Medium Fat Research Articles

Characterisation of Fecal Soap Fatty Acids, Calcium Contents, Bacterial Community and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Sprague Dawley Rats Fed with Different sn-2 Palmitic Triacylglycerols Diets.

The structure of dietary triacylglycerols is thought to influence fatty acid and calcium absorption, as well as intestinal microbiota population of the host. In the present study, we investigated the impact of palmitic acid (PA) esterified at the sn-2 position on absorption of fatty acid and calcium and composition of intestinal microorganisms in rats fed high-fat diets containing either low sn-2 PA (12.1%), medium sn-2 PA (40.4%) or high sn-2 PA (56.3%), respectively. Fecal fatty acid profiles in the soaps were measured by gas chromatography (GC), while fecal calcium concentration was detected by ICP-MS. The fecal microbial composition was assessed using a 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology and fecal short-chain fatty acids were detected by ion chromatograph. Dietary supplementation with a high sn-2 PA fat significantly reduced total fecal contents of fatty acids soap and calcium compared with the medium or low sn-2 PA fat groups. Diet supplementation with sn-2 PA fat did not change the entire profile of the gut microbiota community at phylum level and the difference at genera level also were minimal in the three treatment groups. However, high sn-2 PA fat diet could potentially improve total short-chain fatty acids content in the feces, suggesting that high dietary sn-2 PA fat might have a beneficial effect on host intestinal health.

Macronutrient content and food exchanges for 48 Greek Mediterranean dishes.

The purpose of the present study was to facilitate the translation of traditional Greek Mediterranean recipes into food exchanges for diabetes. Moreover, it provides a useful food list for meal planning, which can be used by health professionals and nutritionists, as well as researchers and the public. A total of 48 traditional Greek Mediterranean dishes were selected in order to include appetisers, sauces, salads, pies, dishes with vegetables and legumes as well as egg, pasta, rice, meat, fish and poultry-based dishes. The macronutrient content of each recipe (carbohydrate, fat, protein and dietary fibre) was estimated with the use of the USDA database and Greek food composition tables. Then, in order to calculate the food exchanges per serve, an approximation method was followed as suggested in the literature. The Mediterranean Greek dishes contain a considerable amount of vegetables and dietary fibre, and their energy content mainly derives from olive oil. For each serve, carbohydrate, non-starchy vegetable, protein (lean, medium or high fat), milk and fat exchanges are provided. Moreover, the type of fat that each recipe contains is reported. The presented data offer a chance for health professionals to efficiently plan Mediterranean-type meals, ensuring more sophisticated dietetic advice, higher standards of medical nutrition therapy and greater patient self-efficacy.

In Silico and Wet Lab Studies Reveal the Cholesterol Lowering Efficacy of Lauric Acid, a Medium Chain Fat of Coconut Oil.

The coconut oil (CO) contains 91% of saturated fatty acids in which 72% are medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) like lauric, capric and caprylic acids. In contrast to animal fat, coconut oil has no cholesterol. Despite this fact, CO is sidelined among other vegetable oils due to the health hazards attributed to the saturated fatty acids. Though various medicinal effects of CO have been reported including the hypolipidemic activity, people are still confused in the consumption of this natural oil. In silico analyses and wet lab experiments have been carried out to identify the hypolipidemic properties of MCFAs and phenolic acids in CO by using different protein targets involved in cholesterol synthesis. The molecular docking studies were carried out using CDOCKER protocol in Accelery's Discovery Studio, by taking different proteins like HMG- CoA reductase and cholesterol esterase as targets and the different phytocompounds in coconut as ligands. Molecular docking highlighted the potential of lauric acid in inhibiting the protein targets involved in hyperlipidemics. Further, validation of in silico results was carried out through in vivo studies. The activity of key enzymes HMG- CoA reductase and lipoprotein lipase were found reduced in animals fed with lauric acid and CO.

Do migrating White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia albiceps chilensis, use stop-over sites en route to their breeding areas? Evidence from the central Monte desert, Argentina

Very few bird species are able to complete a single long migratory flight. Instead, a far more common strategy is that birds rest and feed almost every day, accomplishing their journeys in a series of short flights. We evaluated if White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps chilensis) displays evidence of en route migratory disposition in the central Monte desert, Argentina. Recaptures and resights were lower for White-crested Elaenias than for Greater Wagtail-tyrants (Stigmatura budytoides; resident) and Southern Scrub-flycatchers (Sublegatus modestus; spring-summer visitor). The latter species showed site fidelity between years, but White-crested Elaenia did not. Percentage of individuals with cloacal protuberance was similar among the species, but individuals with brood patches were recorded only in Greater Wagtail-tyrants and Southern Scrub-flycatchers. White-crested Elaenias showed low, medium and high fat stores, while the other species presented no fat or low fat stores. White-crested Elaenia had a high level of fruit consumption, while the other species consumed fruits occasionally or not at all. Our results support the hypothesis that the White-crested Elaenia uses the Monte desert as a stop-over area during its spring flight, and yield novel insights to fill a gap in our knowledge about the annual cycle of migrant birds in the Neotropics.

Comparison of gravimetric, creamatocrit and esterified fatty acid methods for determination of total fat content in human milk

The gravimetric method is considered the gold standard for measuring the fat content of human milk. However, it is labor intensive and requires large volumes of human milk. Other methods, such as creamatocrit and esterified fatty acid assay (EFA), have also been used widely in fat analysis. However, these methods have not been compared concurrently with the gravimetric method. Comparison of the three methods was conducted with human milk of varying fat content. Correlations between these methods were high (r2=0.99). Statistical differences (P<0.001) were observed in the overall fat measurements and within each group (low, medium and high fat milk) using the three methods. Overall, stronger correlation with lower mean (4.73g/L) and percentage differences (5.16%) was observed with the creamatocrit than the EFA method when compared to the gravimetric method. Furthermore, the ease of operation and real-time analysis make the creamatocrit method preferable.

Statin prescription initiation and lifestyle behaviour: a primary care cohort study.

BackgroundStatin prescribing and healthy lifestyles contribute to declining cardiovascular disease mortality. Recent guidelines emphasise the importance of giving lifestyle advice in association with prescribing statins but adherence to healthy lifestyle recommendations is sub-optimal. However, little is known about any change in patients’ lifestyle behaviours when starting statins or of their recall of receiving advice. This study aimed to examine patients’ diet and physical activity (PA) behaviours and their recall of lifestyle advice following initiation of statin prescribing in primary care.MethodIn 12 general practices, patients with a recent initial prescription of statin therapy, were invited to participate. Those who agreed received a food diary by post, to record food consumed over 4 consecutive days and return to the researcher. We also telephoned participants to administer brief validated questionnaires to assess typical daily diet (DINE) and PA level (Godin). Using the same methods, food diaries and questionnaires were repeated 3 months later. At both times participants were asked if they had changed their behaviour or received advice about their diet or PA.ResultsOf 384 invited, 122 (32 %) participated; 109 (89.3 %) completed paired datasets; 50 (45.9 %) were male; their mean age was 64 years. 53.2 % (58/109) recalled receiving lifestyle advice. Of those who did, 69.0 % (40/58) reported having changed their diet or PA, compared to 31.4 % (16/51) of those who did not recall receiving advice. Initial mean daily saturated fat intake (12.9 % (SD3.5) of total energy) was higher than recommended; mean fibre intake (13.8 g/day (SD5.5)), fruit/vegetable consumption (2.7 portions/day (SD1.3)) and PA levels (Godin score 7.1 (SD13.9)) were low. Overall, although some individuals showed evidence of behaviour change, there were no significant changes in the proportions who reported high or medium fat intake (42.2 % v 49.5 %), low fibre (51.4 % v 55.0 %), or insufficient PA (80.7 % v 83.5 %) at 3-month follow-up.ConclusionWhilst approximately half of our cohort recalled receiving lifestyle advice associated with statin prescribing this did not translate into significant changes in diet or PA. Further research is needed to explore gaps between people’s knowledge and behaviours and determine how best to provide advice that supports behaviour change.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12875-016-0471-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Postprandial Plasma Concentrations of Individual Bile Acids and FGF-19 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Bile acids regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by interaction with membrane or intracellular proteins including the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Postprandial activation of ileal FXR leads to secretion of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF-19), a gut hormone that may be implicated in postprandial glucose metabolism. To describe postprandial plasma concentrations of 12 individual bile acids and FGF-19 in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and healthy controls. Descriptive study, performed at the Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark. Fifteen patients with T2D and 15 healthy matched controls with normal glucose tolerance. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and three isocaloric and isovolemic liquid meals with low, medium, and high fat content, respectively. Bile acid and FGF-19 concentrations. Postprandial total bile acid concentrations increased with increasing meal fat content (P < .05), peaked after 1-2 hours, and were higher in T2D patients vs controls (oral glucose tolerance test, low and medium fat meals, P < .05; high fat meal, P = .30). Differences reflected mainly unconjugated and glycine-conjugated forms of deoxycholic acid (DCA) and to a lesser extent cholic acid (CA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), whereas chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) concentrations were comparable in the two groups. FGF-19 concentrations tended to be lower in T2D patients vs controls, but differences were not statistically significant due to considerable variation. Postprandial plasma patterns of bile acids with FXR agonistic properties (CDCA, DCA, and CA) and FXR antagonistic properties (UDCA) in T2D patients support the notion of a "T2D-bile acid-FGF-19" phenotype with possible pathophysiological implications.

Effects of High‐Fat Diets on Mortality and Feeding in the Tobacco Hornworm Caterpillar, Manduca sexta

Nutritionally‐balanced diets are important for fitness, but for insects the high energy value of fat storage is crucial for reproduction and development. Although studies have shown that insects fed high carbohydrate diets have increased fat storage, and excess fat storage in insects may have a fitness cost, little is known about how insects regulate fat consumption when presented with diets containing varying lipid content. To determine how insects respond to high fat diets, we fed caterpillars of different ages high (5.6%), medium (3.4%), or low (0.4%) fat diets. Young Manduca sexta larvae reared on high fat diet had 80% mortality and 43% lower body mass compared to those reared on medium or low fat diets. Older larvae showed no difference in mortality, but those fed a high fat diet had a lower average body mass by the third day of the fifth instar. Growth rates and development time also differed. High fat‐fed caterpillars wandered later than those fed low and medium fat diets. To test the hypothesis that the increased survival of older larvae was due to increased lipid transport, we measured mRNA expression of Apolipoprotein I and II (APO1 and 2), proteins responsible for transporting lipids to the fat body and to various tissues. APO1 and 2 expression did not differ with dietary fat content. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that caterpillars preferentially metabolize fat during the fifth instar. We measured oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide emission of caterpillars fed a high or low fat diet and calculated the respiratory quotient. To determine the mechanism underlying the decrease in body size, we tested the hypothesis that the high fat diet altered feeding. Caterpillars fed a high fat diet indeed ate less, as indicated by a decrease in food consumption and the number and mass of fecal pellets produced. These results suggest that increased dietary fat results in cessation of feeding in these insects. Due to conserved fat metabolism pathways in vertebrates and invertebrates, better understanding of the role of lipids in insects could contribute to knowledge of human metabolic diseases and provide support for using insect models for these studies.Support or Funding InformationThis research was funded in part by NSF EPS‐0447679 and IOS‐0953297 to K.J.G. and NIH National Center for Research Resources 2P20RR0l5566. The contents of this study are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NIH.

Assessing the Effects of Medium Chain Fatty Acids and Fat Sources on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Viral RNA Stability and Infectivity

Assessing the Effects of Medium Chain Fatty Acids and Fat Sources on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Viral RNA Stability and Infectivity

The effect of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) ovarian fat deposition on caviar yield and nutritional quality: introducing image processing method for sturgeon ovary fat determination

Image analysis can predict the fat content of sturgeon ovaries that had been categorized as having a low, medium, and high fat content based upon the caviar yield expressed as a percent of the total ovary weight, and were correlated with the chemical measurement of total fat (R 2 = 0.83). The fatty acid composition of eggs was not influenced by ovary fat content. Palmitic acid (16:00) was the most abundant saturated fatty acid and oleic acid (18:1n-9) the most predominant monounsaturated fatty acids in sturgeon eggs regardless of the ovary fat content. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in eggs from fish with different fat ovaries. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) coupled with principal component analysis indicated no significant difference in chemical compositions in sturgeon eggs separated from ovaries of different fat contents confirming the fatty acid composition results.

Effects of diet on leather quality and longissimus muscle composition of three Ethiopian indigenous goat types

A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of breed or genotype and levels of concentrate on muscle composition and skin and leather quality characteristics. The three indigenous goat genotypes used were Bati, Hararghe highland (HH), and short-eared Somali (SS), (12/genotype) with an average initial weight of 15.2 ± 0.245 kg. The goats were all males ~1 year of age. After grouping based on their initial weight, they were randomly assigned to two levels of concentrate feeding (six goats per genotype per treatment) and fed for 90 days. The two concentrate feeding levels were C1 and C2, where goats were fed at 1% and 1.5% of their bodyweights, respectively. At the end of the study, all goats were slaughtered and samples were taken from the longissimus muscle for chemical composition analysis. The skins were weighed, preserved and processed into leather for physico-chemical analysis. The longissimus muscle of SS goats had higher (P &lt; 0.05) fat content (7.01%) than Bati (6.05%) and HH (6.02%) goats. Feeding concentrate at 1.5% bodyweight increased carcass weights (P &lt; 0.01), and increased the protein and fat contents of the longissimus muscle by ~5.4% and 3.5%, respectively. Similarly, goats under C2 feeding group had heavier skin than those under C1. However, Bati and HH goats produced 250 g more heavier leather than SS goats. Leathers made from skins of HH goats were thicker (1.56 mm) than those from Bati (1.32 mm) and SS goats (1.23 mm). Leathers from SS goats tended to have lower (P = 0.07) tear strength and higher (P = 0.05) fat content than those from Bati and HH goats. Goats fed C2 produced leathers with higher (P &lt; 0.05) tear strength (51.6 N/mm) and fat content (6.2%) than those fed C1. In conclusion, the study revealed that the meat obtained from the three goat types had low to medium fat content that can meet the needs of diversified consumers. Moreover, they produced quality leather comparable to the quality standard set for good quality leather despite leathers from SS goats tending to have lower tear strength and higher fat content.

The Main Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Smoked Sausage

The paper presents the organoleptic and physical-chemical quality of smoked sausage, produced by a manufacturer in the western part of Romania. The organoleptic examination highlighted: product shape, exterior and in section aspect, consistency, color, taste and flavor. The physical-chemical examination highlighted the content of moisture, fat, sodium chloride, nitrites and easy hydrolyzed nitrogen. Water content was under the maximum admitted limit of 58%. Medium fat value was 32.24%, by 5.76% under the 38% maximum limit. Medium sodium chloride content was 2.1%, under the maximum admitted limit of 3%. Easy hydrolyzed nitrogen registered a medium value of 26.71 mg NH 3 / 100g product under the 45% maximum admitted limit. Nitrites content was 5.18 ppm, under the 7 ppm imposed limit .

The nutritional content and cost of supermarket ready-meals. Cross-sectional analysis

Background: Over-reliance on convenience foods, including ready-meals, has been suggested as one contributor to obesity. Little research has systematically explored the nutritional content of supermarket ready-meals. We described the nutritional content and cost of UK supermarket ready-meals. Methods: We conducted a survey of supermarket own-brand chilled and frozen ready-meals available in branches of ten national supermarket chains in one city in northern England. Data on price, weight and nutritional content of meals in four ranges (‘healthier’, luxury, economy and standard) and of six types (macaroni cheese, meat lasagne, cottage pie, chicken tikka masala, fish pie, and sweet and sour chicken) were collected. Nutritional content was compared to ranges used to identify low, medium and high fat, saturated fat, sugar and salt in nationally recommended front-of-pack labelling. Results: 166 ready-meals were included from 41 stores. Overall, ready-meals were high in saturated fat and salt, and low in sugar. One-fifth of meals were low in fat, saturated fat, salt and sugar, including two-thirds of ‘healthier’ meals. Meals that were low for three out of the four front-of-pack nutrients were the cheapest. Conclusions: Supermarket ready-meals do not have a healthful nutritional profile overall. However, a number of healthier meals were available – particularly amongst meals specifically marked as ‘healthier’. There was little evidence that healthier meals necessarily cost more. Further effort is required to encourage producers to improve the nutritional profile of the full range of ready-meals, and not just those specifically labelled as ‘healthier’.

A prospective, randomized, open label, 4 way crossover study to assess the bioavailability of valsartan er 160 mg dosed following a high fat, medium fat, and after an 8 hour fast compared to diovan 160 mg dosed following an 8 hour fast

entered a 21 day single blind placebo washout period. Thirty hour ABPMs were performed on all patients and qualifying patients were randomized to Valsartan ER 160mg QD or to Diovan 160mg QD for a 21 day treatment period. After 21 days of active treatment all patients had a repeat 30 hour ABPM and then entered into a second 21 day single blind placebo washout period. Patients were then switched to the alternative treatment for a second 21 day active treatment period following which a third 30 hour ABPM was performed. On day 1 and day 21 of each active treatment period, all patients were admitted to the PK unit and PK samples were drawn to establish the pharmacokinetic profile of each of the drugs. A comparison of mean 24 hour, mean daytime and mean nighttime BP as measured by ABPM was performed on patients treated with Valsartan ER versus those treated on Diovan. In addition, a comparison of BP reductions during the final 4 hours of the dosing interval was performed. Mean BP measured 28 to 30 hours post dose was also compared in the patients treated with either Valsartan ER or Diovan after patients had missed a treatment dose.

Trypanosoma cruzi infection is a potent risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis enhancing local and systemic inflammation associated with strong oxidative stress and metabolic disorders.

BackgroundThe immune mechanisms underlying experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and more interestingly, the effect of T. cruzi chronic infection on the pathogenesis of this metabolic disorder are not completely understood.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe evaluated immunological parameters in male C57BL/6 wild type and TLR4 deficient mice fed with a standard, low fat diet, LFD (3% fat) as control group, or a medium fat diet, MFD (14% fat) in order to induce NASH, or mice infected intraperitoneally with 100 blood-derived trypomastigotes of Tulahuen strain and also fed with LFD (I+LFD) or MFD (I+MFD) for 24 weeks. We demonstrated that MFD by itself was able to induce NASH in WT mice and that parasitic infection induced marked metabolic changes with reduction of body weight and steatosis revealed by histological studies. The I+MFD group also improved insulin resistance, demonstrated by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) analysis; although parasitic infection increased the triglycerides and cholesterol plasma levels. In addition, hepatic M1 inflammatory macrophages and cytotoxic T cells showed intracellular inflammatory cytokines which were associated with high levels of IL6, IFNγ and IL17 plasmatic cytokines and CCL2 chemokine. These findings correlated with an increase in hepatic parasite load in I+MFD group demonstrated by qPCR assays. The recruitment of hepatic B lymphocytes, NK and dendritic cells was enhanced by MFD, and it was intensified by parasitic infection. These results were TLR4 signaling dependent. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy analysis demonstrated that the reactive oxygen species and peroxinitrites produced by liver inflammatory leukocytes of MFD group were also exacerbated by parasitic infection in our NASH model.ConclusionsWe highlight that a medium fat diet by itself is able to induce steatohepatitis. Our results also suggest a synergic effect between damage associated with molecular patterns generated during NASH and parasitic infection, revealing an intense cross-talk between metabolically active tissues, such as the liver, and the immune system. Thus, T. cruzi infection must be considered as an additional risk factor since exacerbates the inflammation and accelerates the development of hepatic injury.

A weekly alternating diet between caloric restriction and medium fat protects the liver from fatty liver development in middle-aged C57BL/6J mice.

ScopeWe investigated whether a novel dietary intervention consisting of an every-other-week calorie-restricted diet could prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development induced by a medium-fat (MF) diet.Methods and resultsNine-week-old male C57BL/6J mice received either a (i) control (C), (ii) 30E% calorie restricted (CR), (iii) MF (25E% fat), or (iv) intermittent (INT) diet, a diet alternating weekly between 40E% CR and an ad libitum MF diet until sacrifice at the age of 12 months. The metabolic, morphological, and molecular features of NAFLD were examined. The INT diet resulted in healthy metabolic and morphological features as displayed by the continuous CR diet: glucose tolerant, low hepatic triglyceride content, low plasma alanine aminotransferase. In contrast, the C- and MF-exposed mice with high body weight developed signs of NAFLD. However, the gene expression profiles of INT-exposed mice differed to those of CR-exposed mice and showed to be more similar with those of C- and MF-exposed mice with a comparable body weight.ConclusionsOur study reveals that the INT diet maintains metabolic health and reverses the adverse effects of the MF diet, thus effectively prevents the development of NAFLD in 12-month-old male C57BL/6J mice.

Association between dietary fat intake and bone mineral density in Korean adults: data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (2008 ∼ 2009).

We determined the relation between dietary fat intake and bone mineral density, and our study showed that low- as well as high-fat diet was associated with the risk of osteoporosis. Our study provides significant evidence of the specific dietary components that may be important modifiable factors for the prevention of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures have become major public health problems. It is important to understand the various factors that influence bone health and to prevent osteoporosis by correcting modifiable risk factors for the disease. Previous studies suggested that dietary habits and body composition were potent factors associated with bone mineral density. The aim of this study was to determine the independent effect of dietary fat intake on bone mineral density while controlling for other possible confounders, including fat mass and lean body mass. This study was based on data obtained in the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After serial exclusion of subjects according to the selection criteria, 7,192 subjects were included in our analysis. We divided the study population into quintiles according to dietary fat calorie/total calorie intake and compared the adjusted means of bone mineral density between quintiles. The bone mineral density was higher in men and women with a medium fat energy intake compared to those with a low- and high-fat energy intake, but the finding was statistically significant only in women. The results were valid after controlling for body fat percentage and lean body mass. We found that dietary fat intake is an independent modifiable risk factor for osteoporosis, regardless of body fat or lean body mass, especially in women. However, further investigations with accurate analyses of food intake and nutritional consumption, in addition to long-term follow-up data, are necessary to recommend an osteoporosis-preventive diet in Koreans.

Study of Instrumental and Sensory Characteristics of Catla in Curry Medium during Retort Pouch Processing to Optimize F 0 Value

Catla (Catla catla) fish curry along with potato and peas packed in four-layered laminated retort pouch was processed in a steam/air mixture overpressure retort at 116C to three different F0 values of 5, 7 and 8 min. Time-temperature data were collected during heat processing using an Ellab Sterilization Monitoring System. Texture profiles such as hardness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness decreased as the F0 value increased. The L* values decreased whereas a* and b* values increased with increasing F0 values. Based on the commercial sterility, sensory evaluation, color and texture profile analysis, F0 value of 7 min and cook value of 124 min with a total process time of 55.61 min at 116C was found satisfactory for the development of Catla fish curry in retort pouches. Practical Applications Catla is a commercially important Indian major carp, with white flesh and medium fat content, offer an ideal choice as raw material for the development of ready-to-serve fish products such as fish curry in retort pouches for both domestic and international markets. Sterilization process optimized for ready-to-eat Northeast Indian style Calta fish curry in retort pouch and an F0 value of 7 min was acceptable to the panelists. The process optimized would be useful for commercial application.

Development of Millet and Soybean Based Ready-to-Eat Snack Food Chakli

Ready- to- eat snack food chakli was prepared using sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet with defatted soy-flour and medium fat soy flour. Developed product was analysed for nutritional quality, acceptability and textural profile. Incorporation of 50% millet and 15-20% DFSF/MFSF was acceptable. Nutritional analysis revealed that 20% soybean incorporation in the form of defatted soy-flour and medium fat soy-flour enhanced the protein content up to 75-80% and 59-64%, respectively compared to traditional product. Textural analysis showed that incorporation of finger millet with DFSF required higher bending strength.

B30 Investigating Hepatic Dysfunction In The Httq111/+ Mouse With A Perturbagen-based Primary Hepatocyte System

<h3>Background</h3> We are interested in mapping and understanding phenotypes that precede the development of overt signs of Huntington’s disease, in hopes of identifying pathways with the potential to be disease-modifying. Notably, the Huntington’s disease mutation is associated with early metabolic alterations of unknown aetiology in both humans and various model systems. Our own data suggest that widespread metabolic alterations occur very early in B6. HttQ111/Q7 mice, which precisely recapitulate the genetics of human HD patients. <h3>Aims</h3> We aim to understand which tissues reveal the earliest transcriptional and metabolic changes in the B6. HttQ111/Q7 mice. <h3>Methods</h3> We are applying stable isotope-based dynamic metabolic profiling (SiDMAP) to cells and tissues to quantify metabolic flux, and RNA sequencing (RNASeq) to quantify transcript abundance. <h3>Results/outcome</h3> In a cross-tissue metabolic flux study of 90-day-old mice using U13C-glucose as a stable tracer, we observe that the most robust metabolic changes are observed in the liver. Transcriptomic analysis of matched samples with RNASeq reveals that the liver has more genotype-sensitive transcripts at this stage than does the striatum, the most vulnerable tissue in HD. Based on these <i>in vivo</i>results, we hypothesise that very early changes in fatty acid synthesis, mobilisation and/or catabolism are occuring in the liver of HttQ111/+ mice. To study this hypothesis in more mechanistic detail, we have established a system of primary hepatocytes isolated from 90 day old mice fed one of 3 diets from weaning as a lipid-relevant perturbagen: high fat (65% kcal/fat), medium fat (45% kcal/fat) and normal chow (10% kcal/fat). We reason that examining phenotypes in HttQ111/Q7 cells at steady states may not be as informative as investigating their dynamic responses to chemically defined perturbations. Our phenotypic analysis <i>in vitro</i>includes quantifying metabolic flux using multiple flux tracers (1,2–13C2-glucose and U13C-palmitate). We are also collecting transcriptomic data from matched samples using RNASeq, in hopes of identifying genotype-sensitive flux changes that are associated with coherent transcriptional alterations. <h3>Conclusions</h3> We conclude that early transcriptional and metabolic flux changes occur in the livers of B6. HttQ111/Q7 mice.