Medium-low Level Research Articles

PENGELOMPOKAN KASUS PENYAKIT AIDS BERDASARKAN PROVINSI DENGAN DATA MINING K-MEDOIDS CLUSTERING

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS abbreviated) is a set of symptoms and infections that arise due to the destruction of the human immune system due to HIV viral infection. This study discusses about Rapidminer Application in Grouping Cases of AIDS Disease by Province with K-medoid Clustering Data Mining. The rise of AIDS cases in Indonesia has become a case that never escapes government attention. Attention to the ever increasing rate of death makes people worry about the spread of the AIDS virus. Sources of data and research are collected from the information document Number of Villages Who Have Health Facilities produced by the Social Security Administering Board. The data used in this study is data from 2008-2011 which consists of 34 provinces. Assessment criteria used are 2 ie 1). the average number of AIDS cases and 2). the average number of AIDS cases deaths were managed using 3 clusters ie high cluster level (C1), medium cluster level (C2) and low cluster level (C3). So that the cluster C1 obtained for Cases of AIDS Disease by Province as many as 4 provinces of Papua, DKI Jakarta, West Java and East Java, 9 provinces for cluster C2 and for cluster C3 as much as 20. This can be input to the government, the province of concern in the number of cases of AIDS.Keywords: Maining Data, AIDS Disease, Clustering, K-medoid

Solute mixing in a permeable non-rectangular channel

Understanding diffusion and solute transport, is regarded as a main activity in environmental management, sustainable development and sedimentation processes because of their role in diffusion of contaminants. The current paper presents an experimental study which was done in a parabolic channel with permeable and impermeable bed conditions in order to estimate the transverse mixing coefficient (TMC) and the maximum solute mixing length (SML) for different channel bed roughness coefficients and discharges. The cross section of the channel was 0.5 m wide and 0.3 m deep with a parabolic shape (i.e. similar to furrow irrigation). Three levels of bed roughness coefficient of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06, and three discharges of 5, 10, and 15 L/s were considered. Bed infiltration channel was applied at a low level and medium level as well as a case without infiltration. In the current experiments, sodium chloride was used as a soluble tracer and was injected into the water at mid depth in the upstream cross section. The tracer concentration profile in the water and velocity profile were measured at eight cross sections in the channel. The results showed that the values of SML ranged between 20 and 46 m in impermeable and permeable beds channel beds respectively. The assessment of usual discharge values, infiltration, and roughness coefficient of a furrow (agricultural field) indicated that the SML of the furrows were less than 20 m. In the current research, the average dimensionless mixing coefficient was found to be 0.17 in the nonrectangular channel. Eventually, equations were developed to explain the TMC and SML in a permeable parabolic channel that could be beneficial in prediction of fertilizer transport in furrow irrigation.

Prevalence, environmental risk factors and heritability of body condition in Pura Raza Español horses

Although overweight and obesity are relatively common health problems in horses and are presumed to be prevalent in PRE, no previous studies have explored the potential genetic and environmental causes of these conditions. The main objective of this study was to establish the prevalence, potential risk factors and heritability of body condition in PRE. The database included the Body Condition Score (BCS) of 1511 PRE. The genetic parameters were estimated with a Bayesian genetic animal model which included the following systematic effects: gender, stud, year, feed management, veterinary appraisal and reproduction function. Of the total number of horses included in the study, 58.57% were overweight (BCS =7) and 12.57% were obese (BCS > 7). The estimated heritabilities for BCS ranged from h2 = =0.14 (s.d. = =0.050) to 0.24 (s.d. = 0.068) depending on the genetic model used. Thus, BCS showed a low-medium level of heritability. Genetic selection against overweight and obesity in this breed may therefore be beneficial.

Neighbourhood Relationship among Villages in Gedangan District: Multidimensional Poverty Approach

Poverty becomes one of the global problems especially in developing country. Poverty is condition when people have difficulty to access basic needs and unable access it. This research takes place at Gedangan District, Malang Regency. This research aims are to: i) measure multidimension poverty index and ii) find out neighbourhood relationship among villages in Gedangan District. There are two research methods which are are used: i) Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) – consists of three dimensions (health, education and living standard); and ii) Spatial Data Analysis. MPI value measurement indicates that there are 2 MPI levels: low level (4 villages) and medium level (4 villages). Therefore, based on the MPI measurement, there are 4 villages with medium level of MPI as the priority villages to deal with poverty. The result of LISA map by spatial data analysis indicates that cluster of Low-High is form by Sidodadi village. It means that there are inequality facilities services between low value area and high value area. Sidodadi gets better services than its neighbour because it gets better service from another district, and it is vice versa for the village that have high value but does not get good facility services from Gedangan District.

The relationship between mental stimulation level of life events and suicide attempt of rural residents in Shandong Province

Objective: To explore the relationship between the level of mental stimulation and the suicide attempts of rural residents in Shandong Province. Methods: A 1:1 matched case-control study was designed to collect 1 200 cases from a survey of three suicide attempts in rural areas of Shandong Province. Controls were selected according to the following matched factors: age difference within 3 years, same gender, same village or neighboring village, no blood relationship, no suicide history. The basic characteristics of all subjects were collected through the questionnaire, and the level of mental stimulation of life events was measured. Multivariate conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the level of mental stimulation of life events and suicide attempts. Results: The mean age of the case group and the control group was both (36.6±0.3) years old, and 35.8% (430/1 200) were males in each group. The low-medium level of mental stimulation of negative life events in the case group was 16.7% (200/1 200) and 61.7% (740/1 200), respectively, which was higher than that in the control group, about 2.5% (30/1 200) and 29.3% (352/1 200) (all P values <0.05), respectively. A total of 11.1% (133/1 200) of the case group had positive life events, which was lower than that of the control group [16.8% (201/1 200)] (all P values<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that after the adjustment of gender, age, place of residence, education level, marital status, occupation, family income, somatic disease, mental disorders, family history of suicide, and opposite life events, the low-medium and high level of mental stimulation of negative life events were risk factors for suicide attempts, with OR (95%CI) as 5.88 (4.53-7.64) and 13.94 (8.15-23.86), respectively. Mental stimulation of positive life events was protective factor of suicide attempts, with OR (95%CI) as 0.58 (0.41-0.82). Conclusion: Mental stimulation of negative and positive life events were risk and protective factors for suicide attempts.

Factors Influencing Livelihood Security among the Fishing Migrant Households at Places of Origin in Thailand

This article examines the factors influencing upon livelihood security among fishing migrant households at their places of origin. The research employed a quantitative approach to the research methodology. Interview schedule was used to collect data from 385 fishing migrant household samples in the Provinces of Surin, Burirum, and Sri Saket, who had members working in the fishing industry for at least one year. Data collection was conducted during April 2018, and descriptive statistics and path analysis were implemented in the data analysis. The results found that a majority of the sampled households had a low-medium level of livelihood security (62.1 percent), while 10.7 percent of the sampled households were observed as having a low level of livelihood security. Path analysis presented factors having a direct effect including land, household assets, human capital, social capital, physical capital, natural capital, and household risks. Factors providing an indirect effect through household risk consisted of year of migration, reason for migration, frequency of remittance received, annual household income, agriculture-based income, none-agriculture income, household assets, social capital, and natural capital, with a statistical significance between the 0.01 level and the 0.05 level. The explanatory variables accounted for 59.38 percent of the variance in explaining livelihood security among the fishing migrant households (R2 = 0.5938). Research recommendations focus on livelihood diversification and the mitigating guidelines for the fishing migrant households to reduce risks of livings

Box–Behnken design directed optimization for sensitivity assessment of anti-platelet drugs

Optimization of electrospray ionization (ESI) parameters is routinely carried out by one factor at a time (OFAT) or auto-tune software (ATS). Design of experiments (DOE) approach has been reported to be an excellent alternative to OFAT or ATS. Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was successfully used to optimize ESI parameters like nebulizing gas flow rate, desolvation line temperature, heat block temperature, and drying gas flow rate for [M + H]+ intensity of Clopidogrel bisulfate (CLP) and Ticlopidine (TLP). BBD model was found to be significant with p < .0001 for both CLP and TLP. The predicted and optimized (OL) ESI parameters were used for chromatographic analysis and were compared against three levels of ESI parameters, i.e. low level (LL), medium level (ML), and high level (HL). The OL ESI parameters were subjected to chromatographic analysis and its mean peak area was significantly higher than mean peak area for LL, ML, and HL ESI in case of CLP and TLP (p < .001). However, no significant difference was observed between the mean peak area for ML and OL of TLP. Thus, BBD can be considered with 29 trials to optimize four mass spectrometric parameters. The liquid chromatographic parameters percentage of methanol, percentage of formic acid and flow rate were also optimized using BBD. However, the optimized method did not significantly influence the peak response over the non-optimized method.

Detected cyanotoxins by UHPLC MS/MS technique in tropical reservoirs of northeastern Colombia

This study focused on the detection and quantification of eight cyanotoxins in water samples in three reservoirs located in the eastern department of Antioquia, Colombia. The reservoirs are a source of water supply and hydroelectricity, and also generate economic activities in fishing and recreation. Between May 2015 and October 2016, 8 samplings were carried out at times of high temperatures, which ranged from 20 to 29 °C. This period was selected because of a significant or strong El Niño phenomenon, according to the World Meteorological Organization. For the study, 270 integrated samples were taken from the photic zone (PZ) and the surface of the reservoirs, at each of the three sampling points. The samples were analyzed by the analytical technique of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC MS/MS). The quantification performed for six microcystins (MCs), a nodularin (NOD) and a cylindrospermopsin (CYN), showed positive results well above 1 μg L−1. In the water of the Abreo Malpaso and Peñol reservoirs, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), microcystin-YR (MC-YR) and [D-Asp3,(E)-Dhb7]- microcystin-RR toxins were detected at levels of considerable concentration, especially between May and September 2015, when there was no rainfall in this region. In the Playas reservoir, positive results for [D-Asp3,(E)-Dhb7]-MC-RR were detected from May to November 2015, with the highest concentrations being reached in dry season. The temperatures reached and the changes in climatic conditions witnessed during the monitoring period of this study were important factors in the production of cyanotoxins. This was evidenced in this work by the high concentrations of detected cyanotoxins and their absence in periods of rain, as happened from the second quarter of 2016 until the end of the study in October. This is the first study of the detection and quantification of cyanotoxins in tropical reservoirs of northeastern Colombia using the UHPLC MS/MS analytical technique, which allowed the toxins to be unequivocally detected and confirmed. A method was developed and validated, proving to be sensitive, reproducible and accurate. For each of the toxins (microcystin-LR (MC-LR), microcystin-RR (MC-RR), microcystin-YR (MC-YR), [D-Asp3,(E)-Dhb7]- microcystin-RR, microcystin-LW (MC-LW), microcystin-LF (MC-LF), nodularin (NOD) and cylindrospermopsina (CYN)) the correlation coefficients (R2) were in a range between 0.9907 and 0.9999. Verification of the accuracy of the method was performed through a calibration curve in solvent. The recovery percentages of the accuracy and precision tests of the method for low level, medium level and high level were in a range between 64% and 115% for all the cyanotoxins. The validation of the cyanotoxin method shows that it is possible to detect them individually in natural water with a quantification limit (LOQ) of approximately 0.05 μg L−1.

The absorption of apolipoprotein E by damaged neurons facilitates neuronal repair.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the common diseases diagnosed in departments of neurosurgery. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) can improve the prognosis of TBI. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of apoE in mechanically damaging neurons as well as its underlying molecular mechanism. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect the expressions of associated proteins. The expressions of apoE, p38, and phosphorylation of P38 were increased in mechanically injured neurons compared with those of the non-injured ones. Neurons transfected into silencing apoE had no clear difference in the expression of apoE between injured and non-injured neurons. However, in the injured neurons, silencing apoE could significantly decrease apoE and p-P38 expressions. Oligodendrocytes were cultured in the medium collected from mechanically damaged si-apoE neurons. Furthermore, we found that mechanically injured si-apoE neurons could absorb the secreted apoE from the oligodendrocyte medium of the injured si-apoE-neuron, along with increasing of p-P38 expression at 24 h. The p38 MAPK inhibitor BIRB 796 almost did not affect the apoE expression at 24 h, but significantly reduced the p-P38 level at 24 and 72 h in injured si-apoE neurons cultured with oligodendrocyte medium of the injured si-apoE-neurons. Moreover, our result showed that neuronal repair effects in normal neurobasal medium (lowest levels of apoE and p-P38) and BIRB 796 medium (low level of p-P38) were more slow than those in the oligodendrocyte medium of the injured si-apoE-neurons. To conclude, our data demonstrated that mechanical injury of neurons stimulated oligodendrocytes to secrete apoE. The injured neurons could absorb secreted apoE. The expression of apoE contributed to the activation of p38 MAPK, which facilitated neuron repair.

Mathematical Literacy of Male and Female Students in Solving PISA Problem by “Shape and Space” Content

This is a descriptive research which aims to describe mathematical literacy of male and female students by solving PISA problem. Mathematical problems are not only related to calculations, but how our ability to apply mathematical knowledge to solve problems in daily life. The importance of mathematical literacy can be seen from the PISA. The content of this research is shape and space content. Determination of this mathematical level is corresponding by some indicators which has been developed. It has three levels that consist of low level, medium level and high level. It has been addapted with 6 indicators of mathematical literacy of PISA. The result of this research is male students reach low level 43,75%, medium level 37,5% and high level 18,75%. While, female students reach low level 11,11%, and medium level 88,89%.

Socio-Emotional Development in Sixth Grade Elementary School Children from Two Public Schools

The purpose of this work was to improve socio-emotional development of the participants as a basis to strengthen prosocial behavior. The sample was conformed by 89 sixth grade students of two public schools between 10 and 14 years old. For the evaluation of socio-emotional traits, the following instruments were used: (1) Battery of socialization, BAS-3, (Silva Moreno &amp; Martorell Pallás, 2018), (2) Questionnaire of antisocial and criminal conducts, A-D, (Seisdedos, 2001); (3) CP, Questionnaire of prosocial conduct (Weir &amp; Duveen, 1981); (4) Scale of assertive behavior for children CABS (Mencia Padilla, 2016); (5) Questionnaire of cognitive strategies for the resolution of social situations, EIS, (Garaigordobil, 2000); and (6) Scale of self-concept for children (Cortés Ayala &amp; Flores Galaz, 2010). The work consisted of an applied research with a multi-group design of pretest-postest repeat measures and a control group. There were significant differences found by sex in: prosocial behavior reported by teachers; antisocial and criminal behaviors; and socialization behavior; where women show a Medium high and men a Medium low level. The diagnostic-evaluation differences by group, as well as the differences between experimental and control groups after the intervention are discussed.

Improving Safety through Non-Technical Skills in Chemical Plants: The Validity of a Questionnaire for the Self-Assessment of Workers.

This research is aimed at developing a questionnaire for the self-assessment of non-technical skills (NTS) leading to safety in the chemical sector and at analysing the properties of its scales in terms of construct validity. The research involved 269 Italian employees from three chemical plants of an international company, who occupied low–medium levels in the organizational hierarchy. Results showed a good level of validity and reliability of the instrument and suggested that communication, situational awareness, decision-making, and fatigue/stress management are the four most important NTS for safety in the chemical sector.

Assessment of the impact of heavy metals in sediments along the Spanish Mediterranean coastline: pollution indices.

A comprehensive study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence, significance of concentrations and spatial distribution of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn and As) in sediments along the Valencia coastline (Spain). The sampling campaign covered 476km of the coastline in a 4-year period. The highest concentrations of metals in the sediments were mainly Cr, Ni, Zn and Cd (up to 28.93mg Crkg-1 dw, 15.80mg Ni kg-1 dw, 57.13mg Zn kg-1 dw and 0.293mg Cd kg-1 dw), obtained in the northern areas, some central areas and in an isolated area on the southern coastline. The Sediment Quality Guidelines applied reveal that for all metals studied, none of them reached, or exceed, the "effects of median range" or the "probable effect level". The pollution index reveals that 75% of the stretch coastline has a low priority risk level and the rest "medium-low priority risk level". And, lastly, Potential Ecological Risk Index shows that all but one zone have low ecological risk.

Using the transtheoretical model's stages of change to predict medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a primary health care setting.

Qatar is currently experiencing a worrying increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). One of the most common reasons for uncontrolled DM is non-adherence to medications. The socio-behavioral intervention has proven effective in some chronic illnesses. To assess the stages of change (SOC) and medication adherence scores of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients visiting primary healthcare institutions in Qatar, and to evaluate the cause and effect relationship between SOC and adherence to antidiabetic medications. The 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) was used to assess medication adherence, and a 2-item SOC questionnaire was utilized to classify the SOC. The analysis to determine if the SOC could predict medication adherence while controlling for demographic characteristics, total number of prescribed medications and disease duration was done using hierarchical multiple regression. The final analysis included 387 patients. In relation to medication adherence, majority of the patients were in the maintenance stage (76.7%), followed by the preparation stage (14.7%), the action stage (3.9%), the contemplation stage (3.4%) and the precontemplation stage (1.3%). Most of the patients were in high adherence towards antidiabetic medications (50.3%) followed by low level (26.4%) and medium level (23.3%). SOC was significant and positively predicted medication adherence, which accounted for around 58 to 60% (p < 0.001) while controlling for covariates. SOC was significant and positively predicted medication adherence. The study recommends that the SOC questionnaire could potentially be used to identify patients at risk for low adherence.

Italian Atlas of mortality inequalities by education level.

To evaluate the geographical and socioeconomic differences in mortality and in life expectancy in Italy; to evaluate the proportion of mortality in the population attributable to a medium-low education level through the use of maps and indicators. Longitudinal design of the population enrolled in the 2011 Italian Census, following the population over time and registering any exit due to death or emigration. The study used the database of the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat) developed by linking the 2011 Census with the Italian National Register of Causes of Death (2012-2014) for 35 groups of causes of death. Age, sex, residence, and education level information were collected from the Census. Life expectancy at birth was calculated by sex, Italian region, and education level. For the population aged 30-89 years, the following items were developed by sex: 1. provincial maps showing, for each cause of death, the distribution in quintiles of smoothed standardized mortality ratio (SMR), adjusted for age and education level and estimated with Bayesian models for small areas (spatial conditional autoregressive model); 2. regional maps of population attributable fraction (PAF) for low and medium education levels, calculated starting from age-standardized mortality ratios; 3. tables illustrating for each region standardized mortality rates and standardized years of life lost rate by age (standardized YLL rate), and mortality rate ratios standardized by age (MMRs). Males with a lower education level throughout Italy show a life expectancy at birth that is 3 years less than those with higher education; residents in Southern Italy lose an additional year in life expectancy, regardless of education level. Social inequalities in mortality are present in all regions, but are more marked in the poorer regions of Southern Italy. Geographical differences, taking into account the different population distributions in terms of age and education level, produce mortality differences for all causes: from -15% to +30% in women and from -13% to +26% in men, compared to the national average. Among the main groups of causes, the geographical differences are greater for cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and accidents, and lower for many tumour sites. A clear mortality gradient with an excess in Southern Italy can be seen for cardiovascular diseases: there are some areas where mortality for people with higher education level is higher than that for residents in Northern Italy with low education level. The gradient for "All tumours", instead, is from South to North, as it is for most single tumour sites. Population attributable fraction for low education level in Italy, taking into account the population distribution by age, is 13.4% in women and 18.3% in men. The study highlighted important geographical differences in mortality, regardless of age and socioeconomic level, with a more significant impact in the poorer Southern regions, revealing a never-before-seen health advantage in the regions along the Adriatic coast. A lower education level explains a considerable proportion of mortality risk, although with differing effects by geographical area and cause of death. There are still mortality inequalities in Italy, therefore, representing a possible missed gain in health in our Country; these inequalities suggest a reassessment of priorities and definition of health targets. Forty years after the Italian National Health Service was instituted, the goal of health equity has not yet been fully achieved.

Perbandingan Algoritma K-Means dengan Fuzzy C-Means Untuk Clustering Tingkat Kedisiplinan Kinerja Karyawan

STT Bandung merupakan perguruan tinggi swasta yang memiliki potensi besar untuk menjadi perguruan tinggi terkemuka di Kota Bandung. Untuk mencapai tujuan perguruan tinggi, salah satu tahap yang harus dilakukan adalah evaluasi kinerja karyawan, yakni dengan pemantauan kedisiplinan karyawan. Untuk memudahkan penentuan tingkat kedisiplinan karyawan maka diperlukan teknik data mining untuk mengklaster data. Pada data mining terdapat beberapa metode klaster data, yang sering digunakan adalah metode K-Means dengan Fuzzy C-Means. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan kedua metode tersebut mengelompokan data kinerja karyawan menjadi 3 kluster, yakni tingkat kinerja tinggi, tingkat kinerja sedang dan tingkat kinerja rendah. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode Fuzzy C-Means adalah metode yang lebih baik dibandingkan K-Means untuk melakukan mengklasteran data pada tingkat kinerja karyawan di STT Bandung karena nilai validasinya bernilai mendekati 1.&#x0D; Kata kunci : Data Mining, Perbandingan, K-Means, Fuzzy C-Means

Assessmentof the sensitivity of rural fresh water and sanitation to the climate change – a case study in Can Gio district

This work aimed at calculating and assessing sensitivity (S) to the climate change (CC) of the rural fresh water and sanitation (RFWS), a case study in Can Gio for the period of 2014 – 2025, by index (via 12 indicators), survey, and professional adjustment methods. Results showed that, in 2014, the S index of the whole district was 40.7 (medium low level), ranging from 29–58 among 7 communes (according to medium low to medium high levels). Binh Khanh had the highest S index, 58 points (2014), followed by An Thoi Dong, Tam Thon Hiep, and Long Hoa. For the period of 2020–2030, S indices of the district tend to decrease (35.3 and 33.9, respectively), ranging from low to medium low levels among the communes. This work also reviewed strengths and weaknesses in the sensitivity to CC of RFWS in the local, pointing out and prioritizing 7 defected links as the basis for establishing solutions to mitigate the S to CC of the system, serving the sustainable development objectives of the local.

Sexual risk among Colombian adolescents: knowledge, attitudes, normative beliefs, perceived control, intention, and sexual behavior

BackgroundColombia has one of the highest rates of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and pregnancies - both of which are influenced by lack of condom use -, among adolescent population in Latin America; however, the mechanisms underlying the inconsistent use of condoms in this population are poorly understood. This descriptive and cross-sectional study’s purpose was to examine sexual behavior and its precursors using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and considering gender-based differences. Another objective was to study the mediating effect of intention in the relationship between behavior precursors and condom use based on the TPB.MethodsWe recruited 1100 adolescents aged between 14 and 19 years old (M = 15.94, SD = 1.30, 54.4% female) from Bogotá and Barranquilla, two of the cities with highest adolescent birth rates among adolescents in Colombia. Sociodemographic variables, knowledge on HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS-related attitudes, including attitudes toward the use of condoms, normative beliefs, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, and sexual behavior were assessed using self-reports. All analyses were run using SPSS v25. The indirect effect of intention to explain the relationship between precursors and the use of condoms during sexual intercourse was estimated using the PROCESS v3 macro.ResultsDescriptive analyses suggest a high risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies associated to inconsistent condom use, medium-low level of knowledge about sexual health, low normative beliefs regarding peers’ condom use, and a certain perceived difficulty for using condoms. Condoms are used 71% of the times they have sex, but only 22% of the participants use them consistently; girls use condoms more consistently than boys. Sexual risk characteristics differed significantly by gender. Mediation analyses indicated that condom use intention mediates the relationship between behavioral precursors and frequency of condom use, according to the TPB.ConclusionsFindings provide a better understanding of sexual risk and highlight important implications for the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents. There is a need of designing and implementing protocolized sexual health promotion programs in schools with the aim of reducing sexual risk behaviors in Colombian adolescents.

Accessibility across transport modes and residential developments in Nairobi

A key goal of urban transportation planning is to provide people with access to a greater number of opportunities for interaction with people and places. Measures of accessibility are gaining attention globally for use in planning, yet few studies measure accessibility in cities in low-income countries, and even fewer incorporate semi-formal bus systems, also called paratransit. Drawing on rich datasets available for Nairobi, Kenya this analysis quantifies place-based accessibility for walking, paratransit, and driving using three different measures: a mobility measure quantifying how many other locations in Nairobi can be reached in 60 min, a contour measure quantifying the number of health facilities that can be reached in 60 min, and a gravity measure quantifying the number of health facilities weighted by a time-decay function. Health facilities are used because they are an essential service that people need physical access to and as a representation of the spatial distribution of activities more broadly. The findings show that place-based accessibility is highest for driving, then paratransit, then walking, and that there are high levels of access to health facilities near the Central Business District (CBD) for all modes. Additionally, paratransit accessibility is comparatively better in the contour and gravity measures, which may mean that paratransit is efficiently providing access based on the spatial distribution of services. The contour measure results are also compared across different residential levels, which are grouped based on neighborhood characteristics and ordered by income. Counterintuitively, the wealthiest areas have very low levels of place-based accessibility for all modes, while poor areas have comparatively better walking access to health facilities. Interestingly, the medium low residential level, characterized in part by tenement apartment buildings, has significantly higher accessibility than other residential types. One way to reduce inequality in access across income groups is to increase spatial accessibility for the modes used by low- and middle-income households, for example with policies that prioritize public transport and non-motorized travel, integrate paratransit with land use development, and provide safe, efficient, and affordable options.

Quantitative Evaluation of Artificial Interference Intensity on Coastline——A Case Study of Haizhou Bay in China

Based on the two characteristics of the sensitivity nature of coastline to the artificial interference and the intensity of the human activity interference, this paper constructs an evaluation model of artificial interference intensity on coastline, and takes the Haizhou Bay of China as an example for analysis. The results show that the coastline of Haizhou Bay is 77.75 km long and the coastal areas are affected by human development activities to varying degrees. The lengths of the middle section of high level, medium-high level, medium level, medium-low level and low level interferences are 18.13km, 11.12km, 17.15km, 28.31km, and 3.04km respectively. The high level interference and medium-high level interference shore sections are mainly distributed in the three coastal areas of Lanshangang district, Binhai new town of Ganyu district, and Binhai new town of Lianyun district. Meanwhile, the effectively recognizing the intensity of interference received from coastlines, which can provide the basis for the implementation of more scientific and efficient coastal protection management.