Medicinal Importance Research Articles

Cystic Fibrosis: A Journey through Time and Hope.

Just over thirty years is the span of a generation. It is also the time that has passed since the discovery of the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis. Today, it is safe to say that this discovery has revolutionized our understanding, research perspectives, and management of this disease, which was, thirty years ago, a pediatric condition with a grim prognosis. The aim of this review is to present the advances that science and medicine have brought to our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and its management, which in many ways, epitomizes modern molecular genetic research. Since the discovery of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene in 1989, modeling the CFTR protein, deciphering its function as an ion channel, and identifying its molecular partners have led to numerous therapeutic advances. The most significant advancement in this field has been the discovery of protein modulators that can target its membrane localization and chloride channel activity. However, further progress is needed to ensure that all patients can benefit from a therapy tailored to their mutations, with the primary challenge being the development of treatments for mutations leading to a complete absence of the protein. The present review delves into the history of the multifaceted world of CF, covering main historical facts, current landscape, clinical management, emerging therapies, patient perspectives, and the importance of ongoing research, bridging science and medicine in the fight against the disease.

Phytosociological Investigation and Medicinally Important Plants of Sanjay -Dubri Tiger Reserve Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh, India

This paper offers a thorough Phytosociological analysis of the Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve inMadhya Pradesh, India, with an emphasis on the wide variety of plant species that make up this specialecosystem. The researcher has characterized and cataloged a large number of species of plants,including some of great medicinal significance, by means of surveys in the field and data analysis.Traditional healthcare practices in the area have long depended on these medicinally significant plants.The current study, 142 species of higher plants from 119 genera and 48 families has been identified.Upon taxonomic classification of the families, genera, and species, it was seen that the flora wasdominated by dicots, with 126 species, while the monocots were represented by 16 species. The resultsalso indicated that the large number of plants was belonged to the family Fabaceae and then Poaceae.The floras identified in this study add to the ecosystem's total area of 139.4 square meters. The researchalso enlisted the plants on the basis of their economic as well as medicinal importance. Among tree andherbs Diospyros melanoxylon and Shorea robusta had high frequency, respectively. This studyhighlights the necessity of conservation and sustainable management for the preservation ofbiodiversity and cultural heritage while offering insightful information on the various plant species foundin the Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve and their therapeutic value.

A Review on Synthetic Thiazole Derivatives as an Antimalarial Agent.

Thiazole is a widely studied core structure in heterocyclic chemistry and has proven to be a valuable scaffold in medicinal chemistry. The presence of thiazole in both naturally occurring and synthetic pharmacologically active compounds demonstrates the adaptability of these derivatives. The current study attempted to review and compile the contributions of numerous researchers over the last 20 years to the medicinal importance of these scaffolds, with a primary focus on antimalarial activity. The review is based on an extensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and other renowned journal sites for a thorough literature survey involving various research and review articles. A comprehensive review of the antimalarial activity of the thiazole scaffold revealed potential therapeutic targets in Plasmodium species. Furthermore, the correlation of structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies from various articles suggests that the thiazole ring has therapeutic potential. This article intends to point researchers in the right direction for developing potential thiazole-based compounds as antimalarial agents in the future.

Current Trends in Potential Traditional Indian Herbs: Emblica officinalis and its Medicinal Importance

Emblica officinalis, commonly known as Amla, is a potent natural antioxidant and is renowned as one of the richest natural sources of Vitamin C. The berries of this plant contain the highest levels of naturally occurring Vitamin C among ripe fruits, traditionally used in various dietary practices. Research has highlighted the anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal properties of Emblica officinalis. The fruit, which resembles a small plum, offers heat-stable Vitamin C that has been clinically shown to be more readily absorbed than synthetic alternatives, particularly in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Both historical and modern studies suggest that Emblica officinalis, whether used alone or in combination with other herbs, can be beneficial in treating various conditions such as colds, skin ailments, influenza, anemia, diabetes, lung issues, high cholesterol, and even as an immune booster in cancer therapies. Recognized as one of the most effective natural anti-aging remedies, Emblica officinalis is also used to treat acne and other skin disorders. Additionally, it is effective against acidity and peptic ulcers. Rich in Vitamin C, calcium, iron, essential amino acids, and a variety of other vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, regular consumption of Emblica officinalis is said to enhance immunity, support cancer prevention, and rejuvenate the body. It also helps manage chronic conditions like hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, AIDS, influenza, persistent coughs, chronic infections, chronic fatigue, and inflammation. In Ayurveda, Emblica officinalis is highly regarded for managing diabetes, bleeding disorders, and promoting strength and stamina.

Targeting Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Remyelination: Emerging Therapies and Personalized Approaches in Multiple Sclerosis Management.

Multiple sclerosis [MS] is a progressive autoimmune condition that primarily affects young people and is characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system [CNS]. This in-depth review explores the complex involvement of oligodendrocytes, the primary myelin- producing cells in the CNS, in the pathophysiology of MS. It discusses the biochemical processes and signalling pathways required for oligodendrocytes to function and remain alive, as well as how they might fail and cause demyelination to occur. We investigate developing therapeutic options that target remyelination, a fundamental component of MS treatment. Remyelination approaches promote the survival and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells [OPCs], restoring myelin sheaths. This improves nerve fibre function and may prevent MS from worsening. We examine crucial parameters influencing remyelination success, such as OPC density, ageing, and signalling pathway regulation [e.g., Retinoid X receptor, LINGO-1, Notch]. The review also examines existing neuroprotective and antiinflammatory medications being studied to see if they can assist oligodendrocytes in surviving and reducing the severity of MS symptoms. The review focuses on medicines that target the myelin metabolism in oligodendrocytes. Altering oligodendrocyte metabolism has been linked to reversing demyelination and improving MS patient outcomes through various mechanisms. We also explore potential breakthroughs, including innovative antisense technologies, deep brain stimulation, and the impact of gut health and exercise on MS development. The article discusses the possibility of personalized medicine in MS therapy, emphasizing the importance of specific medicines based on individual molecular profiles. The study emphasizes the need for reliable biomarkers and improved imaging tools for monitoring disease progression and therapy response. Finally, this review focuses on the importance of oligodendrocytes in MS and the potential for remyelination therapy. It also underlines the importance of continued research to develop more effective treatment regimens, taking into account the complexities of MS pathology and the different factors that influence disease progression and treatment.

The effect of traditional Chinese medicine on psychological conditions among elderly patients with cancer: a scoping review.

Coping with cancer presents a multitude of challenges that encompass every aspect of a patient's life. These challenges not only strain the body but also weigh heavily on the mind, often culminating in profound psychological distress for cancer patients. The cumulative burden of these experiences can heighten the risk of developing psychiatric disorders, exacerbating the already daunting landscape of cancer care. Therefore, this study reviewed the available research with the aim of investigating the effects of traditional Chinese medicine on psychological conditions in elderly cancer patients. In this scoping review, we applied specific criteria to select studies that focused on elderly patients with cancer. We performed an extensive search across electronic databases, including Embase, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. In our investigation, we identified a total of 3870 articles related to the topic under review. Following a meticulous screening process that involved evaluating titles, abstracts, and full texts, we ultimately selected five articles deemed relevant for inclusion in this review. Among these articles, three were randomised studies, while the remaining two were review articles. The outcomes of our analysis revealed that herbal decoctions, nutritional counselling, Tai Chi and acupressure, can effectively improve various psychological outcomes in elderly cancer patients. These interventions reduce fatigue, depression, anxiety, and stress, while also enhancing sleep quality and overall mental health. The present study highlights the importance of traditional Chinese medicine in addressing the needs of elderly patients with cancer. As a result, it is recommended that further extensive research be conducted to comprehensively assess the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine in managing cancer in the elderly.

Setting conservation priorities for mimosoides of medicinal importance in Northern part of Katsina State, Nigeria

Setting conservation priorities for mimosoides of medicinal importance in Northern part of Katsina State, Nigeria

Whole-genome sequencing and identification of antimicrobial peptide coding genes in parsley (Petroselinum crispum), an important culinary and medicinal Apiaceae species.

Parsley is a commonly cultivated Apiaceae species of culinary and medicinal importance. Parsley has several recognized health benefits and the species has been utilized in traditional medicine since ancient times. Although parsley is among the most commonly cultivated members of Apiaceae, no systematic genomic research has been conducted on parsley. In the present work, parsley genome was sequenced using the long-read HiFi (high fidelity) sequencing technology and a draft contig assembly of 1.57 Gb that represents 80.9% of the estimated genome size was produced. The assembly was highly repeat-rich with a repetitive DNA content of 81%. The assembly was phased into a primary and alternate assembly in order to minimize redundant contigs. Scaffolds were constructed with the primary assembly contigs, which were used for the identification of AMP (antimicrobial peptide) genes. Characteristic AMP domains and 3D structures were used to detect and verify antimicrobial peptides. As a result, 23 genes (PcAMP1-23) representing defensin, snakin, thionin, lipid transfer protein and vicilin-like AMP classes were identified. Bioinformatic analyses for the characterization of peptide physicochemical properties indicated that parsley AMPs are extracellular peptides, therefore, plausibly exert their antimicrobial effects through the most commonly described AMP action mechanism of membrane attack. AMPs are attracting increasing attention since they display their fast antimicrobial effects in small doses on both plant and animal pathogens with a significantly reduced risk of resistance development. Therefore, identification and characterization of AMPs is important for their incorporation into plant disease management protocols as well as medicinal research for the treatment of multi-drug resistant infections.

Production and partial purification of an innovative heat resistant α-keratinase with some remarkable medical and industrial applications

Background and objectives Keratinase has ultimate practical importance in industry, medicine, food industry and waste management fields. Their applications in wool and silk are as good cleaners and in leather industry as the best ever green dehairing agents providing high leather quality, as well they are used as crucial components of sophisticated detergents. Their medical prospective applications are in prion degradation and human callus removal. They convert keratinaceous wastes to valuable products saving the environment from hard keratin waste pollution. Bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are effective keratinase producers and they are considered the most suitable sources. This study aims to formulate the production medium and to pinpoint the proper physiological conditions for the potent microorganism producing an efficient α-keratinase enzyme. The partial purification of the crude enzyme was successfully performed. The effect of the reaction temperature on both the crude and the partially purified enzyme (PPE) was duly studied with the thermostability of PPE. Some important applications have been implemented on PPE and these include leather dehairing, cloth stain removal, and topical treatment of human callus. Materials and Methods Thirteen recommended microbial strains were screened for effective and applicable α-keratinase productivity. Optimization of the cultural conditions for extracellular enzyme production and also the partial purification of the crude enzyme by ammonium sulphate salting out or by ethanol or acetone precipitation were carried out. The effect of reaction temperature on the enzyme and its thermostability were studied. Finally, the efficiency of the PPE on leather dehairing, stain removal, and human callus treatment was explored. Results and conclusion Among the 13 organisms screened, the fungal strain Trichoderma polysporum HZ-31 was the most potent producer of an influencial α-keratinase. The maximum α-keratinase activity of 58.2 UmL−1 was obtained by the previous-mentioned strain after 5-days fermentation medium containing (%, w/v): whole chicken feathers 0.5, glucose 0.2, peptone 0.5, yeast extract 0.5, K2HPO4 0.1, KH2PO4 0.3, CaCl2 0.1, MgSO4 0.1, and pH 7.0. Acetone fractionation of the crude keratinase was the most proper and offered the most promising keratinase fraction PPE at 80–90% acetone. This fraction had high thermostability and was kept at 55°C for more than 98% of its original activity after 60 min heating and this temperature (55°C) was also the optimum for 2 h enzymatic reaction. Conclusively, the present study succeeded in the achievement of a constitutive extracellular alkaline α-keratinase, which successfully proceeded to complete leather unhairing after 12–16 h at 37°C, afforded high performance to cloth blood stain removal with Arial detergent after 2 h at 50°C and complete degradation of the human callus after 4 h at 50°C.

Inhibitory activities of ten accessions of underutilised West Africa legume Macrotyloma geocarpum (Harms) Maréchal & Baudet, growing in Nigeria against metabolic enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase

Underutilised legumes are important crop species whose cultivation and consumption are declining despite their medicinal and nutritional benefits. One of the most pressing global health concerns of the twenty-first century is diabetes, characterised by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycaemia). Food plays a huge role in the incidence and management of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Hence, pharmacological research along the food-medicine continuum is being ignited by recent evidence linking diet to health and illness incidence. Herein, we determined in vitro the inhibitory effects of the gene bank-stored seed and freshly cultivated seed and leaf extracts of ten accessions of an underutilised legume (Macrotyloma geocarpum) on the enzymes involved in carbohydrate breakdown to glucose (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) as a strategy to reduce hyperglycaemia. The extracts of seed accessions obtained from the gene bank showed weakly α-amylase inhibition (IC50 range = 300–1000 µg/mL) while, extracts of the cultivated seed accessions generally showed enhanced inhibitory effects (IC50 range = 63–355 µg/mL), when compared to standard Acarbose® (IC50 = 64.23 ± 0.02 µg/mL). Freshly harvested seed accessions (72–616 µg/mL) were also observed to have enhanced inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase enzyme than the seeds from the gene bank (39–185 µg/mL) when compared to Acarbose® (73.23 ± 0.02 µg/mL). However, the leaf extracts of the cultivated accessions displayed significantly higher α–amylase inhibition (IC50 range = 54–61 µg/mL) than the cultivated seeds while a reversed case was observed in the α–glucosidase inhibition. Overall, this study suggests the medicinal importance of the underutilised M. geocarpum legume in the management of diabetes while considering the varying bioactive effects of the accessions as well as cultivation and storage.

D-Glutamate production by stressed Escherichia coli gives a clue for the hypothetical induction mechanism of the ALS disease

In the search for the origin of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis disease (ALS), we hypothesized earlier (Monselise, 2019) that d-amino acids produced by stressed microbiome may serve as inducers of the disease development. Many examples of d-amino acid accumulation under various stress conditions were demonstrated in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In this work, wild-type Escherichia coli, members of the digestive system, were subjected to carbon and nitrogen starvation stress. Using NMR and LC–MS techniques, we found for the first time that d-glutamate accumulated in the stressed bacteria but not in control cells. These results together with the existing knowledge, allow us to suggest a new insight into the pathway of ALS development: d-glutamate, produced by the stressed microbiome, induces neurobiochemical miscommunication setting on C1q of the complement system. Proving this insight may have great importance in preventive medicine of such MND modern-age diseases as ALS, Alzheimer, and Parkinson.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential, Enzyme Inhibition, and Chemical Profiling Through Mass Spectrometry on Bark Extract of Berberis aristata

Berberis aristata, a plant from the Berberidaceae family, is renowned for its medicinal properties. The presence of bioactive metabolites in its bark underscores its importance in traditional medicine and pharmacology. This study primarily focuses on the biological activities of the plant bark extract, specifically its antioxidant properties and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. In addition to these activities, mass spectrometry-based compound annotation was conducted to explore the metabolites present in the plant bark extract. In this study, the bark samples were collected and extracted using the cold percolation method with methanol. Subsequently, an ethyl acetate fraction was obtained from the methanol extract using a separating funnel. The methanol extract of the bark showed a total phenolic content (TPC) of 70.056 ± 2.52 mg GAE/g and a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 11.89 ± 0.16 mg QE/g. To determine the antioxidant activity of the samples, a DPPH assay was used. The ethyl acetate fraction of the bark showed potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 188.93 ± 8.35 μg/mL, while the methanol extract of the bark showed radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 242.89 ± 4.62 μg/mL. In terms of alpha-glucosidase inhibition, the methanol extract of the bark had low enzyme inhibition activity, but the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited potential inhibition with an IC50 value of 112.99 ± 10.28 µg/mL. These results indicate that the plant bark extract is rich in phenolic content compared to flavonoid content. Additionally, the ethyl acetate fraction of the plant bark exhibits potent radical scavenging activity and inhibition of the digestive enzyme alpha-glucosidase. Mass spectrometric-based identification of metabolites revealed that the methanol extract of the bark contains compounds such as Palmatin, columbamine, and berberal. The presence of these metabolites further supports the medicinal use of this plant bark. These findings enhance the plant's potential in the drug discovery process in the future.

The future of general practice and family medicine in Austria.

General practice/family medicine has recently been recognized as amedical discipline in Austria. This paper is ashort report on the prevailing understanding of its goals and subjects, comparing the Austrian perception with international definitions. It comments on shortcomings and introduces an outline for the development of arevised professional theory.At present, there is no clear uniform image of the discipline, neither among the general public, nor among physicians, healthcare professionals or decision makers. The reason for this lies in the historical development which, with the triumph of specialization, has led to aloss of importance for generalist medicine. Now it is the fragmentation that extensive specialization entails that gives anew meaning to generalist, contextual and patient-centered medicine.This change needs to be analyzed and understood. Adescription of the responsibilities, tasks and very specific methods unique to the discipline will be developed, which should enable the sensible, contemporary use of general practice/family medicine for the benefit of patients and the healthcare system.

Mechanism of customs regulation of the import of pharmaceutical products

One of the main features of the Russian pharmaceutical market is that imported pharmaceutical products significantly predominate in its structure according to the criterion of origin. The high share of imports of medicines is due to the need to provide the population with high-quality medicines, including vital medicines, analogues of which are not produced in the Russian Federation. In this regard, consideration of issues related to the customs regulation of imports of pharmaceutical products is particularly relevant. The mechanism of state management of the foreign trade sphere covers a variety of instruments that have a direct or indirect impact on current economic processes, the main of which is customs regulation. The priority area of the customs mechanism is the formation of a favorable economic environment for national production. The customs authorities of Russia are directly involved in regulating the import of pharmaceutical products in order to ensure the economic security of Russia, monitoring compliance with relevant prohibitions and restrictions by participants in foreign economic activity. In the course of the conducted research, it was found that the mechanism of customs regulation of the import of pharmaceutical products is crucial in the formation of foreign trade turnover of goods of the studied commodity group.

Healers: Who are They?

The article discusses changes in healers’ healing tradition, explanatory models, use of written and published traditions. During the past century, healers used and integrated knowledge from different schools. Another significant trend rising to the fore highlights the importance of local folk medicine, which emphasises traditional values and creates novel cultural interpretations. To characterise the changes, the article introduces four healers, ranging from a half-mythic witch-herder to the healers-innovators of medical methods and local culture.

Documentation On Medicinal Plants of Khanapur Forest Bidar District, Karnataka

The present study was undertaken to document medicinal plants of Khanapur forest Bidar district, karnataka the documentation of medicinal plants helps to recognize the overall ecological conditions and gives profound understanding of the economic medicinal and traditional importance of medicinal plants diversity. The present research documentation work was started in November 2023 and completed in February 2024. The present study reported that 119 Medicinal plant species belongs to 54 families distributed in Khanapur forest Bidar included angiosperms Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Abrus precatorius, Ephedra, Withania sominifera, Catharanthus roseus, Tinospora cardifolia, Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus amarus, allium sativum, Cocos nucifera, Coleus aromaticus, Curcuma longa, Martynia annua, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia chebula,Tithonia diversifolia, Acalypha indica, Brassica juncea, Clitoria ternatea, Datura metal, Delonix elata, Euphorbia antiquorum, Luffa acutangula, Madhuca longifolia, Myristica fragrans, Santalum album and Vitex negundo are some of the important medicinal plants of Khanapur forest Bidar district of karnataka.

The issue and abolition of the Interim Regulations on Chinese Medicine Shops and Western Pharmacy Registration in the period of the Republic of China

The Interim Regulations on Chinese Medicine Shops and Western Pharmacy Registration issued by the Shanghai Bureau of Illegal Drugs in 1922, required that Chinese medicine shops in Shanghai area be audited, registered and pay registration fees. This regulation was abolished along with the dissolution of the Shanghai Bureau of Illegal Drugs in 1925. The Interim Regulations on Chinese Medicine Shops and Western Pharmacy Registration drove people, to some extent, to attach the importance and awareness of Chinese medicine and its administration. While it had some problems, such as improper intention and unclear concepts in the period of the Republic of China, a sound system for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) administration had not been established. It confirmed that Chinese materia medica has its unique knowledge system and development form, therefore, should not be uniformly administered as Western medicine. It indicated that TCM pharmacy administration should have a reasonable system and channels to promote the development of the Chinese materia medica industry.

Systematic review protocol of digital divides in the medical sciences area

Introduction: the development of digital technologies in the area of medical sciences has progressively advanced in recent years, initially conceptualized as electronic health, whose characteristics were fundamentally informative, its main tool being the internet and extending to other services such as mobile health and telehealth of great importance for medicine. Objective: the present systematic review aims to determine the main digital technologies in the health area, developed during the years 2020 to 2022 and their applicability in the different fields of medicine.Method: the methodology used was based on the review of original research articles on four categories of study: electronic medical records, telemedicine, mobile health and data analysis, obtained from the Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest and EBSCO databases. Thirty articles were selected, respecting the screening and eligibility criteria considered in the PRISMA protocol. Results: the results of the review showed the remarkable development in the application of electronic medical records and telemedicine in the different areas of health, constituting between them 60 % of the publications; mobile applications and data analysis were the ones with the lowest results, but with the greatest technological innovation. Conclusion: we conclude the importance of the applicability of new technologies developed during the health emergency in different health areas

Edukasi Penerapan Terapi Uap Sederhana dengan Minyak Kayu Putih di Posyandu Desa Karang Malang Puskesmas Gribig Kudus

This community service activity aims to provide education about the application of simple steam therapy with eucalyptus oil at the Karang Malang Village Posyandu, which is located in the Gribig Health Center area, Kudus. Steam therapy is one of the effective traditional treatment methods in relieving symptoms of respiratory disorders such as flu, cough, and cold. Eucalyptus oil was chosen because of its eucalyptol content which functions as a natural decongestant. The methods used in this activity include counseling and direct demonstrations to mothers who have children under five at the Posyandu. The educational material covers the benefits of steam therapy, how to make and use it, and the safety measures that must be considered. The results of this activity showed that participants understood the benefits and how to apply simple steam therapy with eucalyptus oil, and were able to apply it at home. This activity also succeeded in raising awareness of the importance of safe and effective traditional medicine in family health care. The conclusion of this activity is that education and live demonstrations are effective methods in improving people's knowledge and skills about simple steam therapy. The recommendation for the next activity is to expand the scope of this education to other villages and involve more health cadres to ensure the sustainability of the program.

Ecological and Medicinal Importance of Lampreys (Cyclostomata: Petromyzontiformes: Petromyzontidae)

For Pacific lampreys, life is not just about moving from freshwater to saltwater when they reach maturity, these ancient fish have to return to the same river environment where they were born. Going from a saltwater creature to a freshwater creature is not easy, however, and several modifications in appearance and physiology are necessary to survive the dramatic change in salinity. Their return to freshwater is not random, based on chemical signals left by the migration of lamprey larvae to return to rivers They can return to the same place they came from, but, unlike Pacific salmon, this precision is not always guaranteed, however, this transformation and the mapping of rivers require a lot of energy, and the animals resort to parasitization to survive. Lamprey swimming is among the most efficient in the world, as its movements generate zones of low pressure around the body, pulling the body through the water rather than pushing. The objective of this article was to characterize lampreys (Cyclostomata; Petromyzontiformes; Petromyzontidae) regarding their ecological and medicinal importance. The methodological analysis included studies of a particular topic. In its construction process, it is necessary to go through six essential stages: Identification of the theme and selection of the hypothesis or research question; establishment of criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies/sampling or literature search; definition information to be extracted from selected studies/categorization of studies; evaluation of included studies; interpretation of results; and presentation of knowledge review/synthesis To carry out the study, a search for scientific articles was carried out through Virtual Health Library, in the SCIELO, LILACS, and PUMED databases, using the terminologies registered in the Health Sciences descriptors. Regarding the inclusion criteria, the following were used: Full articles, in Portuguese, and English.