Medicine In America Research Articles

The Senator and the Sting Operation: Politics, the Media, and Frank Moss's Exposé of "Medicaid Mills".

In September 1975, Frank Moss, an eighteen-year veteran of the Senate from Utah, donned the scruffiest clothes he could find and walked into a small clinic in New York that catered to Medicaid patients. Using a phony Medicaid card supplied to him by a New York District Attorney, he posed as a patient with symptoms he feigned to assess the quality of care he would receive. Appalled by what he experienced, he and a team of staffers from his office embarked on a four-state tour of what he termed "Medicaid mills," visiting more than 200 clinics in an undercover investigation that exposed alarming levels of provider fraud and abuse of the government health insurance system. This dramatic expose was covered by CBS's widely watched Sunday-night news program 60 Minutes. The subsequent Senate hearings were a media sensation, leading to accusations that the Senator was "grandstanding." This article looks at the political climate in which the congressional sting operation, the media attention it garnered, and the subsequent legislation enacted sought to address a persistent, growing problem of fraud and abuse in Medicare and Medicaid. The article argues that Moss's effort was an example of entrepreneurial politics, as defined by Craig Volden and Alan Wiseman in 2016, and something more as well. Moss was reacting to a political setting in which the legitimate authority of political institutions, including Congress, had been called into question by the Watergate scandal and other revelations. At the same time, organized medicine in America was dealing with its own version of this challenge to its authority. The result was a dramatic episode that focused on fraud and abuse in the ten-year-old Medicare program and that raised wider questions about changes in cultural authority in politics and medicine.

Why the Gene Was (Mis)Placed at the Center of American Health Policy

AbstractIn Tyranny of the Gene: Personalized Medicine and Its Threat to Public Health (Knopf, 2023), James Tabery traces the ascendance of personalized or precision medicine in America, arguing that America's emphasis on genetics offers more hype than transformational power. In his examination of the power struggles, social relationships, and technological advances that centered the gene in American health policy, Tabery demonstrates how an intensive focus on genetics draws attention away from both the fundamental causes of health disparities and more‐effective changes that could be made to developmental, physical, and social environments. American policy‐makers, health care institutions, funders, and bioethicists should not let the technological shine and attractive politics of personalized medicine continue to replace the hard but necessary work of addressing sociopolitical causes of disease and illness.

Lam Qua and Peter Parker: Portraiture of Head and Neck Surgery in 19th-Century China.

In 1835, Peter Parker, an American surgeon and Presbyterian minister, established a hospital in Guangzhou and became the first Western head and neck surgeon in China. While Parker documented his most interesting cases in his journals, he also commissioned oil paintings of these patients from Lam Qua (), a prominent Chinese artist trained in British academic painting. Lam Qua produced 86 portraits of Dr Parker's patients, providing insight into not only the treatment of head and neck tumors but also the introduction of Western artistic techniques to 19th-century China. Parker's pioneering surgical accomplishments and Lam Qua's portraits document the role of art and medicine in America's cultural influence in Asia.

Ambulatory Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy May Be Cost-Effective Compared to Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) changed the practice of medicine in America. During the March 2020 lockdown, elective cases were canceled to conserve hospital beds/resources resulting in financial losses for health systems and delayed surgical care. Ambulatory percutaneous nephrolithotomy (aPCNL) has been shown to be safe and could be a strategy to ensure patients receive care that has been delayed, conserve hospital resources, and maximize cost-effectiveness. We aimed to compare the safety and cost-effectiveness of patients undergoing aPCNL against standard PCNL (sPCNL). Materials and Methods: Ninty-eight patients underwent PCNL at Indiana University Methodist Hospital, a tertiary referral center, by three expert surgeons from January 2020 to September 2020. The primary outcome of the study was to compare the 30-day rates of emergency department (ED) visits, readmissions, and complications between sPCNL and aPCNL. Secondary outcomes included cost analysis and stone-free rates (SFRs). Propensity score matching was performed to ensure the groups were balanced. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 using independent t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square analyses for categorical variables. Results: Ninety-eight patients underwent PCNL during the study period (sPCNL = 75 and aPCNL = 23). After propensity score matching, 42 patients were available for comparison (sPCNL = 19 and aPCNL = 23). We found no difference in 30-day ED visits, readmissions, or complications between the two groups. aPCNL resulted in cost savings of $5327 ± 442 per case. SFRs were higher for aPCNL compared with sPCNL. Conclusions: aPCNL appears safe to perform and does not have a higher rate of ED visits or readmissions compared with sPCNL. aPCNL may also be cost-effective compared with sPCNL.

Can we cure our patients in palliative care?

With the publication of Flexner report in 1910 and implementation in 1913, with the Rockefeller Foundation and Carnegie Foundation behind it, all medical schools on the main continents of the planet (America, Europe, and Asia) had to adapt to follow the new model of a so-called scientific school. Schools that did not meet the Flexner criteria had to be closed, such as those teaching herbal medicine, naturopathy, homeopathy, etc and only 20% of the schools maintain working. The history of medicine in USA was written by King (1984) in the article entitled XX. The Flexner Report of 1910 [1].

Bidens pilosa: Nutritional value and benefits for metabolic syndrome

AbstractThe genus Bidens (Asteraceae) encompasses over 240 different species. One of them is Bidens pilosa L. that is an easy‐to‐grow perennial, and broadly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This plant has been regarded as an edible plant by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations since 1975, and has been traditionally used as a food and medicine in America, Africa, and Asia. B. pilosa has been claimed to possess active compounds with more than 40 distinct bioactivities. Although considerable progress has been made in studying the phytochemistry and biology of B. pilosa and its compounds over recent years, a critical review of its dietary functions for metabolic syndrome is unavailable. The present review summarizes the nutrition, benefits, phytochemistry, and safety of B. pilosa with respect to metabolic syndrome. As well as highlighting studies of the use of B. pilosa for metabolic syndrome, scientific evidence regarding the antimetabolic action, mechanism, and application of this species and its active phytochemicals are discussed. This review consolidates information for further study into the medicinal benefits of the compounds in this plant.

Chinese medicine in America

Chinese medicine in America

Identifying Muscle Strength Imbalances in Athletes using Motion Analysis Incorporated with Sensory Inputs

Movement analysis is one of the commonly used methods in the context of physiotherapy to identify dysfunctions in the human musculoskeletal system. The overhead squat is a popular movement pattern that is also approved by NASM (National Academy of Sports Medicine of USA) among the various movement patterns that are used to identify muscle dysfunctions. It is commonly used to draw conclusions on an athlete’s muscle imbalance in the clinical field based on observed compensations of the movement pattern. It is used by trainers as well as fitness enthusiasts to routinely assess their movement patterns. The correct execution of movements in every athlete is crucial since the incorrect bio-mechanics can result in injuries that would take a considerable amount of time to recover through rehabilitation. Thus, there is a need to evaluate injury risks accurately. The primary purpose of this research is to propose a method of detecting muscle imbalances in collegiate athletes with the aid of a low-cost motion tracking device. This proposed method facilitates the detection of muscle imbalances in both upper-body as well as lower-body during the execution of the overhead squat.

CURRENT CONCERNS – USTR REPORT AND BIODIVERSITY GUIDELINES

Dear Reader, The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is considered globally as the prime source of high-quality generic medicines which are affordable, accessible and available to all countries irrespective of their geographical location or social and economic status. While India has established its leadership in generic medicines in USA and other developed, developing and least developed economies, we are still falling short in innovation and new drug research. There are events and news emanating from overseas as well as from domestic agencies which need our attention, response and needful action, in this context

Analysis of traditional Tibetan pills

Traditional Tibetan medicine starts to be a very popular complementary medicine in USA and Europe. These pills contain many elements essential for the human body. However, they might also contain heavy metals such as mercury, iron, arsenic, etc. This paper focuses on elemental composition of two Tibetan pills and investigation of forms of iron in them. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis identified the presence of several heavy metals such as mercury, iron and copper. Mőssbauer spectroscopy revealed the possible presence of α − F e 2 O 3(hematite) and α − F e O O H(goethite) in both of the investigated samples.

Popular Medicine in America 1800-1900.

Popular Medicine in America 1800-1900 Wendy Kline Popular Medicine in America, 1800–1900 http://www.amdigital.co.uk/m-products/product/popular-medicine-in-america-1800–1900/ Popular Medicine in America, 1800–1900 is a database produced by Adam Matthew, a SAGE company that has published primary sources from archives around the world. The database contains over five thousand documents from the medical collection at the Library Company of Philadelphia, with additional material (primarily posters) from the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The sources are fully text searchable and include trade cards, broadsides, printed books and pamphlets, advertisements, and ephemera (such as receipts and invoices). They provide a fascinating insight into a health care market that was largely unregulated and remarkably diverse. I have used this database in two different courses at Purdue since the University agreed to purchase it in the Fall of 2015, and I will continue to use it in future courses. It provides a great hook to get students actively engaged in (and curious about) the history of medicine. For example, the Scotch Oats Essence Company (located in New York City) claimed that its product, "Dr. Buckland's Scotch Oats Essence," was "nature's nerve and brain food." On the front of their trade card, a healthy young looking woman's visage, donned in a cap, peers out from among a field of oat stalks. On the back, the list of symptoms that the drug "Will Positively CURE" included sleeplessness, paralysis, an opium habit, drunkenness, hysteria, sciatica, and epilepsy. Who would be foolish enough to believe these claims? Among its advocates was feminist writer Charlotte Perkins Gilman, who had been diagnosed with nervous prostration. Both she and her first husband noted the drug's remarkable calming effects; no doubt this was a result of its narcotic ingredients: alcohol and morphine. Students predictably laugh at these sorts of advertisements, but the laughter then leads to questions. Who was marketing these materials, and who was purchasing them? How did health care consumers inform and educate themselves about the wide array of salacious offers, and how did they choose which ones to believe? What did this popular market mean, more generally, about the nature of understanding about bodies and health in the nineteenth century? Popular Medicine in America offers multiple, user-friendly options for students and scholars to explore answers to the above questions. Many of these appear, conveniently, under the "explore" tab. Introductory essays by each member of the editorial board (professor Charles Rosenberg, collector William Helfand, and librarian James Green) provide useful background information for those less familiar with nineteenth century medical history. A chronology page allows [End Page 432] the user to search for terms (e.g., "cholera") to see major events associated with the term, or simply learn about important events in any of eight different health categories (orthodox medicine, homeopathy, phrenology, hydrotherapy, etc.) Thematic areas such as "women's health" and "medical devices" are linked to relevant primary sources in the collection. A glossary contains keywords and phrases associated with the documents. Finally, a link to "popular searches" enables those in need of more guidance to click on one of dozens of keywords or choose one of over 135 medical conditions (everything from bunions to scurvy). For my classes, I had students explore the "popular searches" link and select one term that piqued their curiosity (using either the medical conditions" or "keywords" search). I asked them to study the documents associated with their search, and then choose five that they believed could be used to explain the history and significance of the term. "Imagine that you have entered a competition to produce a museum display on your topic that will feature these five items," I explained. "Yourjob is to convince the head of the museum that your five images—and your topic more generally—is worthy of display. What makes your topic significant, and what can the five chosen images tell the viewing public about its history? Remember that it's a competition, so it's your job to package this proposal effectively, with a solid introduction, an explanation of each document, and how it pertains to your topic." The resulting papers were fascinating...

Experience and the Soul in Eighteenth-Century Medicine

Focused on three different protestant communities—puritans, pietists, and Methodists—this essay argues that eighteenth-century protestants were actively engaged in contemporary medical debates, and that their engagement was shaped by their faith in providence. Eighteenth-century protestants understood sickness as part of the created order, they interpreted medicine as a divinely-given tool for Christian action on behalf of the suffering, and they recognized an opportunity for mission in their healing efforts. Motivated by their understanding of God's providential oversight of sickness and health, they relied on empirical medicine, read widely in the emerging medical print culture, turned to networks of women's medical knowledge, and participated in theoretical debates over the soul's role in bodily health. This essay represents an important intervention both in medical history, which has overlooked or misunderstood the role of religion in eighteenth-century medical thought and practice, and in religious studies, in which studies of religion and medicine in America have focused almost exclusively on movements emerging since the nineteenth century and the rise of Arminianism.

Detection of medical errors in management of traumatic hypovolemic shocked adult patients presented to emergency department in Suez Canal university hospital, Ismailia, Egypt

Background: IN 2010, Institute of Medicine in USA report that medical errors are estimated to result in about between 44,000 and 98,000 preventable deaths and 1,000,000 excess injuries each year in U.S. hospitals. annual cost of treating medical injuries in USA has been estimated to be $9 billion. objective of this study was to follow up guidelines in treatment of Traumatic hypovolemic shocked patients. Methods: design of this study is a cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on traumatic patients who presented to the emergency department between the periods from October 2012 to October 2013. This study was conducted at the emergency department Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt. On 100 patients with traumatic hypovolemic shock male or female within the age ranges from 18 years till 65 years old. Patients admitted to the hospital with other types of shock with trauma, non-traumatic hypovolemic shock, pregnant females, advanced malignancy, patients below 18 years old or patients more than 65 years old should excluded from the study. Questionnaire was filled by the researcher during resuscitation of the patient diagnosed as traumatic hypovolemic shock by the medical team in details; medical error was identified by comparing the actual management plan to the standard plan according to the guidelines from The Washington manual of critical care. Results: This study was conducted on 100 patients who presented to the Emergency Department, Seuz Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt. Between the period from October 2012 to October 2013 in order to detect medical errors in treatment of Traumatic hypovolemic shocked patients and to reach the optimal scheme of management. 1-More than half of the patients were in age group (≥30-45). And most of them were males about 70% of the studied patients and females were 30%. 2- Most of the patients were delayed in hospital arrival as we found that 50% reached in more than 40 min. 3-The initial medical help in the pre-hospital period was given to almost all of the patients (94%). 4- Incomplete exposure of patients is a very frequent medical error occurs during hospital assessment in about 22% of patients. Conclusions: Failure in oxygen saturation monitoring and forgetting complete exposure of the patient has statistically significant relation with mortality during in hospital assessment of the patient. Delayed insertion of 2 large cannula or central line, Fluid given not warmed and blood received not at the proper time all of them show statistically significant Relation with mortality during in hospital resuscitation of the patient with traumatic hypovolemic shock.

Review of the regulations for clinical research in herbal medicines in USA.

In 2012, USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 39 new drugs, however, there are only two botanical drugs (one topical and one oral) approved by FDA since the publication of the FDA's industry guidelines for the botanical drug product in June 2004. The approval shows the Western guideline can be used for herbal medicines, authors investigate current regulation on herbal medicine clinical research, identify challenges conducting clinical trials, and seek to produce some guidance for potential investigators and sponsors considering a clinical trial in this area. Key words were formulated for searching on Medline and FDA website to locate relevant regulations for clinical research in herbal medicines to understand current environment for herbal medicine usage and examine the barriers affecting herbal medicine in clinical trials. Authors critically explore case study of the 1st FDA approved botanical drugs, Veregen (sinecatechins), green tea leaves extract, a topical cream for perianal and genital condyloma. In consideration of current regulation environment in USA, based on the findings and analysis through the literature review and Veregen case study, authors produce and propose a Checklist for New Drug Application of Herbal Medicines for potential investigators and sponsors considering in a herbal medicine clinical trial.

The 10th anniversary conference of the korean society of exercise rehabilitation.

The “10th Anniversary Conference of the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation” will be held at “Elysian Gangchon Resort” in Chuncheon from October 31 to November 1, 2014. The topic of this Conference is “Creative application of exercise rehabilitation practice to fields”. During the last 10 yr, the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation trained professional leaders, placed Solution Center, published textbook, and held many conferences. However, we raise the questions to ourselves whether these efforts helped on real life or whether we did our social roles. In order to fulfill the social responsibility of our own, we need to perform two important things. One is the internationalization of the “Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation”. For this, we should invite excellent editorial members from many countries around the world. And correction of English in this journal is also should be conducted. Next is to open the international conference. We invited three excellent scholars to the “10th Anniversary Conference of the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation”: Professor Zeevi Dvir from Tel Aviv University in Israel, Professor Parco M. Siu from Hong Kong Polytechnic University in China, and Professor Mi-Hyeon Jang from Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in USA. This conference will be the first step for the internationalization of the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation. For the development and the responsibility of the Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation, we need more studies on the theoretical background of exercise rehabilitation, and then practice of exercise rehabilitation should be applied to the field. In preparing for the future, we must hold two cups. A cup to thank for over the past to the current arrival in one hand, and a cup of anguish to prepare for tomorrow in the other hand!

Traditional medicine in a global environment.

Traditional medicine, both codified (e.g., Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, and Unami) and noncodified, has become a global movement with rapidly growing economic importance. In many Asian countries traditional medicine is widely used, even though Western medicine is often readily available. The number of visits to providers of traditional medicine in USA now exceeds by far the number of visits to primary care physicians. Many medicinal plant species are easily available in online trade, often without correct scientific identification and with possible contamination, which creates large safety concerns. In developing countries, uncodified traditional medicine is often the only accessible and affordable treatment available. The globalization of traditional remedies, in particular from noncodified pharmacopoeia, leaves many questions unanswered: does the use of traditional medicine reflect major health issues? Some plants may have beneficial properties, while others can cause adverse reactions. Even when the herbal ingredients themselves have proven benefits and no known safety concerns, some of the administration methods may be harmful. Importantly, how can safety concerns associated with traditional medicines and practices be identified, monitored, and communicated to users and other stakeholders, and how can the safety and sustainability of the global supply of medicinals be ensured? This first special issue on traditional medicine in a global environment contains 6 manuscripts covering different aspects of traditional medicine in a global setting. Of these 6 manuscripts, two address use and conservation issues of traditional medicine in Nepal and Northern India, two address the evaluation of the biological activities of medicinal plants and their efficacy in South Africa and China, one looks at potentially problematic compounds in one of the most widely sold supplements, and finally one explores the changes of traditional medicine use in Northern Peru during more than a decade of research. We hope that this collection of papers in this special issue will give our readers valuable insights into diverse areas of the subject. Rainer W. Bussmann Wendy Applequist Narel Paniagua-Zambrana

Psychological burdens on developing process of idiopathic environmental intolerance among patients

Background: So-called “multiple chemical sensitivity” may be an issue of environmental medicine. Patients with the disease complain various symptoms and limit their lives. However, WHO-IPCS applies the name of idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) to the disease owing to indistinctness of contribution of chemicals. In our experiences in out-patient clinic, patients with IEI are understandable through psychiatric diseases including PTSDor the results of psychological factors, but not based on toxicological standpoints. Aim: In the present study, we aimed to clarify the correlation of psychological factors on developing of IEI among patients with IEI. Methods: In the first medicalvisit patients of to our out-patient clinic from April 2009 to January 2013. 42 patients (7 men and 35 women) compatible with standard of “1999 Consensus of Environmental Medicine in USA” were included. Their age of the developing of IEI ranged from 23 to 76 (51.1±13.7) years. We obtained detailed medical history including exposure to chemicals (including odour levels) and psychological burden factors (PB) for the patients before the development. Results: Eleven patients were exposed to chemicals sufficient to induce toxicologically significant symptoms (Ex), 19 patients to odour levels (Od) and 12 with unclear exposure (Un). The number of patients with PB were 31, without 8 and unclear 3. PBs were as follows: health issues of her/himself, close relative or close friend (n=11), stress in workplace (n=8), conflict with close relative (n=7), close leave or loss of relative or close friend (n=4) and others. The rate of PB (+) patients in Od (n=16) was significantly higher than that of PB (+) in Ex (n=5) [Fisher’s exact test, p=0.0419], and that in Un (n=10) was more than that in Ex [p=0.0894], but not significant. Conclusions: The results suggested that psychological burden may be an important factor in developing process of IEI.

Out of Practice: Fighting for Primary Care Medicine in America

Out of Practice: Fighting for Primary Care Medicine in America

Clinicians as effective researchers

This article addresses the commonly asked question—Can clinicians—be effective researchers? The author draws on historical discoveries by inquisitive physicians and his own experience which involved extensive clinical research in various aspects of pulmonary medicine in USA and his more recent experience of overseeing the development of research at King Fahd Medical City in Riyadh, a major tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. From this experience the author draws some conclusions as to the key ingredients required for successful research, which include—the inquisitiveness, patience, perseverance on the part of the clinician––along with a nurturing and supportive environment, with appropriate institutional financial, emotional and administrative support. The importance of collaboration and finally the need for appropriate data collection and following the Belmont principles need to be emphasized. The author strongly believes that the answer to the question: Can Clinicians be effective researchers is a most definitive yes.

Integrative Medicine in America

2011 年，致力于改善医护服务的 慈善组织 Bravewell Collaborative 委托进行了一项调查，以确定目前 美国的综合医学实施情况。29 个 发展完善的综合医学中心参与了本 调 查，本调查旨在了解患者人数 及最常诊治的病症、所采用的核心 实践及护理模式、服务的付费方 式、护理所包含的价值和原则以及 推动成功实施的主要因素。本调查（美国的综合医学：综 合医学在美国临床中心的实施情 况）刊发于本期《Global Advances in Health and Medicine》中，于 2012 年 2 月首次发布。多数相关 研究调查的是所使用的补充康复 手段的类型以及使用者，而不是 使用原因，最重要的是，没有调 查与之共同使用的手段。这是首 次深入调查实际综合临床实践， 就此而言，数据揭示了患者的整 体（身体、心智及精神）治疗情 况、协同使用传统与补充干预治 疗的方法、不同医生之间的合作 方式以及核心价值的实施方法。 我们非常高兴能与全球观众分享 这份调查。2012 年 3 月，Bravewell Collaborative召开了一项会议，参 加这项旨在了解现况的调查的 29 个中心的负责人一同到 会。Bravewell 的初衷是，让临床 与管理负责人互通有无，分享最 佳实践以及探讨深入采用综合医 学的方法。每年慢性健康问题造成美国经 济损失超过 10,000 亿美元，所以 我们有必要找出最有效的方法治疗 和预防最普遍的病症。综合医学能 多方面地迎合这一诉求。加利福尼 亚拉荷亚的斯可普斯综合医学中心 (Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine) 医学博士 Mimi Guarneri 在会上进行主旨发言时说得很中 肯：“ά们不可能照搬对心脏病病 发患者的治疗模式，来治疗试图防 止突发心脏病的患者。 这完全行 不通。应该摒弃这种做法。”En 2011, The Bravewell Collaborative, una organización sin ánimo de lucro dedicada a la mejora de la atención sanitaria, encargó una encuesta para determinar la forma en que la medicina integradora se estaba practicando en los Estados Unidos. El estudio, que comprendió 29 centros consolidados que practicaban la medicina integrativa, observó las poblaciones de pacientes y las afecciones sanitarias tratadas más habitualmente, las prácticas y modelos fundamentales de la atención sanitaria en uso, cómo se reembolsaban los servicios, los valores y principios subyacentes a la atención y los factores principales que impulsan una implementación satisfactoria.Este estudio, Medicina integrativa en América: De qué forma se está practicando la medicina integradora en los centros clínicos en los Estados Unidos, que se presenta en este número de Global Advances in Health and Medicine, se publicó por primera vez en febrero de 2012. La mayor parte de las investigaciones relacionadas han analizado qué modalidades complementarias se están utilizando y quién las utiliza, pero no para quién, y lo que es más importante, no con qué. Esta es la primera visión en profundidad de la práctica clínica integrativa actual y, como tal, los datos desvelan cómo se trata el paciente como un todo (cuerpo, mente, y espíritu), cómo se utilizan en tándem las intervenciones convencionales y complementarias, cómo colaboran los diferentes profesionales, y cómo se implementan los valores fundamentales. Estamos encantados de compartir este estudio con una audiencia global.En marzo de 2012, The Bravewell Collaborative convocó una reunión de los gerentes de los 29 centros que participaron en el estudio de cartografiado. La intención de Bravewell era permitir a los gerentes clínicos y administrativos de la red compartir las mejores prácticas y dialogar acerca de los medios para impulsar la adopción de la medicina integradora.Con problemas sanitarios crónicos que cuestan a la economía de los EE. UU. más de un billón de dólares al año, es esencial que encontremos los medios más eficaces de tratar y prevenir las afecciones más corrientes. La medicina integrativa puede ayudar de muchas formas en esta búsqueda. Como la Dra. Mimi Guarneri, del Centro Scripps para la medicina integradora en La Jolla (California), afirma acertadamente en su ponencia de la reunión, “no podemos tomar el mismo modelo que utilizamos cuando alguien se encuentra en mitad de un ataque al corazón y aplicarlo a otra persona para intentar evitar un episodio cardíaco. No funciona. Y esta es la bombilla que necesitamos apagar”.