorporeal hemocorrection used in the complex therapy in patients with a pyoinflammatory process in the lung. Materials and methods: 62 patients, including 22 patients with lung abscess who underwent routine plasmapheresis and 40 patients with varying pyoinflammatory lung diseases who received modified hemocorrection — plasma exchange combined with laser extracorporeally washed-off cytomass irradiation, were examined and treated. The severity of their general condition was assessed by the SAPS scale and the severity of intoxication was evaluated by the content of low and medium-molecular weight substances (LMMWSs). The hemostatic system was studied by standardized studies. Results. Routine plasmapheresis was established to produce no impact on platelet functional activity within the first 24 hours and, three days later, promoted the progression of disseminated intravascular coagulation. A combination of plasma exchange and laser extracorporeally washed-off cytomass irradiation in patients with pyoinflam-matory lung diseases was attended by a lower blood coagulative activity and plasmin stabilization with attenuated throm-binemia. The plasma and erythrocytic levels of LMMWSs decreased and their urinary concentrations increased, which is indicative of the body’s detoxification block disorders irrespective of the severity of the disease. Conclusion. It is expedient to apply the plasma-exchanging technique in combination with laser extracorporeally washed-off cytomass irradiation to patients with the uncomplicated and complicated course of pulmonary pyoinflammatory processes without the signs of multiple organ dysfunction on admission to a specialized hospital.

Impact of Postresuscitative Endogenous Intoxication on Lipid Peroxidation Processes in the Experiment

Endogenous intoxication and free radical oxidation were studied in rats after 10-minute clinical death due to systemic circulatory arrest. There were qualitative and quantitative changes in toxic substances throughout a 35-day postresuscitative period, as well as increased free radical oxidation processes in the vital organs (brain, liver, kidneys). At the same time, plasma samples showed inhibited chemiluminescence along with the elevated levels of low and medium molecular-weight substances since medium-weight molecules bound ferrous iron ions that were added to induce luminescence. The chemilu-minescence technique may serve as a rapid method for evaluating the degree of endogenous intoxication.

A Differential Approach to Choosing Extracorporeal Detoxification Methods for Abdominal Sepsis

A differential approach to choosing the methods of extracorporeal detoxification in the complex treatment of abdominal sepsis in the context of endogenous intoxication in order to enhance the efficiency of medical measures was pathogeneti-cally substantiated. In 51 patients diagnosed as having abdominal sepsis, the latter was characterized as the endogenous intoxication syndrome in relation to the accumulation of low and medium molecular-weight substances (plasma and red blood cells) in the body and their physiological elimination with urine. An original formula was used to calculate the integral marker – the endogenous intoxication index correlating with the routine severity rating scales APACHE II and SOFA and reflecting the severity of endotoxicosis. According to the values of the endogenous intoxication index and to the sum of scores by the APACHE II and SOFA scales, the patients were divided into 3 groups of the clinicopathogenetic types of endogenous intoxication. According to the type of endogenous intoxication, the authors proposed a differential approach to choosing the modes of efferent therapy for abdominal sepsis: high-volume plasmapheresis in the subcompensated type and prolonged venovenous hemofiltration, which improved the results of treatment and reduced mortality rates.

Detoxification in Abdominal Sepsis

Objective. To comparatively analyze the efficiency of methods for extracorporeal detoxification (ED) of the body in abdominal sepsis (AS) and to choose the optimum detoxifying methods in relation to the level of endotoxicosis. Material and methods. 56 patients (41 males and 15 females; mean age 39.4±12.2 years) with surgical abdominal infection of various genesis, complicated by the development of sepsis whose treatment included ED methods, were examined. The level of intoxication and the efficiency of detoxification were evaluated by general clinical and biochemical blood parameters, the leukocytic intoxication index, the levels of low and medium molecular-weight substances in the body’s media. Hemosorption, plasmapheresis, hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration, and hemofiltration were used for detoxification. Results. Surgical abdominal infection is accompanied by endotoxemia that has no clear nosological specificity, but it depends on the pattern of a clinical course of the disease and is most pronounced in the septic syndrome. In AS, 80.4% of the patients are observed to have an irreversible decompensation phase and a terminal degree of endotoxicosis, which require detoxification. The use of different ED methods according to the level of intoxication may reduce the level of endotoxicosis and yield a persistent beneficial effect in 85.2% of cases of its application. Conclusion. Filtration and dialysis techniques (hemodialysis, hemofiltration, and hemodiafiltration) are the methods of choice in AS. Hemosorption and plasmapheresis may be recommended for use at the early stages of endotoxicosis development and in preserved renal excretory function.

Using neoteric solvents in oil shale studies

Abstract The liquefaction, gasification, and other chemical modifications of oil shale are challenging goals of chemistry and chemical engineering. The use of new solvent systems, such as supercritical fluids and ionic liquids, represents new avenues in the search of environmentally benign technologies. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide is particularly effective for the isolation of substances of medium molecular weight and relatively low polarity. At elevated temperatures it is possible to unite the breaking chemical bonds in the kerogen organic matter and convert the former into oil with extraction using supercritical fluids. Quantitative and qualitative information obtained at different temperatures during SFE is providing some insight into the speciation of hydrocarbons in geological samples. Ionic liquids were studied as potential solvents for kerogen extraction. However, these chemical processes are favored at elevated temperatures up to the thermal degradation temperature of kerogen, 400 C. There were observed significant differences in the chemical composition of extracted oil and from the oil from the classical semicoking process of oil shale. An additional application would be a combination of the two methodsthe use of supercritical carbon dioxide to recover nonvolatile organic compounds from room-temperature ionic liquid without using organic solvents.