Medium Manganese Research Articles

Retained austenite in medium manganese steel with dissimilar morphology and composition

The microstructure and mechanical properties of medium manganese steel with a composition of 0.2C-5Mn-0.5Si-1.5Al (wt.%) were investigated, employing a two-stage heat treatment process. The microstructure following pretreatment comprised pearlite, martensite, and ferrite. Subsequent intercritical annealing resulted in the formation of retained austenite with varying morphology and composition. The filmy retained austenite transformed from pearlite exhibited a higher Mn content compared to the blocky retained austenite transformed from martensite, while also displaying a slower growth rate. Moreover, the filmy retained austenite exhibited superior thermal and mechanical stability. Tensile tests showed that the test steels not only obtained high strength (>1000 MPa) and high elongation (>30%), but the stress-strain curves also showed continuous yielding behaviour and a more reasonable ratio of tensile strength to yield strength.

Stepwise warm rolling for synergistic strength and ductility enhancement in heterolamellar medium-Mn steel

Medium manganese steel represents a promising third-generation advanced high-strength steel. However, achieving excellent plasticity in high-yield-strength medium manganese steel remains challenging, particularly with lower alloying element contents. In this study, we employed an innovative stepwise warm rolling process on 5Mn medium manganese steel, developing a heterolamellar microstructure along the rolling direction. The resulting steel exhibited a yield strength exceeding 1.5 GPa while maintaining a uniform elongation of approximately 29%. The high yield strength is attributed to fine lamellar grains with high dislocation density, while the excellent uniform elongation is due to the synergistic effect of multiple plastic deformation mechanisms, which promoted prolonged strain hardening and delayed the onset of necking. These mechanisms include hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening generated during the early deformation of the heterolamellar structure, transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect-induced work hardening, and delamination cracking that alleviates interface strain concentration and delays material failure. Collectively, these mechanisms enabled the material to achieve an exceptionally high product of yield strength and uniform elongation of 45 GPa·%. This work provides new insights into the design of high-strength, ductile medium manganese steels, advancing the application of high-performance medium manganese steels.

Quasi‐Static and Dynamic Deformation Behavior of Medium Manganese Automotive Steel under Interrupted Tension

Quasi‐Static and Dynamic Deformation Behavior of Medium Manganese Automotive Steel under Interrupted Tension

Understanding low-temperature microstructure and mechanical properties of a newly designed ultra-low carbon medium manganese steel

This study examines the relationship between microstructure and low-temperature mechanical properties of newly designed medium manganese steel with ultra-low carbon, low-Ni content. The microstructural features crucial for impact toughness were identified. The study indicated that post-annealing at 650 °C for 30 min endowed the steel with superior low-temperature mechanical properties, namely tensile strength of 914 MPa, total elongation of 37.2 %, and impact energy of 187 J at −60 °C. With longer intercritical annealing durations, reverted austenite transitioned from a film-like to a blocky morphology, with an increase in both volume fraction and size, accompanied by a substantial decrease in stability. High-stability reverted austenite contributed to sustained work hardening by facilitating a continuous Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) effect during steel deformation, thereby significantly enhancing the low temperature tensile properties of the steel. Furthermore, enhanced stability of reverted austenite was identified as the pivotal microstructural factor influencing impact toughness.

Strengthening mechanisms in vanadium-microalloyed medium-Mn steels

In this work, the impact of adding vanadium, ranging from 0 to 2 wt%, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast medium manganese steel was explored. A dual phase microstructure consisting of martensite and retained austenite was observed in the 0 V, 0.05 V and 0.8 V conditions. The 2 V condition contained retained austenite, lath martensite, and δ-ferrite bands. The retained austenite fraction and prior austenite grain size initially increased at lean vanadium concentrations but significantly dropped at the highest vanadium concentration. The element distribution in the constituent phases was investigated in detail. Mn, C and Si partitioning to austenite was observed in the 0 V, 0.05 V and 0.8 V conditions. V and C segregation to the grain boundaries and significant grain refinement were evident in the 2 V condition. The findings also revealed that increasing the vanadium content led to an increase in the hardness of the steel. This assessment was validated by tensile testing, which showed an improvement in yield and tensile strength of the steel with increasing vanadium content, and were supported by reconstruction of the parent austenite grains employing martensitic structures. Finally, the influence of different strengthening mechanisms on the yield strength of as-cast, microalloyed medium-manganese steels was also discussed in terms of simulated stacking fault energy, as well as the quantitative contributions from solid solution, grain boundary, and precipitation strengthening mechanisms.

Current-manipulated martensite transformation to enhance strength-ductility synergy in a medium Mn steel

In order to quantify the thermal and athermal effects during pulse current assisted deformation, the deformation behavior of medium manganese steel was studied using forced air cooling. At room temperature, the ultimate tensile strength of medium manganese steel is 1350 MPa and the total elongation is 47.3 %. However, in the pulsed current assisted deformation under forced air cooling, its strength and ductility are synergistically improved, with the ultimate tensile strength increased to 1380 MPa and the total elongation increased to 57 %. Athermal effects can delay deformation-induced martensite transformation by reducing austenite dislocation density and reducing stress concentration at austenite-ferrite phase boundaries, resulting in better strength and ductility in the pulsed tensile sample with forced air cooling. While the thermal effect increases the strain energy required for deformation-induced martensite transformation, resulting in a decrease in martensitic content and a decrease in accumulated dislocation density. Therefore, compared with the sample with forced air cooling, the ultimate tensile strength of the pulse tensile sample without forced air cooling is reduced.

Microstructure Evolution and Tensile Properties of Medium Manganese Steel Heat Treated by Two-Step Annealing

In this paper, the nucleation and growth of austenite are controlled through a two-step annealing process to achieve multi-scale distribution and content increase of retained austenite in low manganese series medium-Mn steel. Combining SEM, EBSD, AES, and other experimental equipment, the evolution rules of the microstructure, properties, and element distribution behavior of the test steel during the annealing process are studied. Compared with one-step annealing, the two-step annealing significantly broadens the size distribution range of retained austenite. In the first step, after annealing at a higher intercritical temperature (760 °C), the ferrite and the M/A island are obtained, completing the initial partition of Mn and the refinement of microstructures. During the second step of annealing (720 °C), the primary Mn-rich martensite region provides higher nucleation driving force and finer dispersed nucleation sites, promoting the nucleation and growth of reverse transformation austenite. At the same time, the metastable-retained austenite formed after the first step of annealing continues to grow through interface movement. Furthermore, a high proportion (23.4%) of retained austenite with multi-scale distribution is formed in the final microstructure, and the product of strength and elongation increased from 21.8 GPa·% by the one-step annealing process to 30.1 GPa·%.

Effects of temperature on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of copper − bearing medium manganese steel during tempering

This work introduced the effects of higher tempering temperatures on the microstructural evolution of Cu − bearing medium Mn steel. After quenching steel at 860 °C for 1 h, it was tempered at 600, 640, and 670 °C for 2 h. The results indicated that the low − temperature impact toughness initially increased and then decreased, while the yield strength consistently decreased with increasing temperature. At a tempering temperature of 640 °C, the steel exhibited a relatively high content of reversed austenite and demonstrated the best low − temperature toughness and plasticity. The low − temperature toughness and plasticity of the steel significantly diminished, when the temperature exceeded 640 °C. This is because the degree of alloying element enrichment in the reversed austenite is reduced, accompanied by an increase in dislocation density and the formation of twins. These reversed austenites exhibit a diminished ability to hinder crack nucleation and propagation. The yield strength decreased with increasing temperature, primarily due to the coarsening of the Cu particles, which reduces their precipitation strengthening effect. This study advances the development of high − strength tough medium − manganese steels.

Research on alloy composition-process-wear properties of medium manganese steel based on machine learning

To reveal the complex relationship between the wear properties of medium manganese steel and related parameters, the effects of silicon elements and heat treatment temperature on the wear properties of medium manganese steel under different impact energies were discussed. The microstructure, hardness, impact toughness, and wear resistance were analyzed by various tests. Based on machine learning, a comprehensive framework linking the alloy composition, heat treatment, and wear characteristics of Fe-Mn-Al-C medium manganese steel was developed. After experimental analysis and verification, silicon-containing steel shows the best wear resistance under high impact load at 700 °C heat treatment temperature. In addition, the IPSO-SVM model effectively predicted the impact wear performance, reaching an R2 value of 0.97 during testing.

Analysis of abrasive impact wear of the Mn8/SS400 bimetal composite using a newly designed wear testing rig

In this study, the abrasive impact wear behaviour of a bimetal composite made of medium manganese steels (MMSs) and low carbon steels (LCSs), i.e., the Mn8/SS400 bimetal composite, was investigated using a newly designed wear-testing rig. The need for a new rig arose from the difficulty in replicating real-world wear conditions. Our rig allows for precise control and measurement of wear, simulating harsh environments more accurately than other wear-testing rigs. The bimetal composite Mn8/SS400 demonstrated superior wear resistance, showing an improvement of up to 2.8 times compared to benchmark steels, attributed to its enhanced work hardening sensitivity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses were employed to elucidate the wear mechanisms. After 300 h of abrasive impact wear, the subsurface microhardness of Mn8 reached 601.31 HV, significantly higher than that of the matrix hardness of 292.24 HV, indicating a substantial work hardening effect. The wear mechanism of the Mn8/SS400 bimetal composite was found to be a synergistic effect of grain refinement strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and twin strengthening. Initially, twin strengthening was the dominant mechanism up to 200 h of wear testing. However, after 300 h, contributions from all three mechanisms became increasingly significant, enhancing the overall wear resistance of the composite.

Stability of retained austenite and its effect on tensile properties and hole expansion performance of high-strength steel

Medium manganese steel has a ferritic matrix with retained austenite as the secondary phase at room temperature (RT). The effect of the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) of retained austenite on steel has earlier been found to result in an excellent combination of high strength and ductility, making it a promising candidate as a third-generation advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) for automotive applications. Therefore, extensive research has recently been conducted with the aim to increase the amount of retained austenite in steel, thereby enhancing the strength and ductility of the steel. However, an increase in the amount of retained austenite can be detrimental to the HER, which is due to its low mechanical stability and the transformation to martensite when forming holes by punching. However, there has been relatively little research on this topic.The impact of the mechanical stability of retained austenite on the tensile properties and hole expansion ratio (HER) of high-strength medium-Mn steel have been investigated in the present study. Samples were prepared using one-step austenite-reverted-transformation (ART) annealing, which resulted in steel with 24.7 % retained austenite and moderate mechanical stability. The steel showed also an excellent combination of strength and ductility. Samples were also prepared using two-step annealing, which showed a positive effect on the HER of the steel, regardless of the processing method used for the formation of a central hole on the samples. However, it slightly reduced the ductility of the steel. For all these samples, the impact of the retained austenite on the HER was found to be closely related to its mechanical stability and content in the steel.Retained austenite with poor stability transformed into hard martensite during the punching processing of holes. In contrast, the retained austenite with a relatively high stability showed a positive effect during the whole hole expansion deformation process. It decreased the stress concentration and, thereby, improved the HER. Thus, the present study has found that it is of the greatest importance to improve the stability of the retained austenite in high-strength medium-Mn steel, and to suppress its transformation to martensite during the punching of holes in the steel.

A component-oriented material design to improve crashworthiness of safety-relevant car body structures made out of lean medium manganese steel

A component-oriented material design to improve crashworthiness of safety-relevant car body structures made out of lean medium manganese steel

The nonlinear analysis of Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect: An application to medium Mn steel

The instability of plastic flow in medium manganese steel was investigated through uniaxial tensile tests conducted at room temperature across various strain rates. The Portvin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect was analyzed using statistical methods and a multifractal approach. The findings indicate that the zigzag stress–strain curves associated with instability plastic flow exhibit typical multifractal characteristics. Furthermore, the multifractal analysis quantifies the influence of strain rate and initial phase composition on the instability characteristics of the stress–strain curves. Specifically, it was observed that lower strain rates and austenite content correspond to a chaotic state, whereas higher strain rates and austenite content result in self-organizing critical dynamics. Finally, the underlying physical mechanisms driving these differing modes of behavior are discussed, with a focus on their relationship to strain rate and the initial austenitic phase fraction.

Effects of intercritical annealing time on microstructure, tensile properties, and cryogenic toughness of newly designed ultra-low C low Ni Medium-Mn steel

An ultra-low carbon and low nickel medium manganese heavy steel plates was fabricated by quenching and intercritical annealing process. The effect of annealing time on the tensile properties and impact toughness were studied in relation to the formation of reversed transformation. The results show that excellent mechanical properties with yield strength of 680 MPa, tensile strength of 871 MPa, total elongation of 38.2% and high impact energy of 187 J at −60 °C were obtained. The microstructure comprised of ultra-fine grained ferrite and retained austenite (RA) together with a small amount of martensite after intercritical annealing. Increasing the intercritical annealing time resulted in coarser matrix microstructures, larger and more voluminous retained austenite, but with notably reduced stability. Highly stable RA enhances the work hardening capacity of the steel via sustained deformation-induced transformation (TRIP effect), significantly contributing to the toughening of the multiphase system. In addition, Austenite stability, rather than large-angle grain boundaries and the amount of austenite transformation, is the primary factor determining the low-temperature toughness of medium manganese steel.

Austenite formation and solute redistribution during double soaking of a 7Mn-steel

In this work, the influence of secondary soaking parameters on microstructural evolution in medium manganese steels is evaluated with a specific focus on the mechanisms driving austenite formation and solute partitioning at an intermediate secondary soaking temperature of 750 °C. The secondary soaking heat treatment represents the latter step of the double soaking heat treatment where it is used, after an initial intercritical annealing heat treatment, to form additional, solute-lean austenite. Here, data are obtained on a 0.14C-7.17 Mn steel for secondary soaking temperatures between 700 °C and 800 °C, and for times up to 1200 s. Austenite formation during secondary soaking is characterized using dilatometry and XRD, while Mn redistribution is experimentally observed using STEM-EDS. Manganese partitioning during secondary soaking, as well as calculated changes in carbon partitioning, are further explored through a DICTRATM model. Experimental and simulation results suggest that the ferrite-to-austenite transformation during the secondary soaking step may proceed under a partitioning, diffusional transformation at the 750 °C secondary soaking temperature. Manganese partitioning was demonstrated to primarily occur from ferrite to newly formed secondary austenite, while carbon diffusion principally occurred from primary to secondary austenite. Transformation of secondary austenite to martensite upon quenching along with some fraction of primary austenite, whose transformation was attributed to a reduction in C concentration, was shown demonstrated. The results of this study are expected to be of interest to those seeking to design multi-step heat treatments which produce austenite of variable solute concentrations and stabilities.

Study on the Relationship Between Humidity and Under-Deposit Corrosion in High Strength Medium Manganese Steel

Study on the Relationship Between Humidity and Under-Deposit Corrosion in High Strength Medium Manganese Steel

Influence of shot-peening treatment on wear resistance of medium manganese steel

The effect of shot peening treatment on dry sliding wear behavior of medium manganese steel in as-hot rolled and solution-aging states were studied. The results show that before shot peening, the wear resistance of the solution-aging sample was better than that of hot-rolled steel. The excellent wear resistance was due to the synergistic effect of Ti (C, N) particle precipitation strengthening and grain refinement in the matrix, resulting in high strain hardening ability. After shot peening, different microscopic evolution mechanisms caused great contrast in properties. The as-hot rolled sample released internal stress by generating deformation twins (DTs) during shot peening. With the increased shot peening time, the DTs thickened and interacted with dislocations, effectively reducing the free dislocation path, releasing residual stress, and significantly improving wear resistance. However, solution-aging steel generated many dislocations, resulting in residual stress concentration at Ti (C, N) particles, promoting crack initiation and propagation, and deteriorated wear resistance.

Effect of chromium and molybdenum addition on the matching mechanism of strength−ductility−toughness of low carbonmedium manganese steel

Low carbon medium manganese steel with chromium and molybdenum addition (4MnCM), alongside a control group without these additions (4Mn), was developed. The quenching (860 °C) and tempering (620 °C) heat treatment process was applied to both steel groups. The influence of Cr and Mo on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties was examined. The findings revealed that, the low−temperature impact energy values (KV2) of 4MnCM at −60 and −84 °C were enhanced by 104 and 107 J, in comparison to 4Mn. The yield and tensile strength saw an increase of 100 MPa. The higher low-temperature toughness of 4MnCM is attributed, on one hand, to the addition of Cr and Mo, which inhibiting deformation twinning through enhances the stacking fault energy (SFE) of reversed austenite. On the other hand, it is due to the absence of coarse ε−martensite (ε−m) along the crack propagation path. Additionally, the phase transformation of reversed austenite occurs at the crack nucleation stage during the impact process of both steels, which helps alleviate stress concentration and increases the energy required for crack formation. The primary reason for the higher strength of 4MnCM lies in the significant enhancement of precipitation strengthening effects through the precipitation of M6C, M23C6 and Nb/TiC co-precipitation with M6C.

Details of mining beneficiation equipment made of medium manganese wear-resistant steel

For mining and beneficiation equipment, medium-manganese steel for the production of fast-wearing replaceable parts is proposed. The object of research was the effect of phosphorus on the physical and mechanical properties of austenitic manganese steels with a manganese concentration within the standard for steel 110G13L and below the regulated lower level. Phosphorus more significantly reduces impact toughness, relative elongation and relative narrowing in steels with a lower manganese content than in classic Hadfield steel. In steels with a reduced manganese content, phosphorus has a less effective influences on the tensile strength, and it has practically no effect on hardness. Reducing the phosphorus concentration to 0.025 % and below in 110G8L steel increases its main physical and mechanical properties to the level of 110G10L steel with high phosphorus (recommended for parts subject to abrasive wear). The use of 110G8LA steel with low phosphorus reduces to further reduce the costs of manganese ferroalloys in the production of fast-wearing replaceable parts of mining and beneficiation equipment. This also reduces the emission of manganese compounds with oxygen into the atmosphere, which is very harmful to the environment and the human body.

Development of a digital material shadow for the press hardening route of medium manganese steel

Press-hardened ultra-high strength steel parts are widely used in the automotive sector for their lightweight and safety advantages. Medium-Manganese Steels (MMnS) are being explored as an alternative to boron-manganese steels due to their high strength and ductility after quenching, achieved at lower annealing temperatures thus reducing energy usage and carbon emissions. However, industrial adoption of MMnS is hindered by challenging processing requirements, e.g. in cold-rolling and press hardening.To expedite and improve the process development, data-driven decisions based on process parameters hold promise. Establishing a link between process data and the final produced part necessitates the development of a framework for a Digital Material Shadow (DMS).This paper investigates the development of a DMS framework for the cold rolling and press hardening process chain. In conjunction with conventional data acquisition methods employed for cold rolling, novel data acquisition techniques are introduced specifically tailored for press hardening, ensuring the comprehensive availability of relevant data. Moreover, a data pipeline is implemented to enable automatic processing, visualization, and analysis of process data. To facilitate seamless data linkage across processes in the DMS, an ID-system is introduced. Finally, the developed framework’s validity is demonstrated by creating a DMS for press-hardened MMnS parts, showcasing its potential for practical applications.