Perspective Of Medicine Research Articles

What Makes the Gut-Lung Axis Working? From the Perspective of Microbiota and Traditional Chinese Medicine.

An increasing number of studies have proved that gut microbiota is involved in the occurrence and development of various lung diseases and can interact with the diseased lung. The concept of the gut-lung axis (GLA) provides a new idea for the subsequent clinical treatment of lung diseases through human microbiota. This review aims to summarize the microbiota in the lung and gut and the interaction between them from the perspectives of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine. We conducted a literature search by using the search terms "GLA," "gut microbiota," "spleen," and "Chinese medicine" in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI. We then explored the mechanism of action of the gut-lung axis from traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine. The lung and gut microbiota enable the GLA to function through immune regulation, while metabolites of the gut microbiota also play an important role. The spleen can improve the gut microbiota to achieve the regulation of the GLA. Improving the gut microbiota through qi supplementation and spleen fortification provides a new approach to the clinical treatment of lung diseases by regulating the GLA. Currently, our understanding of the GLA is limited, and more research is needed to explain its working principle.

Past and future perspectives of oral medicine in the Nordic countries as a reflection of the global community

Headlines The nature of the diseases that oral medicine specialists diagnose and manage throughout the oral and maxillofacial region are diverse and closely related to other dental and medical specialties. This relatively young area of dentistry has expanded globally during the past decade as an independent discipline with postgraduate qualifying programmes being offered in several countries, as well as an increasing research community. With a growing proportion of elderly individuals in the population in general across the world, morbidity is likely to increase in terms of both general diseases and conditions in the oral and maxillofacial region. The types of diseases requiring treatment may also differ in the future due to a greater influx of immigrants to the Nordic countries. The wide variety of conditions encountered in a dental practice, as well as variations in the individual patient presentation and response to treatment, defines the need for careful evaluation and synthesis of practice recommendations to provide appropriate and effective management. The field of oral medicine still lacks clear guidelines for various conditions and treatments. Thus, further studies are required to improve patient healthcare. For the discipline of oral medicine, it will be reasonable to take a greater responsibility for the basic medical skills in the dental curriculum, as modern oral medicine is increasingly becoming the intermediate between oral health care and general medicine.

Tocilizumab Exerts Anti-Tumor Effects on Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Xenografts Corresponding to Expression Levels of Interleukin-6 Receptor.

The use of tocilizumab against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) has been demonstrated as inhibiting the progression of diverse cancers in vitro and in vivo. Nonetheless, evidence regarding the anti-tumor effects of tocilizumab on human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) corresponding to IL-6R expression levels remains scarce. To investigate the influence of IL-6R expression, SW480 and HT-29 cells inoculated subcutaneously into NU/NU mice were used as human CRC xenograft models with anti-IL-6R antibody (tocilizumab) therapy. The IL-6R expression levels, histology of CRC growth/invasiveness, and tumor growth-related signaling pathway were estimated by H&E and immunohistochemical staining. SW480 tumor cells with higher IL-6R expression levels showed better responsiveness in tocilizumab therapy than in the treated HT-29 group. Likewise, therapeutic effects of tocilizumab on the proliferative ability with mitotic index and Ki-67 expressions, invasiveness with MMP-9 proteinase expressions, and ERK 1/2 and STAT3 signaling transduction in the SW480 treatment group were superior to the HT-29 treatment group. In light of our results, IL-6R is the key indicator for the efficacy of tocilizumab treatment in CRC xenografts. From the perspective of precision medicine, tumor response to anti-IL-6R antibody therapy could be predicted on the basis of IL-6R expression levels. In this manner, tocilizumab may serve as a targeted and promising anti-CRC therapy.

Medicinal chemistry perspective of JAK inhibitors: synthesis, biological profile, selectivity, and structure activity relationship.

JAK-STAT signalling pathway was discovered more than quarter century ago. The JAK-STAT pathway protein is considered as one of the crucial hubs for cytokine secretion which mediates activation of different inflammatory, cellular responses and hence involved in different etiological factors. The various etiological factors involved are haematopoiesis, immune fitness, tissue repair, inflammation, apoptosis, and adipogenesis. The presence of the active mutation V617K plays a significant role in the progression of the JAK-STAT pathway-related disease. Consequently, targeting the JAK-STAT pathway could be a promising therapeutic approach for addressing a range of causative factors. In this current review, we provided a comprehensive discussion for the in-detail study of anatomy and physiology of the JAK-STAT pathway which contributes structural domain rearrangement, activation, and negative regulation associated with the downstream signaling pathway, relationship between different cytokines and diseases. This review also discussed the recent development of clinical trial entities. Additionally, this review also provides updates on FDA-approved drugs. In the current investigation, we have classified recently developed small molecule inhibitors of JAK-STAT pathway according to different chemical classes and we emphasized their synthetic routes, biological evaluation, selectivity, and structure-activity relationship.

Physio-biochemical and metabolomic responses of the woody plant Dalbergia odorifera to salinity and waterlogging

BackgroundTrees have developed a broad spectrum of molecular mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress. Secondary metabolites via phenolic compounds emblematized the hidden bridge among plant kingdom, human health, and oxidative stress. Although studies have demonstrated that abiotic stresses can increase the production of medicinal compounds in plants, research comparing the efficiency of these stresses still needs to be explored. Thus, the present research paper provided an exhaustive comparative metabolomic study in Dalbergia odorifera under salinity (ST) and waterlogging (WL).ResultsHigh ST reduced D. odorifera's fresh biomass compared to WL. While WL only slightly affected leaf and vein size, ST had a significant negative impact. ST also caused more significant damage to water status and leaflet anatomy than WL. As a result, WL-treated seedlings exhibited better photosynthesis and an up-regulation of nonenzymatic pathways involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species. The metabolomic and physiological responses of D. odorifera under WL and salinity ST stress revealed an accumulation of secondary metabolites by the less aggressive stress (WL) to counterbalance the oxidative stress. Under WL, more metabolites were more regulated compared to ST. ST significantly altered the metabolite profile in D. odorifera leaflets, indicating its sensitivity to salinity. WL synthesized more metabolites involved in phenylpropanoid, flavone, flavonol, flavonoid, and isoflavonoid pathways than ST. Moreover, the down-regulation of L-phenylalanine correlated with increased p-coumarate, caffeate, and ferulate associated with better cell homeostasis and leaf anatomical indexes under WL.ConclusionsFrom a pharmacological and medicinal perspective, WL improved larger phenolics with therapeutic values compared to ST. Therefore, the data showed evidence of the crucial role of medical tree species’ adaptability on ROS detoxification under environmental stresses that led to a significant accumulation of secondary metabolites with therapeutic value.

New EAU/ASCO guideline recommendations on sentinel node biopsy for penile cancer and remaining challenges from a nuclear medicine perspective.

The European Association of Urology (EAU) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recently issued updated guidelines on penile cancer, emphasising dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB) as the preferred method for surgical staging among patients with invasive penile tumours and no palpable inguinal lymphadenopathy. This paper outlines the rationale behind this new recommendation and describes remaining challenges, as well as strategies for promoting DSNB worldwide. DSNB offers high diagnostic accuracy with the lowest postoperative complications compared to open or minimally invasive inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND), prompting its preference in the new guidelines. Nevertheless, despite its advantages, there are challenges hampering the widespread adoption of DSNB. This includes the false-negative rate associated with DSNB and the potential negative impact on patient outcome. To address this issue, improvements should be made in several areas, including refining the timing and interpretation of the lymphoscintigraphy and the single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography images. In addition, the quantity of tracer employed and choice of the injection site for the radiopharmaceutical should be optimised. Finally, limiting the removal of nodes without tracer activity during surgery may help minimise complication rates. Over the years, DSNB has evolved significantly, related to the dedicated efforts and innovations in nuclear medicine and subsequent clinical studies validating its efficacy. It is now strongly recommended for surgical staging among selected penile cancer patients. To optimise DSNB further, multidisciplinary collaborative research is required to improve SN identification for better diagnostic accuracy and fewer complications.

LanDis: the disease landscape explorer.

From a network medicine perspective, a disease is the consequence of perturbations on the interactome. These perturbations tend to appear in a specific neighbourhood on the interactome, the disease module, and modules related to phenotypically similar diseases tend to be located in close-by regions. We present LanDis, a freely available web-based interactive tool ( https://paccanarolab.org/landis ) that allows domain experts, medical doctors and the larger scientific community to graphically navigate the interactome distances between the modules of over 44 million pairs of heritable diseases. The map-like interface provides detailed comparisons between pairs of diseases together with supporting evidence. Every disease in LanDis is linked to relevant entries in OMIM and UniProt, providing a starting point for in-depth analysis and an opportunity for novel insight into the aetiology of diseases as well as differential diagnosis.

Exploring Travel Medicine Perspectives among Primary Care Physicians in Kurnool District: A Comprehensive Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices

Background and Aim: The study’s purpose is to improve the quality of care for both local residents and travelers in the Kurnool district by identifying and addressing gaps and barriers. The main objective of the research was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practical implementation of travel medicine among primary health-care physicians working in the Kurnool district. Materials and Methods: The research utilized a descriptive cross-sectional study design. A total of 397 primary care doctors in the Kurnool area participated. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire, which covered sociodemographic factors, travel medicine knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Results: The study revealed that a significant portion (around 79.5%) of the participants reported providing travel health advice at some point. The primary source of information on travel medicine for most participants (66%) was the Ministry of Health’s travel guides. However, the study identified a knowledge gap, as 11.4% of individuals were unaware of the origin of typhoid infection. The most common health issues reported during posttrip consultations were diarrhea and respiratory infections. Conclusion: The study’s findings suggested that the general practitioners in the Kurnool district had insufficient knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning travel medicine. This underscores the need for additional education and training in travel medicine to improve traveler health care and reduce the risk of preventable diseases.

The Effect of Back Massage Applied to Palliative Care Patients on Sleep Quality and Pain

In this article, I would like to share my comments about the article titled 'The Effect of Back Massage Applied to Palliative Care Patients on Sleep Quality and Pain' (1). In the current article, Durmaz et al. determined that there was a statistically significant increase in the patients' sleep quality and a significant decrease in their pain levels, starting from the 4th day of applying back massage to palliative care patients for 7 days (1). Pain may occur in patients in palliative care centers due to various reasons. In this article, I will try to contribute to the article from the perspective of a physical medicine and rehabilitation physician.

Molecular detection of Shiga toxin and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from sheep and goats.

The Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have become important global public health concerns. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli in sheep and goat faeces. A total of 53 E. coli isolates were confirmed by PCR targeting the uidA [β-D glucuronidase] gene. The Shiga toxin genes stx1 and stx2, as well as bfpA, vir, eaeA, lt and aafII virulence genes, were detected in this study. Of the 53 isolates confirmed to be STEC, 100% were positive for stx2 and 47.2% for stx1. Three isolates possessed a combination of stx1 + stx2 + eaeA, while four isolates harboured stx1 + stx2 + vir virulence genes. The isolates displayed phenotypic antimicrobial resistance against erythromycin (66.04%), colistin sulphate (43.4%), chloramphenicol (9.4%) and ciprofloxacin (1.9%). A total of 28.8% of the strains were phenotypically considered ESBL producers and contained the beta-lactamase blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-25 gene groups. A larger proportion of the E. coli strains (86.8%) contained the antibiotic sulphonamide resistant (sulII) gene, while 62.3%, 62.3%, 52.8%, 43.4%, 41.5%, 20.8%, 18.9%, 11.3%, 11.3%, 9.4%, 9.4% and 5.7% possessed mcr-4, floR, mcr-1, tet(A), sulI, tet(O), tet(W), parC, mcr-2, ampC 5, qnrS and ermB genes, respectively. Thirteen isolates of the ESBL-producing E. coli were considered multi-drug resistant (MDR). One Shiga toxin (stx2) and two beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-25 groups) were present in 16 isolates. In conclusion, the E. coli isolates from the small stock in this study contained a large array of high antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles. Our findings highlight the importance of sheep and goats as sources of virulence genes and MDR E. coli. From a public health and veterinary medicine perspective, the characterization of ESBL producers originating from small livestock (sheep and goats) is crucial due to their close contact with humans.

The Essential Role of Zheng Qi in Promoting Health: From the Perspective of Chinese Medicine and Modern Medicine

The Essential Role of Zheng Qi in Promoting Health: From the Perspective of Chinese Medicine and Modern Medicine

Аллергия к белкам коровьего молока у младенцев: новые тенденции в профилактике и лечении

This article presents a literature review on the dynamics of dietary approaches to the prevention and treatment of cow’s milk allergy (CMA): from elimination of food allergens to the need to develop food tolerance; controversial views on the efficacy of using partially hydrolyzed formulas for the prevention of CMA from the perspective of evidence-based medicine. Of particular interest are current data on the lower prevalence of CMA and the need for accurate prescription of extensively hydrolyzed formulas with specific organoleptic qualities, composition features and high price, which may affect nitrogen metabolism, increase the financial burden on families and health care systems, and be a risk factor for the development of eating disorders in children in later years. Opinions are presented on approaches to dietary therapy for CMA from two major expert groups, the Middle East and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). Key words: cow’s milk allergy, prevention, diet therapy, children

The Path of Building Core Knowledge Question Bank for Postgraduate Students in Traditional Chinese Orthopedics and Traumatology from the Perspective of New Medicine

The Path of Building Core Knowledge Question Bank for Postgraduate Students in Traditional Chinese Orthopedics and Traumatology from the Perspective of New Medicine

Explore the role and prospects of retinol in modern medicine - A review of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer

This paper reviews the applications of retinol in modern medicine, with a particular focus on its role in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer treatment. Retinol, as a biologically active compound, demonstrates unique effects not only in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases but also exhibits potential applications in cancer therapy. The paper first explores how retinol influences disease states through regulating molecular mechanisms such as retinol-binding protein 4. Subsequently, it analyzes clinical application instances and associated challenges. By employing both cross-sectional and longitudinal data analyses, correlations between retinol and pathological states are revealed. Finally, the paper discusses the prospects and potential economic benefits of retinol in treating various diseases, emphasizing its importance in early diagnosis and treatment while also outlining future research directions. This study not only provides scientific evidence for further applications of retinol but also offers new therapeutic perspectives for clinical medicine.

Research Progress on the Relationship between Patent Foramen Ovale and Migraine from the Perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Research Progress on the Relationship between Patent Foramen Ovale and Migraine from the Perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Migraine: A Comprehensive Review.

Migraine is a common neurological illness that causes a great burden on individuals and society. Many migraine patients seek relief through complementary and alternative therapies, with Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) often being their preferred choice. Acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine, and massage are important components of TCM, and are commonly used in clinical treatment of migraine. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of the three TCM interventions for migraine: acupuncture, herbs, and massage, and how they relieve pain. However, the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of TCM therapies in treating migraine remain unclear. Therefore, we reviewed the research progress on acupuncture, herbal medicine, and massage as TCM approaches for the treatment of migraine. We conducted a comprehensive search of CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases using keywords such as migraine, acupuncture, needle, herbs, herbal, prescription, decoction, massage, Tuina, and TCM, covering the period from 2000 to 2023. The literature included in the review was selected based on specified exclusion criteria. We discussed the mechanism of TCM therapies on migraine from the perspective of modern medicine, focusing on changes in inflammatory factors, neurotransmitters, and other relevant biomarkers. TCM can relieve migraine by decreasing neuropeptide levels, inhibiting inflammation, modulating neuronal sensitization, changing brain function and structure, changing blood brain barrier permeability, regulating hormone levels, and relieving muscle tension. The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for improving the clinical strategies of TCM for the treatment of migraine.

Escape from X-chromosome inactivation and sex differences in Alzheimer's disease.

Sex differences exist in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Globally, women have a higher prevalence, while men with Alzheimer's disease experience earlier mortality and more pronounced cognitive decline than women. The cause of sex differences in Alzheimer's disease remains unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests the potential role of X-linked genetic factors in the sex difference of Alzheimer's disease (AD). During embryogenesis, a remarkable process known as X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) occurs in females, leading to one of the X chromosomes undergoing transcriptional inactivation, which balances the effects of two X chromosomes in females. Nevertheless, certain genes exceptionally escape from XCI, which provides a basis for dual expression dosage of specific genes in females. Based on recent research findings, we explore key escape genes and their potential therapeutic use associated with Alzheimer's disease. Also, we discuss their possible role in driving the sex differences in Alzheimer's disease. This will provide new perspectives for precision medicine and gender-specific treatment of AD.

New developments and perspectives in outpatient general internal medicine

Several studies have been published in 2023, in the field of general internal medicine, addressing various aspects of health and covering topics ranging from hormonal treatment of menopause to the management of chronic and acute diseases. A selection of articles was chosen for this update in outpatient general internal medicine, showing recent studies on outpatient care of patients (treatment, follow-up). The summary of articles is supplemented this year by a table of medical recommendations published in 2023, modestly proposed, and covering various areas. These guidelines, most of them from North America, show advances in the care and monitoring of outpatients, and should be interpreted in light of the various recommendations in Switzerland.

Semisynthetic phytochemicals in cancer treatment: a medicinal chemistry perspective.

Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells that invade other areas, spread to other organs, and cause metastases, which is the most common cause of death. A review of all FDA-approved new molecular entities (NMEs) shows that natural products and derivatives account for over one-third of all NMEs. Before 1940, unmodified products and derivatives accounted for 43% and 14% of NME registrations, respectively. Since then, the share of unmodified products has decreased to 9.5% of all approved NMEs, while the share of derivatives has increased to 28%. Since the 1940s, semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives of natural substances have gained importance, and this trend continues to date. In this study, we have discussed in detail isolated phytoconstituents with chemical modifications that are either FDA-approved or under clinical trials, such as podophyllotoxin, Taxol (paclitaxel, docetaxel), vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine), camptothecin, genistein, cephalotaxine, rohitukine, and many more, which may act as essential leads to the development of novel anticancer agents. Furthermore, we have also discussed recent developments in the most potent semisynthetic phytoconstituents, their unique properties, and their importance in cancer treatment.

Approach to Developmental Delay: A Developing World Perspective

Abstract This review article provides an overview of epidemiology of developmental delay, with focus on developing countries and from preventive medicine perspective. It discusses common etiological factors, clinical evaluation and a management approach with available diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. Management of developmental delay is centered around early intervention with initiation of specific treatment wherever relevant. A holistic multidisciplinary approach that addresses the diverse needs of these children is essential to achieve optimum outcomes.