Medicine In Paris Research Articles

La transmission écrite de la pratique du « débriefing francophone » depuis sa naissance jusqu’à nos jours

BackgroundFor the very reason we are talking about it, there is such a thing as “French débriefing”. But what is, or are, its precise and consensual definition(s)? What are the origins of this form of débriefing and, more importantly, how has it evolved to the present day? How have the conceptual notions it covers developed? What are its practical processes and the therapeutic mechanisms used to specifically deal with trauma and its clinical consequences? And finally, are there any scientific studies that evaluate the effectiveness of this framework for treatment? Although the majority of psychologists and psychiatrists alike are not well-versed in the sciences of language, they never-the-less provide an unprecedented arena for reflection. In this article, we present a linguistic analysis of the body of scientific papers which, over three decades, inspired the inception and subsequent evolution of what we still call today “French débriefing”. Materials and methodsWe identified French-language articles published in medical and psychological journals between 1990 and 2019 by entering the keyword “débriefing” in five search engines (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PsycInfo, Ascodocpsy) as well as in the thesauri of the interuniversity library of medicine of Paris and the central library of the French army health service. This bibliography was supplemented by consulting the personal archives of two general medical officers, former heads of military psychiatric services, then further increased on the basis of the references cited in the primary works selected. After a complete reading, only those publications that contained a mention of “French débriefing” of more than 100 words were finally retained. The extracted data combines the number of papers per year of publication, journals, authors (research team, place of practice). The titles, abstracts and the full texts of the articles were converted to HTML format to allow examination by three discourse analysis software programs. ResultsOver three decades, 122 papers focus on French débriefing, or an average of just over four per year. Articles devoted to conceptualization account for almost a third of the total, equivalent to those dealing with practice in real-life situations ; generalist and organizational areas appear to be over-represented compared to scientific studies. We emphasize the presence of three articles dedicated to ethics (in 2004 and 2009). Only one work focuses on educational transmission using an original healthcare simulation method (2016). We have summarized the consensual organization of débriefing in French as well as its practical application. The number of papers dealing specifically with therapeutic mechanisms corresponds to less than 10 % of the selected references and can be summarized in fewer than twenty proposals that we cite. DiscussionThe question of transmission, whether verbal or written, takes on a singular meaning in the field of the treatment of psychological trauma, disorders that by their very nature are marked by indescribability. How can the practitioner demonstrate knowledge of the unrepresentable? Publications in specialized journals provide us with information about the evolution of the state of the art - or at least what the authors say about it - and the transmission of knowledge with the aim, ultimately, of being useful to field practice. But as we have highlighted, the theoretical language on trauma risks, in itself, in its lexico-semantic, syntactic and pragmatic structure, carrying the very traumatic symptoms that it wishes to treat! Perhaps this is the reason for the absence of sufficiently scientific studies that make it possible to precisely evaluate the practice of French débriefing and in particular to highlight its therapeutic mechanisms? ConclusionWriting remains a major vector for the transmission of knowledge, but this writing, like the study of it, necessarily evolves as a function of societal context, on the one hand, and must be confronted with other sources of knowledge, particularly oral, on the other hand. The literature corpus analysis methodology that we have carried out will soon be superseded by the possibilities of automatic language analysis developed by artificial intelligence. Beyond the analysis of theoretical corpora, contemporary psycholinguistics also offers us the possibility of identifying, in patients’ discourse, diagnostic linguomarkers that are more sensitive and specific than metric scales or structured interviews based on international classifications. New psycholinguistic entities are likely to emerge, such as the “Traumatic Psycholinguistic Syndrome”, which accounts for trauma by studying the lexico-semantic, syntactic and pragmatic dimensions of the language of mentally afflicted patients. In order to help diagnose and monitor the evolution of symptoms, software already exists that is capable of analyzing the patient's speech in real time during consultations! While confronting us with dizzying anthropological questions, this will lead us to better identify psychological suffering as well as to better understand effective psychotherapeutic mechanisms.

A Forgotten Pupil of Sir Ludwig Guttmann: Ralph Spira, M.D.(Paris) , LRCP &Surg (Edin.), and LRCPS (Glas). (1913 Krakow, Poland-1997, Tel Aviv, Israel)

Dr. Ralph Spira (1913 Krakow, Poland-1997, TelAviv, Israel ) studied medicine in Paris and, in 1938,moved to London to work in emergency medicineand surgery. During the War, he volunteered to servewith the British Royal Navy and in a few generalhospitals. Later on, he was affiliated with the rehabilitation medicine units, and in 1948, he wassent to join Dr. Ludwig Guttmann's at the firstNational Spinal Unit, Stoke Mandeville Hospital,Aylesbury, Bucks. In 1952, he immigrated to Israeland is regarded as one of the first rehabilitationmedicine physicians in the newly established state.

Pro-active drug-facilitated crimes (DFC): a study in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Paris, France.

Proactive drug facilitated crime (DFC) is the administration of psychoactive substances (PAS) for criminal purposes without the victim's knowledge or by force. In Paris, France, patients who report suspected proactive DFC to the police are examined at the Department of Forensic Medicine (DFM) of the Hôtel-Dieu Hospital. Preventivelyblood and urine samples are collected but not systematically analyzed by the judicial authority. We aimed to assess the proportion of probable proactive DFC in patients examined at the Hôtel-Dieu DFM following a police report for suspected proactive DFC. Blood and urine samples were collected from 100 patients. Toxicological analyses were performed by the toxicology laboratory of the Lariboisière Hospital. The results were correlated with the clinical data collected at the initial and follow-up consultations. At least one PAS was detected in 86% of the cases (voluntary or involuntary intake). After correlation with clinical data, 32% of the cases were classified as probable proactive DFC. In these cases, 49% of the substances identified were illicit substances (amphetamines, MDMA, etc.); 16% were benzodiazepines and related substances; 16% were antihistamines and sedatives; 14% were opioids; and 5% were antidepressants and anti-epileptics. In 90% of the cases, patients reported a voluntary ethanol consumption in the hours prior to the suspected proactive DFC. Toxicological analyses revealed a high proportion of both probable proactive DFC and probable opportunistic DFC. Our results indicate the need to perform systematical toxicological analysis in cases of suspected DFC.

Prevalence, consequences of female genital mutilation among asylum seekers in Ile-de-France and socio-demographic characteristics

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is an intervention on the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. In France, asylum is possible for girls at risk of FGM in their country of origin. The procedure includes a forensic examination of the child. To describe the prevalence of FGM and the sociodemographic characteristics of girls and their mothers examined at the Department of Forensic Medicine of Paris. Between 2018 and 2021, 2422 family interviews were conducted. The mothers were mainly from Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, and Guinea Conakry. A FGM was found in 84.4% of the 1838 women examined, mostly of type IIb. The mothers reported immediate complications (21.2%: hemorrhage, pain) and long-term complications (31.8%: sexual disorders, obstetrical complications) due to these FGM. The families often included several children, and 3307 girls were examined. They were mostly born in France (72.0%). An FGM was identified in 61 of these girls (1.8%, mostly type IIb); it was already known by the family in half of the cases. Three of these girls were born in Europe. FGM is a public health problem on a global scale, but also in France due to migratory pathways. This descriptive study carried out an initial medical assessment of FSM in female asylum seekers examined at the Department of Forensic Medicine of Paris, and difficulties in the diagnosis of FSM. Other studies are useful to corroborate and compare our results.

Louis Farabeuf (1841-1910): Anatomist and inventor of surgical procedures and instruments.

Louis Hubert Farabeuf (1841-1910) was a reformer of clinical, surgical, and topographic human anatomy studies during the second half of the 19th century. Over 30 years as a professor of Anatomy, Farabeuf wrote outstanding anatomical textbooks. As the head of Anatomic Studies in the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, he succeeded in leading a profound restructuring of the way anatomy and surgery were taught. As a result of his work and research, several anatomical terms, clinical signs, and surgical instruments were named after him. For his outstanding career in anatomy, he was elected to the Academy of Medicine in 1897.

Laveran and the eradication of malaria in Corsica

The observation of miasmas and fevers was attested in the region of Biguglia, South of Bastia, in 1499, confirmed during the 17th century. Drainage works on the eastern coast were started in 1770, abandoned during the revolutionary period, restarted under the Second Empire, with few results on the endemic. Thus in 1875, 80% of the inhabitants of the eastern plain were considered on their appearance to suffer malaria. The rural population was miserable, the mortality high. However, it was not possible to distinguish the responsibility of malaria among the other fevers.In 1899 and following years, A. Laveran was in Corsica. He confirmed the presence of Anopheles in the localities where malaria was present. He encouraged the creation in Bastia in 1902 of the Corsican League against Malaria and he chaired it. The actions of this League were based on the fight against the larvae by chemical destruction, on the use of mosquito nets and on massive and free preventive "quininisation". A sanitation and development law for Corsica was passed in 1911. Initial results were observed, confirmed by Léger and Arlo (1913) [6]. After WW1, the activities started again, in particular by Sergent and Sergent. An antimalarial application station, subsidized by the Rockefeller Foundation, was created in Bastia in 1925, supported by the laboratory of parasitology of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris. Plasmodium falciparum was predominant, transmitted essentially by Anopheles labranchiae of the maculipennis complex, up to an altitude of 500 m. The role of population displacements, linked to pastoral practices, the absence of stables and therefore of zoonotic deviation of anopheles were underlined.The liberation of Corsica in October 1943 allowed the installation by the American army of numerous airfields on the eastern plain. An intense local mosquito control by DDT was then carried out, impressing the population. However, malaria prospered on the island with an acme of indices in 1947. From 1948, campaigns of spraying insecticide against adults, chemical control of larvae or use of larvivorous fish, treatment of patients in dispensaries led to very good results. Since 1953, malaria transmission is interrupted in Corsica excepted 30 indigenous cases in 1970-71. Currently, the situation in Corsica of an anophelism without malaria is considered to be under control with a low risk of resumption of a localized transmission.

Voyager pour apprendre: les Canadiens reçus docteurs en médecine à Paris au XIXe siècle.

Thirteen Canadians obtained a doctoral degree from the Faculty of Medicine of Paris between 1822 and 1905. Their studies in France played a decisive role in some of the major trends of 19th-century Canadian history: the formation of a French-Canadian professional bourgeoisie, the formalization of diplomatic ties between Canada and France, the development of bacteriology in America, and the rise of French-Canadian nationalism at the turn of the 20th century. This article traces the careers of these medical doctors by using unpublished sources, mainly their student files and doctoral theses, located through the Pierre Moulinier database and made available by the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Santé of the Université Paris-Descartes. By examining these doctors' travels to Paris, it shows the impact on the Canadian medical profession of the relationship between a former North American colony and its former imperial capital.

Dimitrios Zambakis' Scientific Hypothesis on the Transmission of Leprosy.

Dimitrios Zambakis was an acclaimed physician at his time, most recognized for his work on leprosy. He theorized that leprosy was a hereditary disease, receiving many awards for his work including the Cholera Medal of Honour (1854), Château-Villard Prize from the Faculty of Medicine in Paris (1898), The Montyon Prize, and the title of Pasha. However, his theory was routinely argued against and was later proven to be invalid. Leprosy is regarded as a contagious disease spread by contact and is not hereditary. The last name appears to be spelled in various ways (Zambakis, Zambaco). For this paper, "Dimitrios Zambakis" will be used.

The contribution of the Scottish doctor Robert Erskine to the development of Russian medicine in the 18th century.

The Scottish doctor Robert Erskine (1677-1718) became Chief Doctor of Russia and personal physician to Tsar Peter the Great. Extensive archival material documents his remarkable career. From schooling in the village of Alva and apprenticeship to an Edinburgh apothecary, he went on to study medicine in Paris and Utrecht and was admitted to the Royal Society in London. Recruited into the service of the Tsar, to whom he became a trusted friend and counsellor, Erskine played a central role in the modernisation of Russian medicine, pharmacy and natural science in the early 18th century. His untimely death at age 41 was marked with a state funeral in St Petersburg. Some historians in Russia assert that in their country, the development of medicine and the natural sciences took place without the transitional stages of iatrochemistry and iatrophysics which characterised the shift in scientific thinking throughout Europe in the early modern period. This study of archival records shows that Erskine held iatrophysical and iatrochemical views in common with his European contemporaries. His influence ensured that Russia was thoroughly involved in European developments in science and medicine in the 18th century.

Anglo-French neurological interactions in the 19th and early 20th centuries: Physicians, places and events.

The development of neurology as an independent discipline in the mid-19th century was considerably influenced by the almost simultaneous foundation of the Charcot School at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris and the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic and it's School at Queen Square in London in the 1860's. We have reviewed the early interactions between Charcot's school and the leading neurologists at the National Hospital and also discussed their neurological antecedents and subsequent links up to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914. Earlier interactions involved Trousseau and Duchenne in France and Graves, Todd, Laycock and Allbutt in Britain. The French Brown-Séquard was one of the first two physicians appointed to the National Hospital. Charcot was a frequent visitor to Britain culminating in his influential role in the 1881 International Medical Congress in London. He first suggested the terms "Parkinson's Disease" and "Jacksonian Epilepsy". He attracted numerous British visitors to Paris and his studies of hysteria were influenced by Laycock, Todd and Russell Reynolds. Hughlings Jackson drew upon the anatomical studies of Gratiolet in his interactions with Broca and Charcot which influenced French views on aphasia, epilepsy and cortical localisation. Ball, an Englishman, was the first Professor of mental and brain diseases in Paris in 1877. Bruce in Edinburgh and Kinnier Wilson in London both maintained frequent contacts with Paris, where the latter first presented his studies of hepatolenticular degeneration in 1912. The Entente Cordiale of 1904 led to further interactions with the leading role of the French and British physicians Raymond and Duckworth. Two outstanding British women, Elizabeth Garrett and Blanche Edwards, qualified in Medicine in Paris with neurological interests. Our review emphasises the constructive influence of the French and British Schools on each other and thus on the development of neurology. The French influence was primarily the establishment of the anatomo-clinical method and the use of photographic illustrations in publications. The British School influence was its Clinical Assessment Skills and scientific studies of newly recognised diseases and concepts and its early development of neurosurgery.

A governmental program to encourage medical students to deliver primary prevention: experiment and evaluation in a French faculty of medicine

BackgroundA public health student service was set up by the French government in 2018 with the aim of increasing awareness of primary health promotion among the 47,000 students of medicine and other health professions. It is an annual program involving community-based actions on nutrition, physical activity, addiction or sexuality. Our objective was to evaluate its implementation at local level and the different experiences of the stakeholders.MethodsA quasi-experimental study using process evaluation was performed in a Faculty of Medicine in Paris. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from medical students who carried out preventive health actions, in the institutions in which the actions took place and from a subsample of beneficiaries.ResultsOne hundred and eight actions were carried out by 341 students in 23 educational or social institutions, mostly high schools (n = 12, 52%). Two thirds of the students did not feel sufficiently prepared to deliver preventive health interventions (65.7%, 224/341); however the beneficiaries found that the interventions were good (278/280, 99,2%). Nineteen (83%) of the host institutions agreed to welcome health service students again, of which 9 required some modifications. For students, the reporting of a satisfactory health service experience was associated with the reporting of skills or knowledge acquisition (p < 0.01). Delivering actions in high schools and to a medium-sized number of beneficiaries per week was associated with students’ satisfaction. No effect of gender or theme of prevention was observed. For 248/341 (72.7%) students, the public health service program prompts them to address prevention issues in the future.ConclusionThe public health service undertaken by medical students through the program is a feasible and acceptable means of delivering preventive actions. Reinforcement of training and closer interaction with the host institutions would improve results.

The History behind the Discovery of Root Tension Signs and the Invention of the Lumbar Discectomy Surgery.

Introduction Sciatica, a common affliction, has been a well known scourge throughout recorded history of mankind and finds a mention in the writings of Hippocrates [1]. The clinical root tension signs were described in the late 19th century, and their discovery preceded the development of surgical techniques for this disorder. As surgeries became safe at the beginning of the 20th century, surgeons incorrectly diagnosed the pathology as cartilaginous tumors in these operated patients. Finally, by the 1930s, they had started connecting the dots and discovered that lumbar disc herniation was responsible for the clinical syndrome of sciatica. In this report, we trace an interesting history from the discovery of the root tension signs for sciatica to the invention of lumbar discectomy surgery for a herniated lumbar disc. There is a great deal of confusion in the eponymous naming of the passive SLR test in various textbooks. Bruce Reider’s The Orthopaedic Physical Examination, a book popular among orthopedic residents, describes the forced dorsiflexion maneuver as the Laségue’s test [2]. While Todd Albert’s Physical Examination of the Spine describes the same maneuver as Bragard’s test [3]. Most textbooks, however, refrain from using eponymous names to describe these neurological signs, especially because there is so much confusion about them. Nevertheless, the medical history behind these root tension signs is no less fascinating. Many attribute the first description of the passive SLR to Ernst Charlie Laségue (Fig. 1), who was a Professor of Medicine in Paris. In his 1864 paper, he described a syndrome of radicular pain which sometimes was associated with muscle atrophy [4]. However, in this paper, he did not describe the leg raising test. Robert Wartenberg, the owner of a few eponymous signs and syndromes himself, worte in 1956: “it is highly embarrassing to state the plain fact that all authors who quoted Lasègue’s article of 1864 as a source of Lasègue’s sign did not

René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826). Two hundred years of the stethoscope. A brief overview.

Two hundred years have passed since the publication that revealed the clinical use of the stethoscope. René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec published it in 1819. Laënnec spent his childhood in the social effervescence of the French Revolution and studied medicine in Paris, where he graduated in 1804. His clinical experience at Necker Hospital peaked with the invention of the stethoscope in 1816. Three years later, he published his masterpiece De L'Auscultation Médiate, which underlined a more rational clinical-pathological approach, especially in the understanding of cardiopulmonary diseases. Undoubtedly, Laënnec revolutionized medicine by perfecting the art of thoracic semiology, which allowed him to translate the sounds he heard into an image that could be visualized. In the bicentennial of the invention of such fundamental milestone in modern medicine, the purpose of this article is to go over its history.

History Page: Leaders in MSK Radiology.

Born in 1869, Gaston Contremoulins began his career as a painter. Fascinated by photography and discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in 1895, our ingenious self taught engineer joined the laboratory of microphotography in the faculty of medicine in Paris. He published in 1896 studies in the use of X-rays associated with a compass for research and anatomical localization of foreign bodies in the skull. This work was awarded by the Montyon prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1897. Appointed chief of radiological laboratories in Paris Hospital in 1898, despite the fact that he was not doctor, he developed his method named metro radiography for localization, then extraction of foreign bodies in all organs mainly during World War 1. He developed with surgeons osteosynthesis and prothesis for wounded soldiers. Early awareness of radiation hazards for physicians, hospital staff and also the neighborhood of the radiological installation, Contremoulins developed ways of protecting source and also promoted the shielding of walls and floors, despite the opposition of some of the radiologists. Retired from the Necker Hospital in 1934, he exercised his talents in the Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital for another 16 years. He ended his days in 1950 after he was diagnosed with inoperable cataracts.

Demetrius Zambaco Pasha (1832-1913): The first leprologist of the Orient.

Démétrius Zambaco Pasha (1832-1913) was an internationally renowned Ottoman-born French dermatologist of Greek origin who is considered the first leprologist of the Orient. A graduate from the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, he practised there until he returned to Istanbul in 1872 and later served as a private physician to the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II (1842-1918), then Abbas Hilmi Pasha (1874-1944), the last Khedive of Egypt. Dr Zambaco produced numerous publications in a variety of medical subjects including leprosy, syphilis, morphinomania, eunuchs, and medical history. Leprosy, however, was his main field of scientific interest, with nearly 40 studies published and many other communications presented at international medical congresses. Due to his outstanding scientific contributions, Dr Zambaco garnered many accolades including the Cholera Medal of Honour, the Montyon Prize, and Légion d'Honneur from France as well as the honorary title of Pasha, a higher rank in the political and military system, from the Ottoman Empire.

White matter—Maximien Parchappe and the integration of articulate language

ABSTRACT The Imperial Academy of Medicine of Paris met in the spring of 1865 to discuss the localization of speech. One of the participants was Maximien Parchappe (1800–1866), an alienist whose research interests lay in the cerebral cortex. This article addresses Maximien Parchappe’s concept that the cognitive elements of language—such as the translation of thoughts into words, the will to express them, and the means to do so—reside within the cortical gray matter, and that they are integrated through white-matter fibers. In so doing, Parchappe anticipated Carl Wernicke’s linking of the posterior aspects of the dominant frontal and temporal lobes in verbal expression, and Jules Dejerine’s linking of the angular gyrus and Wernicke’s area in the understanding of written language. Functional imaging has revived interest in language as a network of neuronal aggregates and has given new relevance to Parchappe’s concept of the functional organization of language.

The fable of "The Doctor and the Goose," by Charles Chauvin Boisclair Deléry, D.M.P.

Charles Chauvin Boisclair Deléry, D.M.P. - doctor of medicine of Paris, was perhaps the prototypical representative of Creole physicians, practising medicine in Louisiana in the 1800s, who were regarded as being equally proficient with pen, pills or pistols. This paper presents accounts of Deléry's yellow fever debate with Jean-Charles Faget, D.M.P., and their near duel, and his famous duel with Joseph Rouanet. Because of the personal and professional need to maintain honor, Rouanet may have challenged Deléry to a duel, not only because of vociferous disagreements between them over blood transfusion safety and efficacy, but due to Deléry's humiliation of Rouanet in his fable, "the Doctor and the Goose." We recovered the poem, transcribed and translated it, and discuss it as a device of witty rhetorical persuasion-a technique of the time used to belittle one's learned opponents. Fortunately, Deléry was not as equally proficient with pens and pistols, as both he and Rouanet survived the duel.

Claire Mugnier-Popp-Vogt (1898–1978). Une neuropsychiatre infantile injustement oubliée

Oskar Vogt (1870–1959) and his wife Cécile Mugnier (1875–1962) are two rightly well-known neuroanatomists, particularly for their work on myelocytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex and for the description of the status marmoratus of the striatum responsible for the double athetosis. The numerous biographical articles, obituaries and Igor Klatzo's hagiogaphic monograph, which retrace the life and works of Cécile and Oskar Vogt, emphazise the professional success and quality of the scientific work of both of their two daughters, Marthe (1903–2003), Fellow of the Royal Society, Head of the Department of Pharmacology of the Institute of Animal Physiology and Professor of Pharmacology at Cambridge (UK) and Marguerite (1913–2007), virologist at the Salk Institute (La Jolla, California, USA) who devoted significant work to the relationship between viruses and cancer. But, a year before her marriage to Oskar, Cécile had had a daughter, Claire, born on 1898, June 1st, of an unnamed father. Her birth certificate mentioned that it was the medical doctor Hippolyte Morestin (1869–1919), surgeon of the hospitals of Paris, future pioneer of the repairing maxillofacial surgery (the “broken jaws », war veterans with severe facial injuries, of the Great War) who declared the birth and specified that it was he who “performed the delivery” at the mother's home. What was the relationship between Cécile Mugnier and Hippolyte Morestin? – Mystery! Unlike her two sisters, Claire is the forgotten one. When she is mentioned, it is only about her status as an illegitimate daughter of Cécile, but there are never any biographical data concerning her, except that at the age of 4, she had been recognized by Cécile and Oskar and was therefore called Claire Vogt or Mugnier-Vogt. We have no information about Claire's childhood and we only find her again when she was studying at the Faculty of Medicine in Paris. She became an interne at the Paris hospitals, then a chef de clinique and a medical doctor in 1929 (with a thesis on brain tumors in children). Alongside Professor Georges Heuyer (1884–1977), founder of child psychiatry in France, Claire participates in the birth in France of this specialty and must be considered as an early child neuropsychiatrist. In the years 1943–1944, Claire practised in Paris 17th, 78, avenue de Villiers, as a specialist doctor of neuropsychiatry and diseases of children. She became a doctor-assistant of the hospitals of Paris, attached to the Salpêtrière in the department of Dr. Marcel Faure-Beaulieu (1878–1959). She replaced Dr. May at Tenon Hospital during the hostilities in 1940, and in the late 1950s she was assistant in the department of Professor Raymond Garcin (1897–1971). Claire published numerous articles about pediatric neurology, many of which have appeared in the Revue neurologique. In 1937, Claire married Aurel Popp (1882–1957), secretary archivist of the Romanian Legation in Paris, and took the name of Popp-Vogt. She died at the Foch Hospital in Suresnes on June 18, 1978, at the age of 80. All in all, though overshadowed – for unknown reasons – by literature and by her parents, Claire Mugnier-Popp-Vogt has been a pioneer in child neuropsychiatry.

Paul Cololian (1869–1956) : membre de la Société Médico-Psychologique (1902) et fondateur de l’Union des Médecins Arméniens de Paris (1920) et de la Croix-Rouge Arménienne de Paris (1922) (Partie I)

Maksoud Boghos Cololian was born December 12, 1869 in Ortakeuy. It was a suburb of Constantinople. The young Maksoud Boghos was sent to the Armenian school of Berberian when he is expected to learn to read and write in. It was here he developed a taste for litterature and the knowledge of the French language thanks to a thorough instruction. When he completed his secondary schooling, he left Armenia for France. In September 1889, he registered at the faculty of medicine of Paris. Extern in 1891 then intern from the asylums of the Seine (1894), he was appointed doctor of medicine in 1898. Cololian acquired a deep knowledge of psychiatry under the direction of great specialists (Taguet, Briand, Magnan, Garnier). Member of the Société Médico-Psychologique in 1902, his happy memories of his non-residential internship in the department of Nicolas Augustin Gilbert (1858–1927) led him to practice general medicine. That is the speciality he dedicated to as a liberal, in Paris rue de Ponthieu, without forgetting his training in psychiatry. In the Rosenwald Book, his speciality was neuropsychiatry. Considering he was a former Ottoman subject and volunteer since the beginning of hostilities in 1914, Cololian became immediately naturalized French with the title of assistant major physician medical. He was appointed head physician of the physiotherapy centers of Versailles (VR 69 and 74), Grignon and the Officers’ Hospital at Versailles. Also, he named himself Paul. He took care of war-wounded and became a precursor in the field of mechano-therapeutic on one hand, and for the measurement of impotence and infirmities one the other hand. In 1918, Cololian was decorated with the Legion of Honor by Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934) himself. Several times laureate of the Academy of Medicine and the Institute, Cololian wrote articles or memories on semiology and psychiatric treatment. He was with P. Garnier the author of a treatise on therapeutics of mental and nervous diseases (1901). Author of chronic hunting in the newspaper “Le Figaro”, medical and scientific popularization in the review “Guérir” and “La Femme et l’Enfant” and too informal written in “Les Annales politiques et littéraires”, Cololian published various articles or analyzes on studies based on morbid psychological constitutions from characters in literature, plays, movies or politics (Emma Bovary, Marie Lafarge, Hitler…). In his psychiatric and psychoanalytic reading of Flaubert's Madame Bovary, Cololian asserted that the creator of Freudianism was Flaubert. Regarding psychoanalysis, he felt Freud's theory had been taken too far by the founder and mostly by his students.

A Parisian spring: the debate on language localization at the Imperial Academy of Medicine, Paris, April 4–June 13, 1865

The localization of articulate language (speech) to the posterior third of the third left frontal convolution-Broca's area-did not occur to Broca as he reported the case of his first aphasic patient in 1861. Initially Broca localized articulate language to both frontal lobes, a position that he maintained for 4 years after publishing his first case. In the interval, the Academy of Medicine in Paris had received a copy of a paper authored in 1836 by Marc Dax, in which Dax claimed that the ability to speak resides within the left hemisphere alone. The Academy of Medicine convened in the spring of 1865 to adjudicate the issue. All of the distinguished speakers argued against Dax's contention by citing the prevailing paradigm, that bilaterally symmetrical organs, such as the eyes and ears, and the hemispheres of the brain, must perform the same function. The lone dissenting voice was that of Jules Baillarger, the discoverer of the laminar organization of the cerebral cortex, whose argument in favor of what he called "Dax's law" was so lucid that it carried the day. During his address to the Academy, Baillarger not only supported left-hemisphere dominance for speech, but for the first time described two forms of aphasia, fluent and nonfluent, now referred to as Wernicke's and Broca's aphasias, respectively, as well as the ability of aphasics to speak during emotional outbursts, to which we now refer as Baillarger-Jackson aphasia. It was 9 days after Baillarger's address that Broca, for the first time, unequivocally localized speech to the left frontal lobe.This paper is based on the author's reading of Dax's and Broca's original texts and of the texts read before the Academy of Medicine meeting held at the National Library of France between April 4, 1865, and June 13, 1865. From these primary sources it is concluded that the Academy of Medicine's debate was the last serious challenge to left-hemisphere dominance for speech and to the localization of articulate language to the left frontal lobe-and that Jules Baillarger played a pivotal role in what was a defining moment in neurobiology.