Medicine Market Research Articles

ORGANIZATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO OPTIMIZATION DRUG PROVISION VETERINARY PHARMACY ORGANIZATIONS AND VETERINARY CLINIC

Purpose. To scientifically substantiate and develop organizational and methodological approaches to optimizing the drug supply of veterinary pharmacy organizations and veterinary clinics using the example of the Tyumen region. To date, the imperfection of legal regulation and the organization of providing the population with drugs for veterinary use is a very urgent problem. Comprehensive studies of the sphere of circulation of veterinary medicinal products have not been conducted, the theoretical and practical significance of this study are relevant both at the regional level and at the level of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The following methods were used in the study: content analysis, situational-logical, structural, systemic, sociological, mathematical-statistical, marketing, computer technologies and modeling. Results. This study includes an analysis of legal regulation and the current state of the sphere of circulation of veterinary medicinal products in Russia and abroad, marketing research of the veterinary medicinal products market in the Tyumen region, and the basics of training specialists engaged in pharmaceutical activities in veterinary medicine. Comprehensive studies have been carried out to optimize the drug supply of veterinary pharmaceutical organizations and veterinary clinics on the example of the Tyumen region. The obtained research results (analysis of the market, consumers, assortment, personnel) can be used in the activities of veterinary organizations. Conclusion. For the first time, taking into account the regional peculiarities of the organization of drug supply for veterinary pharmaceutical organizations and veterinary clinics, a model and directions for research on optimizing the provision of veterinary drugs at the level of the Tyumen region are substantiated. The problems of the current state of the sphere of circulation of medicines for veterinary use are revealed, ways of their solution are proposed. The results of the work expand and deepen the scientific, practical and educational pharmaceutical knowledge in the field of veterinary pharmacy and will optimize drug supply in veterinary medicine both at the regional level and across the country.

Functional Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Rosa Species Grown In Turkey

Rose hips differ from other fruits with their high vitamin C, vitamin E, phenolic, and antioxidant content, making it an economical source of antioxidants. Exploring the fruit and seed components of different Rosa species could enable better use of their potential for various industries. Thus, rose hips of Rosa corymbifera, Rosa rugosa (Thunb.), Rosa alba L., and Rosa canina L. cultivated in the same growing conditions were analyzed. Their antioxidant activity and capacity, vitamin C, total carotenoids and phenolics, tocopherols and seed oils, as well as their fatty acid composition were determined. In addition to having highly polyunsaturated fatty acids, R. canina was also found to have noticeably high antioxidant components. In the overall evaluation (both fruit and oil characteristics), R. canina was found to have the most favorable content, while R. rugosa has the most desirable oil characteristics. As a result of the evaluation of fruit (excluding oil), R. corymbifera and R. canina were determined as prominent species. Despite medium level oil content, R. rugosa can be recommended for seed oil uses. R. corymbifera and R. canina are recommended for the food and food supplement industry. Production of rose hip species that contain the remarkable functional components of fruits and the health-promoting fatty acids of seeds may be used in combination as a marketing tool. In this way, the medicinal plant market share and profitability rate of rose hip will increase.

Wildlife Trade for Belief-Based Use: Insights From Traditional Healers in South Africa

The use of animals and plants as traditional remedies for medical and magico-religious purposes has a long history of socio-cultural and economic importance in South Africa. Herein, we aim to characterize the social and economic value of wild animal species used in traditional, belief-based medicine within South Africa from traditional healers’ perspective and to explore healers’ knowledge of plant-based alternatives to wildlife-based derivatives for this type of trade. Through structured surveys with five traditional healers, we sought to gain insight into the range of wild animal species used, as well as the purpose, the perceived commercial value and the perceived availability of commonly used species. Particular focus was placed on exploring the socio-economic value of lions due to their prominence within the traditional medicine market, both in South Africa and internationally. Three of the respondents interviewed had been generating an income from traditional healing for between 30 and 50 years, and the overall monetary gain across all respondents was between ZAR 30,000 (1,800 USD) and 120,000 (7,200 USD) per annum. Our study confirms that a wide range of wild animal species are used in traditional healing practices in South Africa, for both medicinal and magico-religious purposes. The traditional healers we interviewed cited 20 common wild animals from a range of vertebrate classes including birds, reptiles, mammals, and one invertebrate. These included a number of species listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Traditional healers cited 32 different uses for wild animal parts, as well as 19 alternative plant-based preparations. For lions specifically, four out of five practitioners listed lions among their top three profitable derivatives and three practitioners reported that lion had become the most rare or unavailable species in the last 5 years. Although our study is based on a limited number of interview participants, we believe that our findings provide valuable initial insights into the socio-economic drivers of traditional healing practices in South Africa, and that further research quantifying medicinal and belief-based use of wild animal ingredients and their plant-based alternatives could help to inform approaches to managing related pressures exerted on wild populations in South Africa in the future.

Pollen Analysis of Natural Honey Sample from the Chikhli taluka of Gujarat state India

Diverse kinds of pollen and nectar forage by honey bees generate numerous types of honey which can be explored for the establishment of beekeeping venture in an area . The taluka of chikhli is rich floristically but neither pollen analytical study. Considering this, the present work has been undertaken to develop melissopalynological database from the chikhli taluka and to evaluate the potential of the study area for apiculture. Pollen analysis of 6 natural honey samples collected from the six different village of chikhli taluka reveals that 2 are uniflorae, 4 multiflorae . plant species used for study are : Acacia nilotica , Sesamum indikum , Trachyspermum ammi , Anethum sowa, Brassica nigra, and mix type of honey sample. There were many bee plant , which provides pollen and nectar throughout the year. it was found that on a average Ajwain honey contained the highest moisture (19.9)followed by Mustard (18.7%) and mix honey (18.4%). The lowest moisture (17.4%) was found in Babool honey. Highest carbohydrates obtained in Babool (78.99) and Sowa honey (78.85%) respectively . the lowest carbohydrates was found in mustard (74.27) honey. Highest natural sugar was found in mustard (74.89%)honey followed by Dill (72.70%). The lowest natural sugar found in babool (70.63%)honey. The findings recommend that the competent authority, on the basis of this pollen analytical data, may initiate bee-keeping ventures in this economically backward area and the beekeepers may have the opportunity to share the profitable medicinal honey market. This would benefit the rural health care improving the socio-economy of the local inhabitants of this region.

A nucleotide signature for the identification of Pinelliae Rhizoma (Banxia) and its products

BackgroundEnsuring the authenticity of raw materials is a key step prior to producing Chinese patent medicines. Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. is the botanical origin of Pinelliae Rhizoma (Banxia), a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat cough, insomnia, nausea, inflammation, epilepsy, and so on. Unfortunately, authentic Pinelliae Rhizoma is often adulterated by morphologically indistinguishable plant material due to the insufficient regulatory procedures of processed medicinal plant products. Thus, it is important to develop a molecular assay based on species-specific nucleotide signatures and primers to efficiently distinguish authentic Pinelliae Rhizoma from its adulterants.Methods and resultsThe ITS2 region of 67 Pinelliae Rhizoma and its common adulterants were sequenced. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms within a 28–43 bp stretch of ITS2 were used to develop six primer pairs to amplify these species-specific regions. We assayed 56 Pinelliae Rhizoma products sold on the Chinese market, including medicinal slices, powder and Chinese patent medicines, which revealed that about 66% of products were adulterated. The most common adulterants were Pinellia pedatisecta (found in 57% of the assayed products), Arisaema erubescens (9%), Typhonium giganteum (2%) and Typhonium flagelliforme (2%).ConclusionsA severe adulteration condition was revealed in the traditional medicine market. The species-specific nucleotide assays developed in this study can be applied to reliably identify Pinelliae Rhizoma and its adulterants, aiding in the authentication and quality control of processed products on the herbal market.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11033-022-07600-0.

The current state of the veterinary drugs market in the Tyumen Region

Objective: to assess the current state of the veterinary medical product market in the Tyumen Region.Material and methods. The objects of the study included data from the State Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use for 2019–2022; veterinary pharmacy organizations and veterinary clinics in the Tyumen Region (33); price lists of veterinary pharmaceutical organizations; questionnaires of veterinary specialists (69) and consumers of medicinal products for veterinary use (93).Results. An analysis of the Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use registered in the Russian Federation revealed a positive trend in the registration of new positions: with 2190 registered drugs about 300 more positions are registered annually. It was determined that the ratio of veterinary drugs of various pharmacotherapeutic groups is critically uneven (31.05% – antibacterial agents; 28% – immunobiological drugs; 0.46% – cardiovascular drugs; 0.14% – antitumor drugs). The study of the wholesale segment of the veterinary drugs market on the territory of the Tyumen Region showed that the range of wholesale trade organizations in veterinary drugs mainly consists of products for animals (at the largest one veterinary drugs account for only 16%). As a result, low indicators of the assortment are observed (breadth and completeness coefficients for pharmacotherapeutic groups), and there are problems with the availability of veterinary drugs. The analysis of the assortment of veterinary pharmaceutical organizations and clinics (retail segment of the market) revealed low breadth coefficients for medicinal products for veterinary use (median 0.09). A sociological survey showed a low level of awareness of all veterinary drugs consumer groups about the scope of their circulation.Conclusion. The study of the current state of the veterinary medicinal product market in the Tyumen Region identified the problems of their availability both in the wholesale and retail segments, which need to be addressed with the help of state regulation (including the introduction of a minimum range of drugs for veterinary use) and normalization of the assortment policy at the level of veterinary pharmacies and clinics. Because of the lack of registration for some drugs necessary for the treatment of animals, veterinarians are forced to put into practice drugs for medical use, deliberately violating the law. Given the experience of many foreign countries, we consider it expedient to allow the use (in special cases) of medical drugs in veterinary medicine. This will solve the problem of pharmacotherapy availability and allow veterinarians to provide better care to animals.

Marketing analysis of the domestic pharmaceutical market of antiherpetic medicines

Aim. To conduct the marketing research of the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine in the segment of medicinal products (MP) used for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2.
 Materials and methods. To achieve this aim, methods of logical and meaningful problem formation, desk marketing research, content analysis of publications in scientific and practice-oriented medical and pharmaceutical literature, comparative analysis were used.
 Results. The paper presents the results of the marketing analysis of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market of antiherpetic MP. For the study, according to the ATC classification, 5 groups of medicines registered at the domestic market were selected. In the drug package leaflets for these medicines herpes infection was one of the indications for use. As of October 1, 2021, the range of antiherpetic MP includes 194 trade names for systemic and local use. The market segmentation of these groups of medicines by manufacturing countries, drug form, conditions of dispensing, origin and composition was carried out. It has been found that the share of herbal medicinal products is 14.43 % (6 positions) and is represented by products for systemic use.
 Conclusions. The research of the market of antiherpetic medicines conducted can be considered as the basis for the search and development of new effective antiviral herbal medicinal products of domestic production for the local treatment of the herpes virus.

Analysis of the evolution of the price of oncology drugs after the loss of their patent and the marketing of generic medicines

Background and research question: Loss of exclusivity of oncology drugs causes an important drop in their price due to the marketing of generic medicines. In this article we study how the price of certain oncology drugs evolves throughout time after the loss of their patent, both in terms of the notified price and at a level of the public tenders for the purchase of medicines. Methods: The variation in the price of oral oncology drugs was assessed from the public information provided by the Interministerial Medicinal Products Pricing Committee (Comisión Interministerial de Precios de los Medicamentos, CIPM) and the data from public tenders for the purchase of medicines. Results: The data show a significant drop in price of the medicines assessed after the expiry of their patent, both at a notified price level (70% of average drop in price in 2.6 years) and at the level of the public tenders (drops exceeding 90% in a year for the most innovative drugs). Discussion: The drop in the price of the oncology drugs after the expiry of their patent is seen in all the medicines assessed. The trends seen allow to predict the evolution of the price of another innovative medicine that is nearing the expiry of its patent (Lenalidomide), with an expected drop in price by 90% with respect to the current price of the innovative drug.

Indole alkaloids as potential candidates against COVID-19: an in silico study.

COVID-19 has recently grown to be pandemic all around the world. Therefore, efforts to find effective drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 are needed to improve humans’ life quality and survival. Since the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a crucial role in viral replication and transcription, the inhibition of this enzyme could be a promising and challenging therapeutic target to fight COVID-19. The present study aims to identify alkaloid compounds as new potential inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro by the hybrid modeling analyses. The docking-based virtual screening method assessed a collection of alkaloids extracted from over 500 medicinal plants and sponges. In order to validate the docking process, classical molecular dynamic simulations were applied on selected ligands, and the calculation of binding free energy was performed. Based on the proper interactions with the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, low binding energy, few side effects, and the availability in the medicinal market, two indole alkaloids were found to be potential lead compounds that may serve as therapeutic options to treat COVID-19. This study paves the way for developing natural alkaloids as stronger potent antiviral agents against the SARS-CoV-2.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00894-022-05137-4.

Medicine Safety Assessment Method based on Dynamic Dual Optimization

<p>As people pay more and more attention to medicine safety issues, related medicine safety monitoring platforms are also rapidly popularized. However, previous work has poor accuracy and low efficiency in medicine safety assessment. In this paper, the medicine safety evaluation index system of the medicine safety monitoring platform is determined from four aspects: medicine research and development, medicine market, medicine production, and medicine uses. In order to solve the problems of the medicine safety evaluation model, such as low evaluation accuracy, slow convergence speed, and long training time, the dynamic dual optimization of PSO-BP medicine safety assessment method (OPSO-BP) is proposed. The weights and thresholds of BP neural network are optimized by the PSO algorithm to improve the quality of assessment. In addition, we optimize PSO: use the cosine function to dynamically adjust the inertia weight w and use the average optimal position of the individual in the population to replace the optimal position of the individual. It improves the problem that the evaluation model in the traditional algorithm is easy to fall into the local optimal solution due to the lack of generalization ability. In this paper, the effectiveness of OPSO-BP is verified by comparative experiments with the designed questionnaire data of medicine safety evaluation.</p> <p> </p>

The Politics of Knowledge of Medicinal Plants in India: Corporations, Collectors and Cultivators as Constituents

This article seeks to understand one of the most important problems in the contemporary discourse of modern development, that of management, control, collection and trade of medicinal plants in India. The tremendous growth in the market for herbal medicines since the 1990s has prompted large-scale industrial production of these medicines by big pharmaceutical corporations. This relies on medicinal plants mostly derived from the wild, and while their market has grown enormously, it has also led to their over-harvesting, without any concomitant efforts at regeneration. This article offers to analyse the political aspect of the existing market supply chain of medicinal plants in India. This study specifically focuses on problematizing the complex power structures in the market supply chain of medicinal plants, with reference to the knowledge of production that guides the corporations. In order to manufacture herbal products on the basis of large-scale centralized production systems, the corporations privilege their ‘knowledge’ of harvesting, production and distribution over that of the collectors. The collectors are usually part of communities that have built up their knowledge of accessibility and medicinal properties of these medicinal plants over centuries of care, experience and innovation. It is when these two knowledge systems clash, in the larger context of political economy of development and the public policies of the state, that the degradation of nature becomes inevitable.

Analysis of antiasthmatic drugs for inhalation in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine and dynamics of their consumption

Bronchial asthma (BA) is a common disease, as today the world suffers from about 300 million people. The number of patients with severe and complicated forms of BA is growing every year due to untimely diagnosis of the disease and late appointment of basic therapy. Complications cause disability in patients and increase mortality.
 The purpose of this work was to study the range and consumption in Ukraine of antiasthmatic drugs for inhalation (ADI), intended for the treatment of BA for the period 2018–2020.
 The analysis of the range and volumes of consumption of ADI was carried out according to the system of research of the market of medicines «Pharmstandard» of the company «Morion». Consumption estimates were made using the ATC/DDD methodology. DDDs/1 000 inhabitants/day (DID, DDDs per 1 000 inhabitants per day) was used as a unit of measurement.
 The results showed that in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine during 2018–2020 used 61–64 trade names (TN) ADI, of which 11–13 TN were domestically produced and 50–51 TN – foreign manufacturers. Retail prices for ADI during 2018–2020 varied widely and increased slightly each year, due to economic instability in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine. It was found that the consumption of ADI in the period 2018–2019 increased slightly by 1.03 times – from 7.00 DID in 2018 to 7.24 DID in 2019. In 2020, the consumption of this group of drugs decreased 1.1 times – to 6.60 DID. The undisputed leader in consumption in Ukraine was salbutamol (3.53–3.56 DID), which is probably due to the clinical efficacy and sufficient safety of the drug, greater availability of salbutamol for the population due to the wide range of generic drugs in Ukraine. market and the state program «Affordable Medicines». The second place was taken by the combination of fenoterol + ipratropium bromide (0.81–0.85 DID), which is used in adults and children for the immediate treatment of sudden attacks of bronchospasm in BA. The third place in terms of consumption in Ukraine was occupied by the combination of salmeterol + fluticasone (0.52–0.54 DID), which is mainly prescribed to patients with moderate and severe asthma.

Traditional and Herbal Medicines: Opportunities and Challenges

Pharmacognosy Research,2022,14,2,107-114.DOI:10.5530/pres.14.2.15Published:April 2022Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Sachin Saggar, Prince Ahad Mir, Nishant Kumar, Apporva Chawla, Jasreen Uppal, Shilpa, and Anmoldeep Kaur Author(s) affiliations:Sachin Saggar1, Prince Ahad Mir2,*, Nishant Kumar3, Apporva Chawla4, Jasreen Uppal5, Shilpa6, Anmoldeep Kaur7 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Amritsar Group of Colleges, Punjab, INDIA. 2Department of Pharmacognsoy and Phytochemistry, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 4Department of Pharmacology, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 5Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Punjab, INDIA. 6Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amritsar Group of Colleges, Punjab, INDIA. 7Department of Pharmacology, Amritsar Group of Colleges, Punjab, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Since ancient times natural herbs were extensively used for the treatment and prevention of various ailments and in past few decades, due to an extensive research in traditional system of medicine various herbal medicines have been developed for the prevention and treatment of diseases, which are environmentally, organically safe and inexpensive. Indian sub-continent has a good capability to tackle the task of meeting the worldwide demand for such products due to its rich wealth in case of herbal medicine. Historically, Indian people conventionally played a vital role in the development and management of these biological sources and also preserve their pertinent data that were accumulated via trial and error over centuries. Objectives: Due to tremendous global resurgence in traditional and alternative healthcare systems, the market for herbal medicines has grown at an impressive rate and therefore has great economic importance. However, the primary barriers to the expansion of herbal medicine include biodiversity loss, over-exploitation and improper use of medicinal plants, industrialization, biopiracy, and a lack of regulation and infrastructure. For the expansion of herbal medicine usage in the twenty-first century, conservation, proper research based on traditional knowledge, quality control of herbal medicine, and correct documentation are required. Methods: The desired and encouraging testifying items for systematically evaluated reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) standards were opted. A literature exploration was accomplished utilizing SCIENCE DIRECT, SCOPUS and GOOGLE SCHOLAR to locate articles for the present scenario about traditional and herbal medicines. Conclusion: The availability and type of conventional medicine safety and effectiveness data are far from sufficient to fulfil the requirements required to support its use globally. This review paper examines the restrictions and issues associated with conservation, science and technology, regulatory constraints, potential usage of herbal medicines, the drug production industry, safety and efficacy, and the prospects for traditional remedies on a nationally and internationally scale. Key words: Traditional medicines, Herbal medicines, Healthcare system, Regulatory constraints, Traditional Knowledge, Quality control. View:PDF (205.35 KB)

Essential Oil Chemotypes of Four Vietnamese Curcuma Species Cultivated in North Alabama

Curcuma (turmeric) species are important culinary and medicinal plants, and the essential oils of Curcuma rhizomes have demonstrated promising pharmacological properties. The essential oils (EOs) of Curcuma species possess a wide variety of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, antiproliferative, hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, antirheumatic, hypotensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antithrombotic, antityrosinase, and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitory activities, among others. Curcuma oils are also known to enhance immune function, promote blood circulation, accelerate toxin elimination, and stimulate digestion. C. longa (turmeric) and C. zedoaria (zedoary) are the most extensively studied species of Curcuma due to their high commercial value. There is some interest in expanding the cultivation of Curcuma species to the southern regions in North America where the climate is favorable. The purpose of this work was to examine the rhizome essential oil composition of four species of Curcuma (C. aromatica, C. caesia, C. longa, C. zanthorrhiza) that were obtained from Vietnam and cultivated in North Alabama. The rhizome essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques. The essential oils of C. aromatica were dominated by curzerenone (14.7–18.6%), germacrone (10.7–14.7%), 1,8-cineole (5.2–11.7%), and an unidentified component (8.7–11.0%). The major components in C. longa rhizome oil were ar-turmerone (8.3–36.1%), α-turmerone (12.7–15.2%), β-turmerone (5.0–15.4%), α-zingiberene (4.6–13.9%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (4.6–10.0%). The essential oils of C. caesia and C. zanthorrhiza were rich in curzerenone, curdione, and germacrone. These adapted turmeric varieties in North Alabama have potential use for medical purposes and medicinal plant oil market demands in the U.S.

Current issues in clinical trials of radiopharmaceutical drugs (RPCD) at the present stage of nuclear medicine development

To date, doctors are becoming increasingly interested in radiopharmaceutical drugs (RPCD) associated with an improvement in their effectiveness and safety due to the use of alpha-emitting isotopes and highly selective ligands in the formulation. According to MarketsandMarkets, the nuclear medicine market will grow from $4.8 billion in 2021 to $7.5 billion by 2026 at a compound annual growth rate of 9%. The Russian Federation will have to work on import substitution with the analogue development of foreign-made drugs not registered in Russia, as well as original development that must meet world standards. Promotion of new drugs to patients is impossible without conducting clinical trials that meet GCP criteria. Even in countries with a high development of biomedical technologies, there are not enough resources to conduct clinical trials of new RPCDs. The most important limiting factors are the high cost of studies using open sources of radiation and the discrepancy between the traditional method of clinical trials, the unique properties of new RPCD and the effective method of theranostics using diagnostic and therapeutic pairs of radionuclides. To overcome these difficulties in evaluating RPCD, in particular, a phase zero clinical trial on several volunteers with the disease and the establishment of specialized testing clinical centers are proposed.

The Potential Use of Herbal Fingerprints by Means of HPLC and TLC for Characterization and Identification of Herbal Extracts and the Distinction of Latvian Native Medicinal Plants.

The growing market of herbal medicines, the increase in international trade in Latvia, and the lack of adequate analytical methods have raised the question of the potential use of herbal fingerprinting methods. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods were developed for obtaining chromatographic fingerprints of four taxonomically and evolutionary different medicinal plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Calendula officinalis L., Matricaria recutita L., Achillea millefolium L.). Retention time shifting, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) analysis were used to improve and analyze the obtained fingerprints. HPLC data detection at 270 nm was determined superior to 360 nm for the distinction of medicinal plants and used data alignment method significantly increased similarity between samples. Analyzed medicinal plant extracts formed separate, compact clusters in PCA, and the results of HCA correlated with the evolutionary relationships of the analyzed medicinal plants. Herbal fingerprinting using chromatographic analysis coupled with multivariate analysis has a great potential for the identification of medicinal plants as well as for the distinction of Latvian native medicinal plants.

Estimate the Spectrum and Prescription Pattern in Patients with Myocardial Infarction, Angina, Congestive Cardiac Failure at a Tertiary Care Hospital- Retrospective Study

Introduction: Analysis of the prescription patterns is essential to improve rational prescribing in cardiac patients to decrease the risk associated with cardiovascular drugs & also to reduce morbidity and mortality. However, this type of study is progressively more important because of a boost in marketing of new medicines, variations in the prescribing and consumption of drugs, growing concern about delayed adverse effects, cost of drugs, and volume of prescription provokes us to carry out this study. 
 Objectives: To evaluate cardiovascular disease (Myocardial Infarction (MI), ANGINA, and Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF) drugs prescribing pattern & its cost.
 Methods: This study is a Retrospective case study carried out for a period of 6months at Sagar Hospitals, Bangalore, by collecting the required data in a structured questionnaire.
 Results: Out of 250 patient cases observed, patients aged 60-69 were 31.6%, followed by 50-59 (26.8%) are more prone to CAD & males were more when compared to females. The study showed the highest number of patients suffering from Angina and the second highest in MI, and few patients have been diagnosed with CCF.
 Conclusion: This study showed that Coronary artery disease was managed by antiplatelets, antihypertensives, statins, and diuretics;
 Angina has the highest diagnosis rate under this study. However, the antianginal drug class does not practice well. However, these studies also show the path for the pharmacist's role in promoting rational drug promotion in cardiac disease management.

Complete plastid and 45S rDNA sequences allow authentication of Liriope platyphylla and Ophiopogon japonicus

Liriope platyphylla F.T. Wang & Tang and Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl are morphologically similar perennial herbaceous plants belonging to the Asparagaceae family used as evergreen ornamental plants as well as for medicinal purposes. Complete plastid genomes (plastomes) and 45S nuclear ribosomal DNA (45S rDNA) sequences were obtained from two L. platyphylla accessions and one O. japonicus accessions using low-coverage, whole-genome data. Phylogenomic analysis using plastomes or 45S rDNA of the three accessions showed identical topology. Comparative analysis of the three accessions and representatives of 28 other Asparagaceae species revealed that L. platyphylla and O. japonicus are the most closely related species in the family Asparagaceae. The plastomes were 156,754–157,071 bp and the 45S rDNA transcriptional unit was 5906–5789 bp, providing super-barcoding information. Plastome sequences contained 817 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 173 insertions or deletions (InDels) at the interspecific level and 88 SNPs and 56 InDels at the intraspecific level. 45S rDNA sequences contained 70 SNPs and 3 InDels at the interspecific level and 12 SNPs and 1 InDel at the intraspecific level. We developed four dominant and two codominant DNA markers based on the plastome diversity for authentication of L. platyphylla and O. japonicus and successfully applied these to ingredients distributed in the herbal medicine market.

Identifying and characterizing Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum causing spot blight on Pinellia ternata in China.

BackgroundPinellia ternata (Thunb.), a perennial herbal plant in the Araceae family, has great medicinal value and market demand. In August 2020, an outbreak of severe leaf spot blight disease resulted in a huge yield loss of P. ternata. It is necessary to isolate and identify the pathogens that cause spot blight on P. ternata.MethodsIn this study, we isolated and identified the pathogens by fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Disease samples with typical spot blight symptoms were collected and pathogens were isolated from the diseased tissues. The pathogen was identified based on its biological characteristics and molecular analysis of internal transcribed (rDNA-ITS) and large subunit (LSU) sequences. Phylogenetic tree were constructed using MEGA7 software and pathogenicity tests were performed using in vivo inoculation. Finally, the pathogen was recovered and identified from the inoculated plants.ResultsBased on Koch’s postulates, we identified the pathogen causing spot blight on P. ternata as Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore spot blight on P. ternata caused by S. cucurbitacearum in China.

Commercial traditional herbal mixtures sold in the Maseru District of Lesotho

An increase in the prevalence of locally produced traditional herbal mixtures has been observed in various towns of Lesotho, particularly Maseru District. These mixtures are commonly sold by street vendors, herbalists and traditional practitioners in various traditional medicine ('muthi') markets and streets. Despite their extensive usage, a checklist of these herbal mixtures has hitherto not been made in the country. Therefore, the aim of the study was to record commercial herbal mixtures sold in the Maseru District of Lesotho, as well as their reported uses and composition. The checklist was attained by undertaking a physical survey in the Maseru market (traditional medicine market) and surrounding streets, recording the different herbal mixtures available in the market. A list of 49 herbal mixtures is presented in the current study, 40 of which are extracted using water, whereas nine are prepared with wine (even though alcohol percentage is not specified). However, new herbal mixtures are continuously being produced and added to the market, making it impossible to have a comprehensive list. The herbal mixtures are either given Sesotho (the native language of Lesotho) or non-Sesotho names, many of which translate into their strength and medicinal use. Many of these mixtures are reported to treat a wide variety of ailments, particularly chronic ones. For example, ‘Makhona-tsohle’ (meaning all-able) is reported to treat arthritis, cancer, diabetes mellitus, fatigue, inflammation, phlegm, sexually transmitted infections, and sores, as well as regulate blood pressure and the menstrual cycle, boost the immune system and cleanse the blood. Even though a list of ailments, dosage, and route of administration is usually provided on the labels of various herbal mixtures, the ingredients and shelf-life are rarely given. The herbal mixtures are usually packaged in plastic or glass bottles. It is evident that herbal mixtures are widely sold in the Maseru District of Lesotho, and their numbers are likely to increase particularly because production of these herbal mixtures is not regulated in the country. Therefore, it is recommended that their efficacy and toxicity be evaluated to ensure safety and effective use.