Medicinal Potential Research Articles

Enzyme Inhibitory Activities, Phenolic Profile, and In Silico Studies of Sorbus torminalis Tree Bark Methanol Extract.

The different parts of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz are used in traditional medicine for various conditions such as cardiac diseases, cough, and diabetes, indicating its significant medicinal potential. Therefore, the current investigation aimed to reveal the phenolic composition of the poorly studied S. torminalis methanol extract of the bark, as well as its capacity to inhibit enzymes relevant to cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases. A total of 28 phenolic components, including 20 procyanidins aglycones (A- and B-type), four procyanidin glycosides, catechin and its glycoside, and two (epi)catechin derivatives, were detected using LC-MS. The contents of total polyphenols (6.22 %), total tannins (3.04 %), condensed tannins (0.70 %), and total flavonoids (0.24 %) were determined spectrophotometrically, highlighting the considerable phenolic richness of the examined plant material. The concentration-dependent ability to inhibit α-amylase (IC50=130 μg /mL), α-glucosidase (IC50=312.13 μg /mL), acetylcholinesterase (IC50=156.46 μg /mL), butyrylcholinesterase (IC50=217.68 μg /mL), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (IC50=36.77 μg /mL) was demonstrated in vitro. The in silico approach showed that catechin, procyanidin B2 and C1, S. torminalis bark constituents, can form stable complexes with the target enzymes but with different binding affinity. The results supported the medicinal potential of S. torminalis bark and significantly expanded our knowledge of its chemistry, justifying further research.

Potential Benefits of Moringa oleifera for Diabetic Foot Ulcers - Future Research and Applications

Diabetic foot ulcers are permanent scars in people with diabetes that result from nerve damage, inadequate blood flow, and infection. The ulcers not only cause significant financial burdens but also remain poorly controlled, necessitating the need for new therapeutic approaches. Moringa oleifera, or Moringa, has the potential to be more valuable in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers due to its long-standing and traditional use. Several civilizations, especially in Africa and Asia, have administered the Moringa plant for quite a long period of time, due to its medicinal values in curing wounds and infections through traditional medicine. It is precisely the extensive composition of phytochemicals, including vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, that shapes this herb's medicinal potential. Ultimately, these are elements that relate to meaningfully striking antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant impacts. The extracts of Moringa are known to carry a pharmacological potential that, importantly, contributes to wound healing. Research indicates that the herb can accelerate wound healing, lower the number of microorganisms, and promote the regeneration of damaged tissue. Some of the basic mechanisms include oxidative stress regulation, promotion of collagen formation, and mitigation of inflammatory reactions, all of which play a crucial role in the improvement of ulcer healing. In the near future, the incorporation of Moringa into treatment against diabetic foot ulcers presents substantial hope. Future studies should focus on formulation procedures to improve and understand the long-term consequences of combined applications with traditional therapies. Applying Moringa's natural healing abilities to ulcer treatment could potentially transform diabetic foot ulcers treatment into long-lasting plant-based solutions, improving patient outcomes.

Phytochemical Extraction, Analysis, and Characterization of Madhuca longifolia Leaf Compounds.

Objective: This study aimed to perform the extraction, phytochemical analysis, and compound characterization of Madhuca longifolia leaf extracts. Materials and Methods: Sequential extraction of M. longifolia leaves was performed using petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, and water. The yield of the extracts was measured and reported as 1.3 ± 0.10% for petroleum ether, 3.85 ± 0.15% for chloroform, 20.25 ± 1.22% for methanol, 30.1 ± 1.38% for ethanol, and 26.7 ± 0.21% for water. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was conducted to determine the presence of various compounds, including alkaloids, glucose-alkaloids, steroids, tannins, phenols, proteins, and flavonoids. The absence of ethyl and methyl alkalis in petroleum ether and chloroform extracts was noted. Additionally, the presence of saponins and alkaloids was observed only in methanol extracts, with cresol absent from these extracts. The isolated compounds were further characterized using thin layer chromatography (TLC), highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results: The Rf value of the isolated compound was 0.49 using TLC. HPLC analysis identified major constituents with retention times of 4.576 and 10.461 minutes. These findings highlight the diverse phytochemical composition of M. longifolia leaf extracts and provide a detailed analysis of the active compounds present. Conclusion: This comprehensive study of M. longifolia leaf extracts offers valuable insights into the plant’s medicinal potential. The identified active compounds could serve as a reference for future medicinal use and research.

Alpinia zerumbet Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effects: A Literature Review

Studies demonstrated that many elderly individuals suffer from depressive and anxiety disorders. The drugs used to treat these disorders cause adverse effects such as sedation, gastrointestinal discomfort, and locomotor deficits, which are often responsible for treatment abandonment. Literature data also describe that older people may be refractory to pharmacological treatments used to combat depressive and anxiety disorders, which is potentially worrying due to the suicide risk associated with these conditions. Previous research reported the medicinal plant's beneficial potential in psychiatric disease treatment due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions. This paper reviews the Alpinia zerumbet actions, a medicinal plant with antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, through increases in noradrenergic neurotransmission and decreases oxidative stress on the central nervous system by increasing antioxidant activity. Moreover, Alpinia zerumbet also causes a reduction in IL-6 and elevates BDNF levels in the hippocampus, contributing to its antidepressant, anxiolytic, and anti-inflammatory actions. The adverse effects reduction, combined with the fact that there is no toxicity when ingested by humans and increased longevity, suggests that this medicinal plant is promising for older individuals treatment who suffer from depression and anxiety.

Pharmacophylogenetic insights into Scutellaria strigillosa Hemsl.: chloroplast genome and untargeted metabolomics, quantitative analysis and antibacterial analysis.

Scutellaria strigillosa Hemsl., known for its traditional use in Chinese herbal medicine, is valued for heat-clearing and detoxifying, promoting diuresis, reducing swelling, alleviating pain, and preventing miscarriage. Despite its historical use, comprehensive studies on pharmacophylogenetic analysis, including genetic and chemical profiles and the antimicrobial activity of S. strigillosa are still lacking. Understanding these aspects is crucial for fully realizing its therapeutic potential and ensuring sustainable use. This study aims to elucidate these aspects through comparative genomics, metabolomics, and antimicrobial assays with Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Scutellaria barbata D. Don. The chloroplast genome of S. strigillosa was assembled, measuring 152,533 bp, and revealing a high degree of conservation, especially in the protein-coding regions, and identified four regions trnK(UUU)-rps16, trnN(GUU)-trnR(ACG), accD-psaI, psbE-petL) of variability that could serve as phylogenetic markers. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a closer genetic relationship of S. strigillosa with S. tuberifera and S. scordifolia than traditionally classified, suggesting a need for taxonomic reevaluation within the genus. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis in negative ion mode was used to explore the chemical diversity among these species, revealing distinct variations in their chemical compositions. S. strigillosa shared a closer chemical profile with S. barbata, aligning with phylogenetic findings. Metabolomic identification through Progenesis QI software resulted in the tentative identification of 112 metabolites, including a substantial number of flavonoids, diterpenoids, iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, and others. HPLC analysis further detailed the concentrations of 12 actives across the species, highlighting the variation in compound content. S. strigillosa shows antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, similar to S. baicalensis root extracts. This research enhances the understanding of the phylogenetic and phytochemical profiles and the antibacterial activity of S. strigillosa, offering new insights into its medicinal properties. The findings suggest a need for taxonomic reevaluation within the genus and underscore the potential antibacterial activity of S. strigillosa for therapeutic applications. Further studies are encouraged to explore its full medicinal potential and contribute to the sustainable development of Scutellaria species.

PRESERVING NUTMEG : HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE, MEDICINAL BENEFITS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE THREATS TO INDONESIAN NUTMEG

Over the past thousand years, scholars and practitioners, drawing from diverse fields including culture, philosophy, sociology, and history, have meticulously documented the intricacies of various medicinal substances and their applications. In this continuum of knowledge, nutmeg, a quintessential spice of Indonesian heritage, has held a prominent place. This study aims to explore the historical significance of nutmeg in Indonesia, its role in medicinal practices, and the threats posed by climate change to nutmeg cultivation. The research seeks to provide valuable insights into the cultural and historical importance of nutmeg in Indonesian society, as well as its medicinal benefits. Additionally, the study aims to analyze the potential impact of climate change on nutmeg production in Indonesia. The study uncovered nutmeg's diverse significance in Indonesia across historical, cultural, medicinal, and economic realms. It emphasized nutmeg's medicinal potential and the climate change challenges to its production. Findings stressed the necessity of robust climate policies and proactive adaptation strategies to ensure nutmeg farming sustainability. In conclusion, this study highlights nutmeg's historical, medicinal, and climate change-related challenges in Indonesia. It stresses the necessity of comprehensive measures to address climate change impacts and integrate resilience strategies into nutmeg farming practices and policymaking. These findings offer valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders to ensure the sustainable growth of Indonesian nutmeg exports amidst environmental changes.

Improvement of the gel properties of curdlan gel by hydrogen bonding interaction with trehalose

This study investigated the effect of trehalose addition (0.5–2.0%) on the gelation properties of curdlan gels were investigated. The results demonstrated that the optimal gelation performance of curdlan-trehalose composite gel was determined at trehalose concentration of 1.0% with preferable water holding capacity, water absorption rate, and freeze-thaw stability. The gelation behavior of the curdlan-trehalose composite gel showed a more intense network structure with increasing storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), and deceasing tan δ at the trehalose concentration in the range of 0%–1%. And the highest gel strength was also observed in 1% trehalose addition. Moreover, the structures characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) all revealed that the addition of trehalose strengthened the hydrogen bonding interaction with curdlan to create a much denser network of composite gel, which would provide a better mechanistic insight of the curdlan-trehalose gel in practical application potentials in food and medicine.

Enzymatic interlocking aptamer-micelles for enhanced cellular internalization and nucleus-targeted cancer phototherapy

Multifunctional micelles that permit both diagnosis and treatment present enormous advantage and potential for precision medicine. However, the inherent complexities and structural instability of these systems often cause unsatisfactory targeting and therapeutic performances. Herein, by ingenious design of a 2,5-bis(2-thienyl)pyrrole (SNS) modifier to covalently link with AS1411 aptamer and lipid segment, a simple strategy is proposed for one-step enzymatic preparation of interlocked aptamer-micelle (IApM) under bio-friendly conditions. The interlocked poly(SNS) skeleton in IApM can not only stabilize the micelle structure but also enhance near-infrared (NIR) absorption ability, thus further enhancing cellular internalization and photothermal therapy. In addition, the multivalent AS1411 aptamers tethered in the hydrophilic shell can simultaneously increase the specific binding affinity of DNA micelles and induce nucleus-targeted accumulation for DNA damage-triggered apoptosis. This DNA micelle achieves “best of both worlds” with enhanced biostability for cellular internalization and improved NIR photothermal conversion efficiency for nucleus-targeted therapy, which provides a promising formulation strategy for precision cancer treatment.

MicroRNAs: Key Regulators of Gene Expression and Therapeutic Potential in Disease and Medicine

MicroRNAs: Key Regulators of Gene Expression and Therapeutic Potential in Disease and Medicine

A MULTIFACETED BIOACTIVITY OF HONEY: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BEES, PLANTS AND MICROORGANISMS

Honey has been recognized for its medicinal properties for centuries, with well-documented benefits such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, despite the widespread use of honey for health-related purposes, many of the underlying mechanisms responsible for its bioactivity remain underexplored. This review delves into the complexity of honey’s composition, particularly focusing on the active substances and the honey microbiota contribution to its properties. We aim to bridge the gap in understanding how honey’s multifaceted bioactivity arises from interactions between bees, plants, and microorganisms. The review sheds light on the key compounds, including hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, polyphenols, and antimicrobial peptides, which play vital roles in honey's health benefits. It also highlights the often-overlooked contributions of the honeybee’s gut microbiota and the nectar’s microbiota, which together influence the chemical transformation of nectar into honey and enhance its therapeutic efficacy. By examining the current literature, this article emphasizes the need for deeper investigation into how various factors-such as floral origin, bee subspecies, and environmental conditions-affect the medicinal quality of honey. Understanding these mechanisms could lead to optimized use of honey in medical applications and reveal new therapeutic potentials. This article provides a comprehensive review of the intricate processes and components that make honey not only a nutritional food source but also a potent natural medicine.

Clinical Features, Genetic Landscape and Management of Behçet's Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Behçet's syndrome is a systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown origin, presenting with diverse symptoms such as recurrent oral and genital ulcers, skin lesions, and uveitis, and can impact multiple organ systems. Diagnosis relies primarily on clinical evaluation due to the lack of specific diagnostic tests. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach to control inflammation and alleviate symptoms, utilizing treatments like corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and biological therapies. The higher prevalence of Behçet's syndrome along the Silk Road points to significant environmental and genetic influences. Despite progress in understanding its clinical manifestations and treatment options, the underlying mechanisms of the disease remain unclear. Future research is crucial to uncover the disease's pathophysiology and refine treatment strategies, aiming to prevent severe complications such as blindness and neurological impairment. This comprehensive review explores the clinical features, genetic background, and management strategies for Behçet's syndrome, highlighting the potential of precision medicine to improve patient care.

Trifolirhizin from Sophora flavescens as a Promising Medicinal Agent: An Update on Biological Significance, Pharmacological Activity, and Analytical Applications

Sophora flavescens is an important medicinal plant found in India and East Asia, primarily in China, Japan, Korea and Russia. Trifolirhizin is an active phytochemical of Sophora flavescens and other Chinese medications such as Zeng-Sheng-Ping, Xian-Lian-Ke-Li, ASHMI, Ling Zhi, Ku Shen, and Gan Cao, Ku Shen injection and Zeng Sheng Ping tablets. Sophora flavescens have numerous therapeutic benefits against hematochezia, jaundice, liver disorders, dysentery, oliguria, asthma, eczema, vulvar swelling, and inflammatory complications. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the scientific information on trifolirhizin for their biological potential, pharmacological activities, and analytical aspects of medicine. Scientific information on trifolirhizin has been collected from various scientific databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Further, the present review summarized the pharmacological activities of trifolirhizin and their different molecular mechanisms and analytical aspects. The scientific data on trifolirhizin signified the biological potential and therapeutic effectiveness of trifolirhizin in medicine. Present review signified the presence of trifolirhizin in the Sophora flavescens. Sophora flavescens has been shown to be effective against ulcers, chronic bronchitis, acne, atopic dermatitis, chronic hepatitis, enteritis, pyogenic infection and other inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the present review also summarized the biological potential of trifolirhizin in gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, apoptosis, ulcerative colitis, and asthma. However, hepatoprotective effects, anti-inflammatory effects, wound healing potential, and efficiency of melanin synthesis were also revealed. In addition, this review also summarizes the molecular mechanisms of trifolirhizin and their pharmacokinetic and metabolic parameters. This review also describes the analytical aspects of trifolirhizin in medicine. This review will be useful to the entire research community exploring the biological potential of trifolirhizin in medicine. However, scientific studies require comprehensive and detailed data on trifolirhizin evaluation, quality control, toxicity, and clinical efficacy.

89Zr PET imaging guided validation of the medicinal potentiality of UiO-66 based nano drug delivery system

89Zr PET imaging guided validation of the medicinal potentiality of UiO-66 based nano drug delivery system

Comparative Studies of Some Biochemical and Toxicological Investigations of Chromolaena odorata and Ipomoea involucrata from Lagos Suburb in Nigeria

The search for plants and plants products of medicinal potentials cannot be underestimated. Hence this study sought to investigate some parameters of medicinal importance.The phytochemical constituents, proximate and mineral composition, anti-nutrient contents, and acute toxicity of Chromolaena odorata and Ipomoea involucrata were analyzed using standard analytical methods. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of reducing sugars, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids in both plants. Notably, Ipomoea involucrate exhibited higher saponin levels, suggesting potential unique medicinal properties. Proximate and mineral composition analysis indicated that both plants have low moisture content, which helps in preserving the active compounds by minimizing chemical degradation. Additionally, the plants were found to be rich in crude fiber, protein, and nutritionally valuable elements. Anti-nutrient assessments showed that Chromolaena odorata had the lowest cyanide (5.45mg/100 g) and phytate (0.23mg/100 g) levels, while Ipomoea involucrate had the lowest oxalate content (0.40 mg/100 g). Furthermore, no mortality was observed in tested animals following oral treatment with 2000 mg/kg body weight, indicating a high margin of safety. This study highlights that both Chromolaena odorata and Ipomoea involucrate possess beneficial phytochemical and nutritional profiles. The low moisture content in these plants contributes to the stability of their active compounds, enhancing their potential medicinal value. Ipomoea involucrata stands out for its higher saponin content, which may offer distinctive therapeutic benefits. The minimal presence of anti-nutrients andless lethal effectsfurther support their safety and efficacy as medicinal plants. The findings in this study however underscore the therapeutic potential of these plants and their suitability for use in drug development and their application in therapeutic products.

Comparative phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of rhizome and leaves of Curcuma caesia Roxb. and Curcuma longa L.

Turmeric is a well-known medicinal herb used for traditional and medicinal purposes since ancient times. It is also an important ingredient in the cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical industries. Two common species, Curcuma longa L. (yellow turmeric) and Curcuma caesia Roxb. (black turmeric), are noted for their medicinal potential. However, commercially, yellow turmeric is more extensively explored than black turmeric. In the present study, a comparative phytochemical analysis was conducted, along with in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity assessment of the rhizome and leaves of both yellow and black turmeric. GC-MS and FTIR analysis revealed a wide range of phytocompounds with known medicinal properties in both yellow and black turmeric rhizome. The presence of biologically significant phytocompounds such as methyl stearate, glycidyl oleate, curcumenol and eucalyptol in higher proportion in the rhizome of C. caseia compared to yellow turmeric supports further exploration of the commercial and medicinal potential of C. caseia. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory analyses indicated that the rhizome of C. caseia possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities comparable to those of C. longa. This study also reports the presence of bioactive metabolites in the leaves of both black and yellow turmeric, along with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in the leaves comparable to their respective rhizomes. These findings suggest that turmeric leaves could be as significant as turmeric rhizomes for medicinal and industrial applications.

Precision Medicine: Utilizing Genomic Insights for Customized Therapeutic Strategies

Precision medicine represents a revolutionary shift in healthcare by utilizing genomic insights to develop customized therapeutic strategies tailored to an individual’s genetic makeup. This article explores the integration of genomic data into personalized treatment plans, focusing on how advances in genetic sequencing and bioinformatics are enabling more targeted and effective medical interventions. By analyzing a patient’s genome, precision medicine allows for more accurate diagnosis, prediction of disease risk, and optimization of treatment options, particularly in fields such as oncology, cardiology, and rare genetic disorders. The study highlights key advancements in pharmacogenomics, which plays a critical role in determining how individuals respond to specific drugs based on their genetic profiles. Case studies in cancer treatment illustrate the success of precision therapies like targeted gene therapy and immunotherapy, which have significantly improved patient outcomes. Despite these advancements, challenges such as the high cost of genomic sequencing, ethical considerations, and the need for standardized clinical guidelines remain barriers to widespread adoption. The article concludes by emphasizing the potential of precision medicine to transform healthcare by shifting from a one-size-fits-all model to a more individualized and efficient approach to disease management.

Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties of new benzylideneiminophenylthiazole analogues

A series of new benzylideneiminophenylthiazole analogues were designed and synthesized. Common spectroscopic methods, such as FT-IR, 1H-, 13C-NMR, and MASS spectra, and elemental analysis, were used to confirm the molecular structures. Then, the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anti-bacterial effects of synthesized analogues were assessed against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), three cancer cell lines, and two bacterial strains, respectively. Among the analogues, 7f was detected as the most potent compound for antioxidant activity. Moreover, the compounds 7b, 7f, and 7 g exhibited the maximum cytotoxicity activity against MCF-7, HepG-2, and A549 cell lines, respectively. Finally, 7e showed the highest anti-bacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli strains. It was concluded from the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anti-bacterial effects that the benzylideneiminophenylthiazoles might serve as candidate molecules for the development of small molecules with medicinal potential.

Plasma‐Assisted Preparation and Properties of Chitosan‐Based Magnetic Hydrogels

Chitosan‐based magnetic hydrogel has become a research hotspot in the field of material science due to the driven deformation or movement under the action of magnetic field. The unique properties make it show great application potential in medicine, biosensing, environmental protection, and other fields. Herein, the chitosan‐based nanomagnetic composite hydrogels are prepared by plasma assistance. The surface morphology, infrared spectra, mechanical properties, swelling ratio, water absorption, porosity, and degradation of the prepared hydrogels are investigated. The results prove the superiority of plasma‐assisted preparation of magnetic chitosan hydrogels and provide a new method for the design of smart hydrogels.

Venesection (Fasd): Historical Insights and Modern Implications: A comprehensive review

Ilaj bit Tadbeer, a vital therapeutic approach in the Unani system of medicine, focuses on modifying six essential elements to restore health. This approach encompasses various regimenal therapies such as cupping (Hijāma), leeching (Ta'līq or irsal-e- 'Alaq), venesection (Fasd), massage (Dalk), irrigation (Natūl), emesis (Qay'), diuresis (Idrār-i-Bawl), diaphoresis (Tariq), concoction and purgation (Mundij and Mu'shil therapy), medicated steam (Bukhoor), cauterization (Kaiyy), and enema (Huqna). Fasd is a crucial regimen in Ilaj Bit Tadbeer, serving as a method to eliminate morbid material from the body to treat diseases or maintain good health. With a history of almost 3000 years, Fasd has been effectively utilized in treating various ailments across different eras. Although venesection, or Fasd, has a historical significance, its modern application has declined due to the lack of scientific validation. This review aims to explore the historical context, therapeutic applications, contraindications, and contemporary scientific evidence of Fasd, emphasizing its potential in modern medicine. Keywords: Ilaj bit Tadbeer, Unani medicine, Fasd, venesection, therapeutic applications, scientific evidence.

Assessment of the biological activities of Azolla pinnata growing in the North-West of Algeri

Many plants' phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities offer medicinal potential for sci-entific research. This work aims to assess the bioactivities of Azolla pinnata extracts by evaluating their antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Ultrasonic pretreatment of the samples was carried out to increase the yield of extracts. Two methods were chosen for extraction (maceration and de-coction), using five solvents of different polarities: water, methanol, water/methanol (20:80; v/v), wa-ter/acetone (10:90; v/v) and chloroform. The phytochemical contents were determined using chemical as-says and HPLC analysis. The antioxidants, anticancer, and antimicrobial capacities of the different extracts were evaluated. The results revealed that the ultrasonic treatment enhanced the extraction yield; the highest rate was noted for the methanolic extract (27.3±1.18%), while the lowest values were reported for those obtained by chloroform (5.8±1.04%). The phytochemical screening has shown that extracts are rich in fla-vonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The assessment of the bioactivities of extracts reveals that A. pinnata possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, antibac-terial, and antifungal. Despite the substantial correlation identified between bioactivity and bioactive con-tents in the extracts, the specific components accountable for each activity remain unknown. Keywords: Azolla pinnata, bioactive compounds, Ultrasonic treatment, phytochemicals, bioactivities as-sessment.