Medicinal Extracts Research Articles

Effect of Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne (Asclepediaceae) on scopolamine-induced memory loss in the white mouse Mus Musculus Swiss (Murideae)

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne (Asclepediaceae) is a plant widely used by traditional healers in several African countries to treat oxidative stress, depression, arterial hypertension, headaches and other conditions. This study aims to determine the therapeutic efficacy of Leptadenia hastata (L. hastata) against scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity. Aim of the study: To evaluate the pharmacological effects of L. hastata against scopolamine-induced neurotoxicity in Mus Musculus Swiss white mice. Materials and methods: L. hastata leaf extract was tested on the central nervous system of animals with scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits. Different doses (19; 38 and 76 mg/kg p.o.) of the extract and piracetam (200 mg/kg i.p.) were administered to the animals one hour before scopolamine (1 mg/kg i.p.) for 15 consecutive days of treatment. T-maze and object recognition tests were used for 3 days to assess the animals' behavioral performance. After behavioral testing, all animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation and the brains harvested for analysis of oxidative stress parameters. Results: Administration of the plant extract resulted in a significant behavioral performance, significantly inhibited the reduction of locomotor significantly inhibited the reduction in locomotor and exploratory abilities in scopolamine-treated animals. The 19 and 38 mg/kg of the extract significantly reduced catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and an increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels induced by scopolamine. L. hastata extract significantly counteracted the increase in cerebral of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in animals after 15 days of consecutive treatment with scopolamine. Conclusion: Leptadenia hastata, leaf extract has neuroprotective properties that facilitate memorization and correct scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in white mice. All the results obtained in this article justify the use of L. hastata extract in traditional medicine.

Roles of traditional Chinese medicine extracts in hyperuricemia and gout treatment: Mechanisms and clinical applications.

In this manuscript, we comment on the article by Liu et al published in the recent issue of the journal. Hyperuricemia (HUA) has become the second most common metabolic disease after type 2 diabetes mellitus and is the most important risk factor for gout. This discussion focuses on the targets and clinical application value of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) extracts in the treatment of HUA and gout, emphasizing the role of gut microbiota. Liu et al's study demonstrated that Poecilobdella manillensis protein extract alleviated HUA through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of uric acid (UA) reabsorption, promotion of UA excretion, repair of intestinal barrier function, and regulation of gut microbiota and metabolome. Unlike the commonly used urate-lowering drugs such as allopurinol and febuxostat, which have clear and single targets, many TCMs have multi-target effects. However, the active components and mechanisms of TCMs are not fully understood, limiting their clinical application in the treatment of HUA and gout. Additionally, the role of gut microbiota in UA metabolic homeostasis needs to be further explored.

Development of technology for obtaining an extract of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. Fruits

Introduction. In spite of many years of experience herbal medicines for the treatment of various diseases remain relevant and in demand due to the combination of effectiveness, safety and efficiency. In the production of herbal medicines extracts obtained from plant raw materials are used on the pharmaceutical substance. Complex processing of plant raw materials is one of the ways to achieve economic efficiency of production, which is an important aspect in the development of herbal preparations. The aim of the study: to develop the complex processing technology of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill fruits using the cascade extraction method in order to obtain a plant extract as a pharmaceutical substance. Material and methods. Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. fruits were collected between October and November 2022 in “Sila Dolmena”Ltd (Gelendzhik, Russian Federation). Extraction Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. fruits was carried out on the laboratory module of the Cascade type, using battery extractors and a rotary evaporator. The following were used as extractants: liquefied subcritical carbon dioxide, 70 and 40% ethyl alcohol and purification water, which are necessary for the extraction of both lipophilic and hydrophilic components. Results. A technology for complex processing of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. fruits by the cascade extraction method has been developed. The essence of the technology is in the sequential extraction of fruits with various extractants. By doing so, four extracts were obtained and standardized with the aim to obtain the final polyextract of Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. fruits. The kinetics of plant biologically active substances extraction was studied. Subcritical carbon dioxide extraction was used to extract lipophilic components. Flavonoids were extracted with 70% ethyl alcohol, and triterpene saponins – with 40% ethyl alcohol. The polysaccharide complex was extracted with purified water. The content of biologically active substances in the extracts obtained using extractants with successively increasing polarity was studied. Conclusion. The complex processing technology allows extracting a wide range of biologically active substances from plant raw materials. The final polyextract permits to combine all biologically active components of the Ziziphus Jujuba Mill. fruits in one medicinal product in order to expand the spectrum of its pharmacological activity. The work was carried out in accordance with the topic of the research project FGUU-2022-0011 of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants".

Synergistic antibacterial activity of baicalin in combination with oxacillin sodium against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a challenge for clinical treatment and combining antibiotics with other agents might be a promising strategy to overcome this challenge. This study explored the synergistic antibacterial activity of baicalin (traditional Chinese medicine extract) and the narrow-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic oxacillin sodium, both of which are poorly active against MRSA in vitro. The combination of baicalin and oxacillin sodium showed a synergistic effect with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.5. Mechanistically, the supplementation of baicalin increased the permeability of bacterial cell walls and cell membranes, enhancing oxacillin sodium entry and bactericidal action. The combination of baicalin and oxacillin sodium also significantly inhibited MRSA USA300 biofilm formation by further reducing polysaccharide intercellular adhesion production. Therefore, the combination of baicalin and oxacillin sodium offers a new therapeutic option for addressing clinical MRSA resistance. Further studies, including clinical trials, will be required to validate the observed in vitro results.

Immunomodulatory effects of medicinal leech saliva extract on in vitro activated macrophages.

Leech therapy has been utilized in modern and traditional medicine. Leech saliva contains versatile peptides and molecules that can exert anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, and analgesic activities on the patients. The active components and molecular mechanism of action of these components should be deciphered properly in order to generate biotechnological drug candidates by recombinant production of the leech saliva peptides. In our study, we conducted LC-MS/MS and proteomics analysis on the lyophilized leech saliva extract to determine the components of it. Moreover, this extract was tested on the in vitro-activated macrophages. The extract decreased the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines by the activated mammalian macrophages compared to the positive control groups. These results suggest that the lyophilized leech saliva can be utilized as an anti-inflammatory biotechnological drug candidate against inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In vitro studies will be conducted to further decipher the most active ingredients in the leech saliva. These active components will be tested on the animal models of the inflammatory and autoimmune disorders to show their drug potential.

Inhibition of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Development by Bittersweet Based on miR-let-7a Regulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Resistance Mechanism

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is closely related to regulation of miR-let-7a and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Picrasidine is a traditional Chinese medicine extract with antitumour effects, but its mechanism of action in AML is unclear. This study investigated picloram’s effect on AML and its relationship with miR-let-7a regulation of VEGFA resistance mechanism. Bone marrow samples from leukaemia patients in the Department of Haematology of our hospital were collected, and RT-PCR detected miR-let-7a and VEGFA expression in the bone marrow of healthy individuals and leukaemia patients. At the same time, cell culture of AML-resistant cell line K562/ADM was performed, which was divided into NC group, Picrasidine L group, Picrasidine M group, Picrasidine H group, si-NC group, Picrasidine H+miR-let-7a inhibitor group, Picrasidine H+miR-let-7a mimic group, miR-let-7a mimic+hVEGF-IN-1 group, miR-let-7a inhibitor+hVEGF-IN-1 group, and Picrasidine H+miR-let-7a mimic+hVEGF-IN-1 group. Cell proliferation and apoptosis was detected and correlation between miR-let-7a and VEGFA was analyzed by clinical samples. Picrasidine had a significant ameliorative effect on acute myeloid leukaemia in a dose-dependent manner. miR-let-7a was lowly expressed and VEGFA was highly expressed in AML patients. miR-let-7a and VEGFA showed significant correlation in human AML disease staging, and there was a statistically significant difference (p <0.05). That is to say, picloram promotes miR-let-7a expression, thus achieving inhibition of VEGFA, which in turn promotes apoptosis of AML drug-resistant cell line K562/ADM and inhibits its proliferation. The ameliorative effect of Picrasidine on acute myeloid leukaemia was achieved by upregulating miR-let-7a and downregulating VEGFA.

Schisandrin B Inhibits LPS-Induced Endometritis Through Attenuating Ferroptosis via AMPK/PGC1α/Nrf2 Signalling Pathway.

Endometritis is one of the common reproductive diseases in human and animal. In recent years, a number of studies have found that Schisandra B (Sch B), as a natural Chinese medicine extract, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other biological activities. Based on the above, in this study, mice were used to conduct an invivo experiment to investigate the effect and mechanism of Sch B on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endometritis. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to detect the pathological changes of uterine tissue and western blot was used to detect the expression levels of signalling pathways and key genes for ferroptosis. The results showed that Sch B significantly inhibited the pathological injury of uterine tissue, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, the activation of NF-κB pathway and the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Furthermore, Sch B effectively inhibited ferroptosis by inhibiting malondialdehyde (MDA) and iron production and promoting the expression of ferroptosis suppressor genes GPX4 and ferritin. In conclusion, Sch B inhibited LPS-induced endometritis through alleviating inflammatory response and ferroptosis via AMPK/PGC1α/Nrf2 signalling pathway.

Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Central Nervous System Diseases by Modulating Ferroptosis.

A newly proposed form of programmed cell death, ferroptosis, is distinct in cellular morphology, biochemical characteristics, and genetic characteristics from apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. Its mechanisms primarily encompass iron overload, lipid peroxidation, and amino acid metabolisms. Extensive research confirms that ferroptosis is linked to the onset and progression of various diseases that pose a threat to the central nervous system (CNS), offering new directions and targets for the mechanistic study and pharmacotherapy of CNS diseases. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), encompassing herbal medicines (extracts, compound formulations, injections, etc.), acupuncture, and moxibustion, boasts advantages over other treatments, such as multi-pathway and multi-target approaches and high safety. TCM has also demonstrated good efficacy in treating CNS diseases. Numerous studies indicate that TCM can modulate ferroptosis to treat CNS diseases, showing promising research prospects. This paper briefly outlines the pathways and mechanisms of ferroptosis and systematically summarizes the current status and progress of TCM in regulating various CNS diseases through the ferroptosis pathway, providing new insights and directions for future TCM treatments of CNS diseases.

Mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) improving myelosuppression and exerting anti-tumor effects during radiotherapy and chemotherapy

Abstract. Chemoradiotherapy, as a routine method of anti-tumor treatment, is accompanied by severe adverse reactions such as myelosuppression. It not only hinders the treatment process but also reduces the quality of life of patients. Therefore, effective prevention and treatment of myelosuppression during radiotherapy and chemotherapy is an extremely important issue that needs to be addressed in clinical practice. The commonly used method for preventing and treating myelosuppression during radiotherapy and chemotherapy is medication intervention. Human granulocyte colony stimulating factor(Human G-CSF) is the preferred drug, while modern Chinese medicine preparations are used as adjunctive therapy. There are still certain limitations in the clinical use of Human G-CSF, so research on the unique role of modern Chinese medicine in this regard has gradually received attention. By consulting literature, we took Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), a traditional Chinese medicine extract that has been proven to have relevant preventive and curative effects in existing studies, as an entry point to explore the mechanisms involved in the modulation of the signaling pathway by APS to play a role in improving the myelosuppressive and anti-tumour effects. This study aims to explore the mechanism by which APS participates in regulating signaling pathways to improve myelosuppression and anti-tumor effects. Some of its mechanisms are closely related to traditional Chinese medicine theory. This article will briefly discuss them in order to provide some inspiration for expanding drug selection in clinical practice and further conducting related research.

Dual Assay Validation of Rosmarinus officinalis Extract as an Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: Combining Pseudovirus Testing, Yeast Two-Hybrid, and UPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap-MS Profiling.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) extracts in blocking the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and human ACE2 receptor, utilizing a dual-method approach to explore the antiviral potential of natural compounds. This work aims to evaluate the capability of TCM extracts in inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and ACE2 receptor interaction using advanced biochemical assays. A dual-method screening approach was utilized, beginning with a pseudovirus assay to assess the inhibition capabilities of TCM extracts invitro, followed by a split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system to validate interactions in live cells. Active compounds were characterized and quantified using UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS. Among the 91 TCM extracts tested, Rosmarinus officinalis exhibited the most potent inhibition in both pseudovirus and Y2H assays, significantly reducing viral entry and disrupting the Spike-ACE2 interaction. Comprehensive chemical profiling via UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS identified 132 compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This research validates the use of TCM extracts in viral inhibition strategies, demonstrating the utility of integrating traditional remedies with modern scientific approaches to discover new therapeutic agents.

Zaluzanin-D enriched Vernonia arborea extract mediated copper oxide nanoparticles synthesis and their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and DNA methylation altering properties.

Metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized with the aid of medicinal plant extracts are showing potential as treatment options for inflammatory diseases. Two key benefits of this synthesis method is: the synthesis process is environmentally benign and the utilization of medicinal plant-derived extracts adds to the medicinal value of the synthesized nanoparticle. Earlier, sesquiterpene lactone zaluzanin-D (ZD) has been isolated from leaves of Vernonia arborea. ZD showed ability to reduce inflammation in activated monocytes. Copper oxide nanoparticles (bCuO-NPs) were synthesized using ZD-enriched leaf extract of V. arborea and characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, particle size analyzer, and TEM. Synthesized bCuO-NPs did not show significant toxicity to human monocytic cell lines (THP-1) at the tested concentrations. The bCuO-NPs showed radical scavenging ability indicating anti-oxidant properties. Flow cytometry experiments proved the capability of bCuO-NPs to reduce intracellular ROS in peroxide-activated THP-1 cells. The NPs also showed a significant ability to reduce inflammatory adhesion in PMA-activated THP-1 cells. In the DNA methylation studies, bCuO-NPs behaved similarly to ZD and prevented DNA hypomethylation at the MMP-9 promoter region. These properties strongly indicate the ability of bCuO-NPs to reduce inflammation in the activated monocytes. Furthermore, in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, the developmental toxicity of bCuO-NPs was assessed. The studies indicated the reduced toxicity and compatibility of the NPs with biological organisms. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the bCuO-NPs produced from ZD-enriched leaf extract have significant anti-oxidant capabilities and the ability to reduce inflammation in monocytic cell lines. Overall, reduced in vitro and in vivo toxicity, along with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, makes bCuO-NPs a potential candidate for anti-inflammatory drugs.

Sennosides A and B could contribute to the antimicrobial efficiency of Senna alexandrina Mill. against pathogenic bacteria in vitro and in vivo models

The search of new antimicrobial compounds is increasing in due with increasing bacterial infections. Discovering effective antibacterial medications is crucial for improving healthcare and combating bacterial infections. Senna alexandrina Mill. known as Tinnevelly senna, used as herbal extract in traditional medicine and found be rich in anthraquinone glycosides like sennoside A (SA) and sennoside B (SB), shows significant biological activity as a potential therapeutic agent. This study assessed the antibacterial effects of senna extracts on Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, both in vitro and in vivo. HPLC analysis identified sennosides as the major compounds in senna extracts, with the highest concentration found in the leaves, followed by the pods, flowers, stems, and roots. The leaf extract showed the highest sennoside content (SA 27.21 mg/g and SB 29.1 mg/g) compared to other plant parts. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of sennosides through the detection of carboxylic acids and OH functional groups in S. alexandrina extracts. Extracts rich in sennosides displayed potent in vitro antibacterial activity (1000 µg/mL) by generating ROS, penetrating and becoming disruptive to bacterial functions. Similarly, in Caenorhabditis elegans model, they inhibited bacterial growth and colonization and enhanced physiological functions in the worms. Senna extract (1000 µg/mL) improved intestinal barrier's structural stability in C. elegans by outcompeting pathogenic bacteria and prolonged survival rates of those infected with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus to 56.6 % and 62.4 %, respectively, confirming the potent antibacterial efficacy of senna leaf methanolic extracts due to their high sennoside content in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Formulasi Hair Tonic Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Pepaya (Carica Papaya L.) dan Uji Efektivitas Pertumbuhan Rambut pada Marmut Jantan (Cavia porcellus)

Hair for humans has an important role, in addition to protecting the skin from adverse environments, hair also plays an important role in a person's appearance. Losing a lot of hair due to hair loss can cause a lack of self-confidence, disappointment, and frustration, so it must be addressed immediately so as not to worsen the condition that can cause baldness. This study aims to determine whether there is a content of secondary metabolite compounds in fresh herbal medicine, herbal medicine powder and ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin; ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin (Carica papaya L.) can be formulated in the form of hair tonic preparations; whether the difference in concentration of ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin (Carica papaya L.) provides different activities in triggering hair growth in guinea pigs. This research method uses a quantitative approach and is experimental with independent variables, namely papaya fruit skin, herbal medicine, and ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%. Research stages: phytochemical screening of fresh papaya fruit peel, powdered simplicia and ethanol extract, hair tonic formulation containing ethanol extract of papaya fruit peel 10%, 20% and 30%, hair tonic evaluation includes: organoleptic, viscosity, stability, pH, irritation, and preference test. And hair growth activity test on male guinea pigs. The results showed that the ethanol extract of papaya fruit peel contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, can be formulated into hair tonic (EEKP) that meets physical quality requirements. Hair tonic EEKP 30% is the best because it has high hair growth activity, which is an average of 16.375 mm where this EEKP 30% hair tonic has almost the same hair growth activity as the positive control, which is an average of 16.782 mm.

The Anti-Proliferative Activity of Lyophilised Medicinal Leech (Hirudo Verbana) Saliva Extract on Breast Cancer Cell Line (MCF-7)

Cancer is the leading cause of death and morbidity globally and is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women with a mortality rate of 18 per cent and this rate is increasing. Cancer treatments used in modern medicine can have negative side effects. Medical leech saliva contains anti-proteolytic, platelet aggregation inhibitors, anticoagulant enzymes and anti-metastasic agents as natural compounds with fewer side effects. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the anti-proliferation of different concentrations of lyophilised medicinal leech secretion extract on MCF-7 (breast cancer) cancer cell lines. For this purpose, cell viability test (XTT) was performed to determine the cytotoxicity after application of various concentrations of medical leech secretion to the cell lines for 24 and 48 hours and the percentage viability of cancer cells was determined at each leech secretion concentration. The IC50 value of leech secretion on MCF-7 cell line was calculated as 490.61 µg/ml at 24 hours and 407.04 µg/ml at 48 hours depending on time and dilution rate. It was observed that the anti-proliferation effect of leech secretion applied at different doses on cell viability in MCF-7 cancer cell line increased as the dose amount increased and the duration increased.

Bioactive Compounds from Natural Products as RHOA/ROCK and VEGFR1 Inhibitors: An In-silico Approach for Developing Therapeutics for ALI/ARDS

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a dangerous lung condition characterised by non-cardiogenic pulmonary edoema caused by various factors, including inflammation and hypoxia. It is a more severe and evolved form of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and requires the patient to be on mechanical ventilation for survival. Several medicinal plants, herbs, oils, and natural extracts have been studied for their anti-inflammatory properties and their targeted action on respiratory disorders. The target of the current study is to elaborate on the target-specific action of bioactive compounds from natural products by Molecular Docking and study their drug-likeness along with their other important pharmacokinetic properties. Bioactive compounds (total 71) from Zingiber officinale (ginger), Trifolium pratense (red clover), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi), Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed Musli), Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom), and Glycine max (soybean) were selected to be investigated and were screened against RhoA and VEGFR1. The ADMET properties and drug-likeness of the bioactive compounds were studied using Molinspiration and ADMETlab 2.0. Docking studies revealed that Hecogenin (-8.4 and -10.3 kcal/mol), Neotigogenin (-7.7 and -9.8 kcal/mol), and Neohecogenin (-7.6 and -9.7 kcal/mol) produced the best docking results, showing the lowest binding energies for RhoA and VEGFR1, respectively. These energies were found to be comparable to the standard ligands Fasudil (-7.3 kcal/mol for RhoA) and Pazopanib (-8.0 kcal/mol for VEGFR1) for the selected targets. Moreover, Stigmasterol (-7.6 kcal/mol) and Genistein (-8.4 kcal/mol) showed a good binding affinity with RhoA and VEGFR1, respectively. The ADME properties of these molecules were also studied. Thus, the best-docked ligands mentioned above can be used as potential novel compounds against these two targets to develop therapeutics against ARDS. Further in-vitro and in-vivo experiments are required to cement these claims and prepare next-generation natural therapeutics for ARDS.

Anti-inflammatory Capacity of a Medicinal herb extract, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, on In vivo and In vitro models-induced atopic dermatitis

Anemarrhena asphodeloides (AA) Bunge, a rhizomatous plant from the Liliaceae family, is traditionally utilized to manage inflammatory conditions. Nevertheless, its impact on atopic dermatitis (AD) and the associated molecular pathways have not yet been fully explored. This study explored the therapeutic effects of AA on AD both in vivo, using 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced NC/Nga mice, and in vitro, with tumor necrosis factor-α/interferon-γ-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. Topical application of AA ointment on the dorsal skin notably alleviated AD symptoms and skin lesions, enhanced the dermatitis score, and improved parameters such as the rate of trans-epidermal water loss, epidermal thickness, mast cell infiltration, systemic IgE levels, and cytokine expression. Furthermore, AA treatment significantly reduced serum levels of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and locally suppressed mRNA expression of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) along with other relevant cytokines in affected skin. Both in vivo and in vitro applications of AA curtailed TSLP levels by inhibiting the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, a key regulator of pruritus and an initiator of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Additionally, AA affected the expression of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis/fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14, a pathway of interest in the study of cutaneous inflammatory diseases. Collectively, these findings propose that AA holds potential as an effective therapeutic agent for treating AD-induced skin inflammation.

Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Hemp: Insights into Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Cannabinoids

Abstract: Medicinal hemp or Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the earliest herbs widely used in traditional medicine by human beings for millions of years. This species was originally thought to be endemic to Asian countries but has now grown worldwide. It is a dioecious and annual plant that belongs to the Cannabaceae family. It has a long history of cultivation for food, intoxicants, hemp medicine, rope, paper, fiber, and oil extraction. Due to its diverse therapeutic properties, it is legalized in over 50 countries and cultivated as a medicinal and recreational crop. This review was aimed at collecting information about medicinal cannabis, ranging from traditional use to commercial utilization. This review article is based on gathering scientific literature from Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Taylor Francis, and Springer with 119 documents, including original articles, review articles, books, and thesis from 1973 to 2024. So far, more than 500 phytochemicals have been identified. Phytocannabinoids are thought to be the main bioactive ingredients that produce therapeutic benefits. These are mostly produced or synthesized in secretary cells located inside of glandular trichomes that are found in the female inflorescence or flowers of hemp crop. Cannabidiol (CBD) has strong therapeutic potential and is used to cure many fatal diseases. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of medicinal hemp is vital for tailoring treatment approaches and minimizing adverse effects. The effect and severity of Cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are determined by the route of application and their dose. It can be concluded that much of the work needs to be done for the validation of ethnobotanical claims by conducting detailed studies on exploring various phytocannabinoids regarding medicinal use through in vitro and in vivo activities and the way forward for its commercial utilization.

Cow Urine as Emerging Biopesticides : A Mini-Review

In the current scenario, biopesticides are a topic of significant importance due to their potential to address human health and environmental issues. Loss in quality and quantity of crops due to pests is a major delinquent. To overcome this cause, farmers significantly relied on chemical pesticides, which unknowingly endured the loss of soil fertility, the presence of residue in food products and the development of resistance to pests. Consequently, the use of biopesticides was more welcomed compared to synthetic pesticides due to their substantial pest control ability and impressive versatility in controlling the development of resistance in the pests. Among the several biopesticides, botanical biopesticides demonstrate immense efficacy in controlling pests. A notable method to prepare botanical biopesticides is the combination of cow urine with medicinal plant leaf extract. This unique combination provides a better alternative to synthetic chemicals, which are expensive and cause toxic effects to the farmer, consumer, marketers, and environment. This review focuses on the various preparative methods of cow urine containing biopesticides and its potential to revolutionize agricultural pest control.

A study of Antibiotics and Neem-Chirata Extracts in clinical trials of Salmonella typhi

The purpose of this study is to provide light on the possible benefits that Neem and Chirata may have over conventional antibiotics on the market. Investigations into the length of therapy and dose selection, as well as detailed examinations of safety profiles, will be used to attain this goal. As part of the therapeutic care of Salmonella typhi infections, an investigation of the efficacy of a number of medicinal and botanical extracts, including Neem and Chirata, is described. An in-depth investigation of the efficacy and safety of a number of different drugs, with a specific emphasis on how they affect S. typhi, is the purpose of this study. After it has been carried out, mechanistic study will assist in shedding light on the particular antibacterial processes that these drugs utilize. The abstract provides a concise summary of the aims of the study, which include evaluating the overall outcomes of clinical trials, comparing these interventions to standard treatments, investigating the synergistic benefits of combination therapy, monitoring the growth of antibiotic resistance, and evaluating the efficacy of combination therapy. And last, the abstract provides a concise analysis of the objectives of the clinical research as well as the possible future contributions that these investigations might make to the treatment of infectious diseases. This is accomplished by providing a synopsis of all the significant and substantial aspects of the clinical trials that are being taken into consideration.

Role of flavonoids in inhibiting triple-negative breast cancer.

Increasing incidences of metastasis or recurrence (or both) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are a growing concern worldwide, as these events are intricately linked to higher mortality rates in patients with advanced breast cancer. Flavonoids possess several pharmaceutical advantages with multi-level, multi-target, and coordinated intervention abilities for treating TNBC, making them viable for preventing tumor growth and TNBC metastasis. This review focused on the primary mechanisms by which flavonoids from traditional Chinese medicine extracts inhibit TNBC, including apoptosis, blocking of cell cycle and movement, regulation of extracellular matrix degradation, promotion of anti-angiogenesis, inhibition of aerobic glycolysis, and improvement in tumor microenvironment. This review aims to improve the knowledge of flavonoids as a promising pharmacological intervention for patients with TNBC.