Medicinal Plant Materials Research Articles

MODERN DİRECTİONS OF SEARCHING FOR PROMİSİNG WİLD PLANTS OF THE FLORA OF AZERBAİJAN AND THEİR USE İN PHARMACEUTİCAL PRODUCTİON

The Republic of Azerbaijan is located in one of the regions of the world with the richest veg-etation cover – the Caucasus. The country's territory is geographically divided into 25 geobotan-ical regions. According to the latest data, more than 5.000 species of plants are found on the ter-ritory of Azerbaijan. The purpose of this article is to study the prospects for the use of wild plants in the field of pharmacy, analyze them by species and genera, and identify scientific di-rections for future researchers. Recently, the demand for vegetable raw materials on the world market has been constantly increasing. With this in mind, based on the book "Flora of Azerbaijan", 191 genera and 1075 species of plants belonging to 61 families have been identified, promising for study in the phar-macognostic aspect. As a result of studying promising plant species, new natural sources of bio-logically active compounds will be discovered and effective medicines based on them will be created. Plant raw materials for industrial production and export will be identified, as well as new officinal medicinal plants will be discovered. Based on the results of studying the chemical composition of plants, chemotaxonomic patterns for the corresponding genera and species will be determined. By determining the distribution areas and raw materials of wild medicinal plants and recording the results on maps, the book "Atlas of areas and reserves of raw materials of wild medicinal plants of the Republic of Azerbaijan" will be published. The study and use of waste generated in areas where plant raw materials are used will help support the country's economy and improve the environmental situation of the region.

HERBAL MEDICINE IN DENTISTRY: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

The treatment of inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa and inflammatory-dystrophic diseases of the periodontal tissues is a major concern in modern dentistry. The use of herbal medicines is one of the most promising areas of pharmacotherapy, employed both as standalone treatments and as part of comprehensive therapeutic regimens. Currently, nearly 50% of medications in the global pharmacotherapeutic arsenal are derived directly from medicinal plant materials. The high interest in herbal remedies stems from several key factors, including their natural origin, complex structure, pharmacological versatility, cost-effectiveness, and their applicability in treating a wide range of diseases. The development of modern herbal medicine is considered a priority in public health, aimed at preventing acute and chronic diseases and improving quality of life. At the same time, evidence-based approaches to medicinal plants are rooted in the principles of "phytonics," which emphasize the standardized production of herbal medicines at all stages. The aim of thus study is to review the literature on the use of herbal medicines in dental practice. The current range of phytopreparations available on the pharmaceutical market in Ukraine includes both well-established herbal products and new preparations that have undergone experimental testing and now require evidence-based clinical validation. Conclusion. Phytotherapy in dental practice presents a promising approach due to the polytropic effects of herbal medicines. Future research must adhere to the principles of scientific rigor to ensure the effectiveness and safety of these treatments.

Microscopic analysis of Valeriana stolonifera and Valeriana collina leaves

Plants of the Valeriana species are distributed in various parts of the world, especially in Europe and Asia. A high content of polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids with expressed biological activity, was previously identified within the herb of the studied Valeriana species. Morphological and anatomical data can be used in phylogenetics of species and genera to find out diagnostic and age-related characteristics of plants. This led us to microscopic studies of aerial organs of the above-mentioned Valeriana species. The aim of the work is to conduct a comparative study of the diagnostic features within the morphological and anatomical structure of Valeriana stolonifera and Valeriana collina leaves. Materials and methods. Both raw and dried plant material of V. stolonifera and V. collina was used for microscopic studies. Temporary micropreparations were made using generally accepted methods. The anatomical features of the raw material were examined using Carl ZEISS “AxioStar Plus” and “Primo Star”. Results. The study identified key morphological and anatomical features of the species, which should be considered for the identification and standardization of promising medicinal plant materials and within the development of methods of analytical and regulatory documentation. Conclusions. The key microscopic differences in the leaves of the studied species lie in the structure of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf blade. The upper epidermis consists of large elongate cells with wavy walls. The cells of the lower epidermis are smaller and have more sinuous walls compared to the upper epidermis cells. The degree of wall sinuosity varies between species – V. collina is characterized by more sinuous cells in both the upper and lower epidermis compared to V. stolonifera. The absence of stomata on the upper epidermis is a common feature for both species.

Effect of Different Drying Methods on Colour, Total Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity Retention of Strobilanthes crispus Leaves

Strobilanthes crispus, a medicinal herb, is recognised for its abundant phytochemicals, notably in its leaves, contributing to its high antioxidant activity. However, the crucial step of drying, aimed at extending shelf life, can impact the stability of these bioactive compounds. This study evaluates the impact of different drying methods, which include oven, microwave, freeze drying, and air drying, on the colour, phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities of S. crispus leaves. The colour analysis of the fresh and dried leaves was assessed using the chromameter. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu’s and aluminium chloride colourimetric assays, respectively. Antioxidant capacities were analysed via ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The results showed that microwave-dried S. crispus leaves exhibited minimal alterations in colour attributes L*, a*, and b*, closely resembling the fresh leaves (p > 0.05). Microwave drying significantly preserved TPC (145.42 ± 1.61 mg GAE/g), TFC (117.27 ± 5.10 mg QE/g), FRAP activity (258.92 ± 0.15 µg TE/g extract), and displayed the most potent DPPH scavenging half-maximal inhibitory concentration (7.58 ± 0.48 µg/ml) compared to other methods (p < 0.05). Notably, the DPPH scavenging potency surpassed that of the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. In conclusion, microwave drying appeared to be an efficient method for preserving the colour and antioxidant properties of S. crispus leaves. It highlights its potential as a favourable drying technique for conserving bioactive compounds in medicinal plant materials, offering promising applications in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical fields.

Investigation of the floristic biodiversity of a meadow of the Republic of Adygea

The relevance of the research: the research was carried out within the framework of a joint project of the Faculty of Agricultural Technologies and the Pharmaceutical Faculty “Physic Garden” for the implementation of the Development Program of Maikop State Technological University for 2023-2032. The goal of the research is to study the species composition of a meadow community, to identify medicinal plant species. The research objectives are to study the vegetation cover of meadows of the flat territory of the Republic of Adygea, collection, office processing, determination of meadow vegetation, analysis of flora - taxonomic, bioecological, biomorphological. The research methods: plant species were identified using the field atlas by A.S. Zernov and the guide by I.S. Kosenko [3, 6]. Life forms are presented using the system by K. Raunkier, taxonomic analysis using the work by A.P. Khokhryakova. The object of research is a phytocenosis of a continental dry meadow. The meadow phytocenosis is represented by herbaceous species adapted to growing together; the flora includes 44 species of higher plants from 16 families, 2 classes, and 1 division. The ratio of plants belonging to the dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous classes is approximately 3:1. The Asteraceae and Rosaceae families predominate in the studied flora from the Magnoliopsida class, and the Poaceae family from the Liliopsida class. In terms of the number of species, the basis of the meadow phytocenosis is made up of perennial grasses. The life form assessment according to Raunkiaer showed the prevalence of hemicryptophytes, according to the hydromorphological structure - the majority of mesophytes. The meadow is in a mature stage, since most of the plants are rhizome. The bulk of the vegetation is meadow, weed-meadow and weed. Such herbs as motherwort five-lobed and common yarrow, which are a source of medicinal plant materials included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the 15th edition grow in the meadow.

Effect of Different Drying Methods on Retention of Colour, Total Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity in Pereskia bleo Leaves

Pereskia bleo, a widely cultivated plant known for its medicinal applications, contains abundant phytochemicals, including phenolics and flavonoids, predominantly in its leaves. The drying process, a standard practice for enhancing the shelf life, could affect the bioactive compounds within the leaves. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the impact of various drying methods on the colour, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of P. bleo leaves. The tested drying methods include shade, oven, microwave, and freeze-drying. The colour of fresh and dried leaves was assessed using a Minolta chromameter. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the P. bleo leaves extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu’s and aluminium chloride colourimetric assay, respectively. Antioxidant capacities were analysed with DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). The results showed that microwave drying has significantly less impact than the other drying methods on the colour attributes of the leaves (p<0.05). Notably, microwave-dried P. bleo leaves demonstrated significantly higher TPC (77.31 ± 0.70 mg GAE/g dry extract) and TFC (35.79 ± 1.34 mg QE/g dry extract) compared to leaves dried using the other tested methods (p<0.05). Additionally, microwave-dried P. bleo leaves displayed the highest DPPH inhibition (91.62%) and exhibited the most potent IC50 value (76.90 ± 1.06 µg/mL) compared to oven and shade-dried leaves (p<0.05). P. bleo leaves dried with a microwave also recorded a significantly higher FRAP value (62.66 ± 0.10 µg TE/g dry extract) than oven-dried leaves (p<0.05). In conclusion, microwave drying emerged to be an efficient drying method in preserving the colour and antioxidant properties of the P. bleo leaves, suggesting its potential as a favourable drying technique for retaining bioactive compounds in medicinal plant materials.

Ginsenoside Profile of White Ginseng Roots and Tinctures

Ginseng roots are medicinal plant raw materials used in pharmaceutical practice in a number of countries due to their pharmacological activities, including tonic. Ginsenosides of ginseng are the main group of biologically active substances responsible for the pharmacological effects of ginseng.One of the modern methods for analyzing ginsenosides is UPLC-MS/MS, which allows one to gain a broad understanding of the ginsenoside profile. The authors used TLC analysis and UPLC-MS/MS to identify and quantify ginsenosides. Of the 18 identified ginsenosides, ginsenosidesRb 1, Rc, Re, Rg1 can be considered as marker ones. These approaches can serve as the basis for the development of regulatory documentation for ginseng and medicines based on it. The total content of ginsenoside in tinctures is higher than in the medicinal plant material of white ginseng roots. Chemical compounds studied in this article: Ginsenoside Rb1 (PubChem CID: 9898279); Ginsenoside Rb2 (PubChem CID: 6917976); Ginsenoside Rb3 (PubChem CID: 12912363); GinsenosideRc (PubChem CID: 12855889); Ginsenoside Rd (PubChem CID: 24721561); Ginsenoside Re (PubChem CID: 119307); Ginsenoside Rf (PubChem CID: 441922); Ginsenoside Rg1 (PubChem CID: 441923); Ginsenoside S-Rg2 (PubChem CID: 12912322); Ginsenoside Ro (PubChem CID: 11815492); Ginsenoside S-Rg3 (PubChem CID: 9918693); Ginsenoside Rg5 (PubChem CID: 11550001); Ginsenoside R-Rh1 (PubChem CID: 21599923); Ginsenoside S-Rh2 (PubChem CID: 91668381); Ginsenoside Rk1 (PubChem CID: 11499198); Ginsenoside Rk3 (PubChem CID: 75412555); Ginsenoside F2 (PubChem CID: 9918692); Ginsenoside F3 (PubChem CID: 46887678); Ginsenoside F4 (PubChem CID: 73717457); Ginsenoside CK (PubChem CID: 9852086).

The study of Thai herbal plant extract as a potential therapeutic food ingredient for preventing the effects of airborne pollutants via in vitro model

Thai herbal plant is known as medicinal plant material for several treatments of diseases particularly non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This work aimed to investigate the potentiality of three plant extracts, including Bat flower (TCE), Vietnamese Coriander (POE), and Indian Pennywort (Centell), which can be a therapeutic food ingredient, in the protection of blood vessels caused by the effect of airborne through the in vitro model. The vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), A7r5 rat aortic cell, was used for cell culture and determined their activity after being treated with dust and plant extracts at different concentrations. The dust was prepared at 0-400 μg/mL, and the plant extracts were prepared as powder by freeze dryer before further use. The toxicity test, antioxidant activity, and cell apoptosis as well as wound healing properties were examined. The results showed the POE was highest the antioxidant activity (TPC: 1156.02±35.78 mg gallic acid/g sample and DPPH: 949.45±31.97 μmol Trolox/g sample) when compared to TCE and Centell (p<0.05). The maximum concentration of plant extracts treated cells was not over 500 μg/mL for cell toxicity. The VSMC cell apoptosis depended on increasing the dust concentration manner. There was a positive effect of plant extracts on wound repair in the blood vessels after being treated with TCE at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. According to the results, it could be suggested that plant extracts, especially TCE can be a food ingredient that plays a vital role in preventing the blood vessel from the airborne effects caused by PM10 receiving. Also, these data help and be useful for healthy food or therapeutic food development for reducing the risk factor of arteriosclerotic effects.

Study of the content of heavy metals and arsenic in dry extracts from medicinal plant materials of different morphological groups

Study of the content of heavy metals and arsenic in dry extracts from medicinal plant materials of different morphological groups

Simultaneous Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of 33 Compounds from Rubus Alceifolius Poir Leaves Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS Analysis

Background: Rubus alceifolius Poir leaves are a widely distributed medicinal plant material in the Eastern Hemisphere. However, there has been no report regarding their chemistry until now. Methods: Fresh R. alceifolius leaves were treated using a set of experimental protocols to prepare a lyophilized aqueous extract. Subsequently, the extract was qualitative and quantitatively analyzed using the database-affinity ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Exactive- Orbitrap-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS/MS) technology. Results: Based on MS/MS elucidation and comparison with the database in UHPLC-Q-Exactive- Orbitrap-MS/MS apparatus, 33 compounds were qualitatively identified. Especially, 12 isomers were strictly distinguished, including apigenin vs. 2'-hydroxydaidzein, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide vs. scutellarin, (+) catechin vs. (-) epicatechin, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid vs. 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid vs. 5-Ocaffeoylquinic acid, and 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid vs 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid vs 4,5-Odicaffeoylquinic acid. In addition, 21 non-isomeric compounds, such as ellagic acid and gallic acid, were also found under negative or positive ion models. The quantitative analysis suggested that ellagic acid was found to be of the highest level (133.00 ± 3.50 μg/g), while (+)-4-cholesten-3-one was calculated to be of the lowest level (0.035 ± 0.0050 μg/g). Conclusion: These findings will help to understand the substance basis of the traditional medicinal functions of R. alceifolius leaves and to find their suitable quality markers.

APPLICATION OF MODERN METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR DETERMINATION OF POLLUTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT RAW MATERIALS

Quality control of herbal preparations is an important component to ensure the effectiveness and safety of their use. Phytochemical medicines are made from medicinal plant materials that may contain unwanted chemical compounds, so careful quality control must be performed to ensure their safety and efficacy. The success of quality control of herbal materials requires an integrated approach, i.e. a combination of various techniques and methods that allow analyzing the main classes of compounds. Various methods of analysis are used to overcome these difficulties. Today, the main chemical methods for determining the quality of medicinal products are chromatographic, in particular gas chromatography (GC), often combined with mass spectrometry (MS), liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography (CC). Besides, HILIC is the optimal method for the analysis of polar and ionized compounds that are too strongly retained on polar stationary phases and/or poorly separated by standard chromatographic methods. TLC/HPTLC methods are traditionally used by the SPhU and the European Pharmacopoeia for identification of herbs and detection of impurities by visual assessment, as well as for semi-quantitative determination of compounds when comparing the intensity of the spot in the zone of the tested solution with spots in the zones of reference compounds. The mentioned methods have still remained the most acceptable for the identification of herbs, which is explained by the unique chromatographic profile of each plant or extract based on it. At the same time, the instrumental method of HPLC has advantages due to the possibility of quantitative determination of substances that fluoresce in UV or visible light. Nowadays, the direction of scientific research devoted to the optimization of the previously described analytical methods and the development of new ones for the identification of both herbs and herbal materials, as well as herbal remedies, becomes relevant. In addition, the development of methods for the quantitative determination of herbal compounds is a relevant scientific and practical direction.

Pharmacopoeia Medicinal Plant Materials of Nigeria Which is used for Medicine and Pharmacy

Pharmacopoeia Medicinal Plant Materials of Nigeria Which is used for Medicine and Pharmacy

Influence of Conservation Methods on the sour cherry (Cerasus vulgaris Mill.) fruits quality

Objective: Sour cherry fruits (Cerasus vulgaris Mill.) belong to the Rosaceae family and are designed as a GRAS ingredient based on the FDA data. Animal experiments and clinical practice confirm that there are many positive pharmacological effects mainly related to anthocyanins. Development of standard regulations for this kind of medicinal plant raw materials is actual to introduce sour cherry fruits into official medical practice. In our research, we investigate macroscopic and microscopic properties and determine the content of tanning substances and anthocyanins in sour cherry fruits of various kinds of conservation. Materials and methods: Modern complex of physicochemical methods was used in pharmacognostical research. Microscopic analysis was performed on a LOMO Micmed-6 microscope with 10× eyepieces, 4×, 10×, 40× and 100× objectives, photographies were taken with a Sony Xperia Z3 compact digital camera. The content of total anthocyanins in terms of cyanidin-3-О-glucoside was determined by differential UV-spectrophotometry, total tannins content – by redox titration. Results and discussion: The anomocytic stomatal complex, fruits pulp druses, anthocyanins containing in the epidermis and fruits pulp cells, and vessels are typical signs for the sour cherry fruits anatomy structure. A conservation method has not to effect on visual representation of diagnostic signs. The contents of tanning substances are little; it is from 2.73±0.08% to 4.12±0.13% in terms of tannin. Maximal anthocyanin contents (in terms of cyanidin-3-glucoside and in absolutely dried raw material) were determined in fresh-frozen sour cherry fruits (after defrosting (with juice and without kernel) is 5.40±0.15% or in terms of moisture-containing raw materials (without kernel) – 0.690±0.019%. In the defrosted fruits without juice, the content of anthocyanins is two times lower in terms of completely dried raw material (without kernel), it is 2.77±0.12% or in terms of moisture-containing raw material (without kernel), it is 0.410±0.018%. In the juice released from cherry fruits after defrosting anthocyanin content in terms of cyanidin-3-glucoside is of 0.450±0.007% (g/100ml juice), in dried sour cherry fruits (without kernel) – 4.34±0.17%, which is lower than in fresh-frozen raw materials. It can be explained by the varietal features, as well by the conservation conditions; this matter is to be further studied. Contents of tanning substances in fresh-frozen and dried sour cherry fruits when storage during 4 months is insignificantly reduced, but it is established that contents of anthocyanin in terms of cyanidin-3-glucoside reduces 1.5 times in 4 months, if the raw material is frozen, and it reduces by 10% if the raw material is dried. Conclusion: Diagnostic signs of macroscopic and microscopic structures, contents of tanning substances and anthocyanins in terms of cyanidin 3-glycoside in sour cherry fruits were studied. The content of the main groups of biologically active substances decreases equally during storage of dried and frozen cherry fruits. When defrosting, it is necessary to carefully collect the juice, as it contains the bulk of the anthocyanins. It is promising to study various options for freezing and drying of cherry fruits with kernels in order to reduce the loss of fruits juice to a minimum. In this case, it is important to ensure that the kernels are whole (not destroyed), in order to avoid the ingress of cyanogenic glycosides into the medicinal plant material. The results will be used to develop normative documentation for sour cherry fruits.

Diversity, composition, and role of woody Non-Timber Forest Products in Tawangmangu, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Haqqin F, Arkan F, Ibriza NM, Fadhilah RN, Safira RN, Dewangga A, Kusumaningrum L, Thenya T, Setyawan AD. 2024. Diversity, composition, and role of woody Non-Timber Forest Products in Tawangmangu, Central Java, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 7: 68-78. Forests have an important role in supporting biodiversity and providing various ecosystem services vital for human welfare; besides that, forests are also an important resource for Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP), which are forest products other than timber used by local communities. NTFP can be categorized into fodder, firewood, food wrapping, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, spices, and food. The aim of this research was to analyze biodiversity and the use of NTFP in the villages of Plumbon, Nglebak, and Sepanjang, located in Tawangmangu Sub-district, Karanganyar District, Central Java, Indonesia. Data collection included interviews and field surveys. In the course of the interviews, a total of 62 respondents were engaged. The results showed that 83 plant species belonging to 41 families had been identified for many NTFPs such as (i) medicinal plant, (ii) food, (iii) ornamental plant, (iv) fodder, (v) spices; (vi) firewood; and (vii) food wrapping. The research findings indicate that Plumbon Village (Station A) exhibited the highest NTFP woody plant biodiversity value, with the highest values for each index component, i.e., 2.8 (H'), 5.9 (Dmg), and 0.765 (E). Each village is characterized by distinct dominant plant species: Melastoma malabatrichum dominates Plumbon Village (Station A), Manihot esculenta dominates Nglebak Village (Station B), and Calliandra houstoniana dominates Sepanjang Village (Station C). Notably, the plant with the highest use value is Tectona grandis, which serves as a medicinal plant, firewood, and food wrapping material. This research provides a deeper understanding of the biodiversity and use of NTFPs in the region, which has important implications for natural resource management and the well-being of local communities.

Different drying methods alter the quality parameters of ethnobotanically important Curcuma caesia Roxb. rhizomes

Curcuma caesia Roxb. of the Zingiberaceae family, is an ethnobotanically important rhizomatous perennial herb and is commonly known as “Black turmeric”. Like in other species of Curcuma, the pharmacologically important polyphenol curcumin is also found in C. caesia. In traditional medicine, C. caesia has been used to treat piles, leprosy, asthma, cancer, diabetes, fertility, toothache, vomiting, allergies, etc. Drying is considered the simplest and most cost-effective means of preserving raw plant materials, safeguarding the integrity of nearly all biologically active substances. Medicinal plant materials are primarily utilized in their dried forms in pharmaceutical industries. However, it has been observed that there is a lack of comprehensive information on the effects of different drying methods on quality parameters, and other pharmaceutically important aspects of C. caesia. Hence, here, we investigated the impact of various drying methods, such as direct sunlight exposure, solar drying, shade drying, and conventional oven drying with or without previous boiling, on the quality parameters of C. caesia rhizome, such as moisture, ash, and curcumin content. The results suggest that oven drying at 100 ?C, despite possessing favorable criteria for drug designing like the smallest particle sizes and the lowest moisture content, did not restore the maximum level of ash, curcumin, and essential mineral elements. Nevertheless, boiling in the range of 60 ?C – 80 ?C for 30 minutes before drying restores the pharmaceutically important qualities more favorably. The results of this study will help to formulate better treatment for restoring the market-preferable optimum quality of C. caesia.

Current state of research in the field of dosage forms containing viburnum (Review article)

The new age of studying the therapeutic and prophylactic properties and molecular mechanisms of action of herbal medicines that do not contain toxic and potent substances has opened up exciting prospects for their use for etiopathogenetic therapy. The results of numerous studies indicate that botanicals act as multi-target agents by modulating inflammatory, apoptotic, and other signaling pathways in multiple steps, highlighting the promising role of botanicals in achieving new and valuable effects. It should also be emphasized that one of the most important advantages and benefits of herbal medicine is the implementation of an individual approach to each patient. Early applied pathogenetic herbal medicine can stop the progression and chronicity of diseases. Viburnum is not last on the list of medicinal plant materials. Viburnum is an almost universal antibacterial agent of natural origin. Recipes with its use have found application in traditional medicine and received scientific recognition. Viburnum is a case where treatment can be not only effective, but also very tasty. It is used to prepare medicinal forms, delicious purees, compotes, tinctures, and kissels. Purpose of the work: to summarize the available literature data on dosage forms containing viburnum. Materials and methods. We conducted a literature review of scientific papers over the last 20 years in the resources of the PubMed and eLIBRARY search engines using the key words below. For this meta-analysis, we used articles containing the evidence base on the most current issues relating to medicinal forms of viburnum. Results. It has been established that the range of medicines from viburnum is limited to viburnum fruits, tincture, extract, glucose and fructose syrups, the Kalinaktiv syrup, and the Cardionorm syrup. Research is being conducted on the development of a gel with a wound-healing effect for use in dermatology, a cream for cosmetic purposes, and a liquid adjusted dosage form with an antipyretic effect (Kadilaeva Z.A. et al., 2023). Conclusion. The result of the research has been the establishment of prospects for expanding the range of medicinal products utilizing viburnum fruits.

Outdated latin names of medicinal plants in the monographs of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition (review)

Introduction. The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV-th edition (SP XIV), includes 107 monographs devoted to medicinal plant materials. The purpose of the study was to identify incorrect Latin names of medicinal plants in the monographs of the XIV edition, study the officially accepted Latin names and taxonomic position of medicinal plants in accordance with the contemporary system of flowering plants, and justify the need to make changes in subsequent editions of the pharmacopoeia.Text. 44 cases of incorrect Latin names were found. This is explained by the fact that when developing new pharmacopoeia monographs, either Latin names historically established in Russian pharmacognosy were used, or names that were legal at the time of the last edition of the Pharmacopoeia. The bulk of nomenclatural changes are associated with the adoption of the new APG system of flowering plants, based on molecular genetic data. The paper contains lists of plants for which the State Pharmacopoeia XIV contains an incorrect name of the genus, species, family or author, indicating the correct name, as well as comments on the rules of modern botanical nomenclature.Conclusion. In connection with the prospects for processing monographs on medicinal plant raw materials for the State Pharmacopoeia XV-th edition, as well as the EAEU Pharmacopoeia, the harmonization of the nomenclature of pharmacopoeial plants with modern international requirements becomes especially relevant.

Science Fun Learning for the Students Affected of Natural Disasters

Fun learning will attract students to classroom learning activities learning, especially for victims of natural disasters. Students who experience natural disasters fear doing various things at home and outside the home (school). This study aims to find out whether fun science learning carried out by planting plants can improve students' understanding of learning science. This quantitative descriptive research uses test instruments to measure students' knowledge of family medicinal plant material. The population in this study was elementary school students who were victims of the earthquake natural disaster earthquake in 2022, while the research sample was 15 elementary school students. This sampling is done randomly. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively to determine improved student understanding of learning science. The results of data analysis showed that science fun learning applied through outdoor learning activities by planting family medicinal plants can increase students' understanding related to science material. However, the improvement is categorized as low based on the N-gain score 0.2. The recommendation of this study is to improve student understanding of when fun science learning should be supplemented with other methods by referring to the local wisdom of participants. Thus, the feeling of trauma that saddens the survivors will be slightly forgotten with fun activities and education.

IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF FLAVONOIDS IN MEDICINAL PLANTS GROWING IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Introduction. In recent years, the popularity of herbal medicine has been increasing. One of the most numerous classes of biologically active substances of plant origin are flavonoids, which have a wide range of biological activities: anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective effects, and also capable of stimulating the damaged body tissues regeneration processes. The relevant area of the research is the search for medicinal plants with a high content of flavonoids for the development of herbal remedies with wound-healing activity. This problem can be solved through the use of plant raw materials from the Republic of Uzbekistan, which have a high content and a wide range of biologically active substances, thanks to the sharply continental climate of the country with consistently hot summers and increased levels of ultraviolet radiation. The purpose of the research is to select medicinal plant raw materials as a source of flavonoids for the development of wound healing agents. Material and methods. The object of the study was medicinal plant raw materials harvested on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan: oregano herb, sage leaves, St. John's wort herb, sandy everlasting flowers, bur beggar-ticks herb. Identification and quantification of flavonoids in the studied samples of medicinal plants was carried out using thin-layer chromatography, absorption spectrophotometry in the visible region using reaction with aluminum chloride and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results. It has been established that the content of flavonoids in the herb of oregano, leaves of medicinal sage, St. John's wort herb, flowers of sandy everlasting, harvested in the Republic of Uzbekistan, is significantly higher than in medicinal plant materials harvested in the territory of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. Using the method of thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, kaempferol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside was identified in the extract of sandy everlasting flowers, and isoquercitrin was identified in the extract of St. John's wort herb. Conclusions. As a result of the research, sandy everlasting and St. John's wort, growing on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan, were selected as the sources of flavonoids (glycoside kaempferol and isoquercitrin) with regenerating properties for the development of wound healing agents.

USE OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT ELICITORS IN OPTIMIZING THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT (CYNARA SCOLYMUS L.)

Approximately 50% of the drugs produced in the pharmaceutical industry worldwide are prepared from raw materials of medicinal plants. Increasing the synthesis of secondary metabolites through the use of local biologically active agents is an urgent issue in the cultivation of ecologically pure medicinal plants. In this regard, several works are being carried out in the countries of the world, and this article contains information about the importance, advantages and prospects of using microbial preparations based on rhizobacteria in forestry practice abroad and in our republic, methods of production of bioproducts based on microorganisms that accelerate the growth and development of plants, production of bioproducts resistant to stress conditions biotechnological foundations, the technology of production of bioproducts consisting of the association of microorganisms is noted.