Medical Telemetry Research Articles

Path Loss Models for Wireless Cardiac RF Communication

In this letter, we propose fundamental path loss (PL) models which play vital roles in promoting the intraheart communication system design of future deeply implanted leadless pacemakers inside the cardiac chambers. Initially, employing a plane wave approach yields the attenuation of the electric field in homogeneous heart tissue, while a modified Friis equation in the lossy medium is utilized to evaluate the power transmission between transmitting and receiving antennas in homogeneous heart tissue in the far-field zone. An Hertzian dipole excitation is used to separate the mismatch and ohmic losses of the antenna from the path loss in an anatomical human body simulation environment. Based on this theoretical and full-wave simulation setup, PL models are derived and comprehensively compared at different potential frequency bands [Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) 402-405 MHz, Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) 608-614 MHz, Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) 867-869 MHz, and 2400-2500 MHz], and the validity of applying the Friis equation in this scenario is verified.

A Low Complex Spectrum Sensing Technique for Medical Telemetry System

Wearable wireless sensors play a vital role in healthcare applications to transfer information of patients. Generally, wearable devices are used for monitoring, diagnosing, and treating various medical conditions. In this paper authors propose a novel energy detection scheme for spectrum allotment to a medical telemetry network. So, we proposed cognitive radio technology to dynamically utilize Wireless Medical Telemetry Services (WMTS). By using Medical body area networks, we can improve remote patient monitoring as well as facilitating immediate response from the service provider. Further, we also outline the challenges of implementing spectrum sensing for body sensor networks. In this paper, spectrum sensing using energy detection can be used for implementing medical telemetry in healthcare applications. The proposed Normalized Median Least Mean Square (NMLMS) algorithm with sign regressor operation also solves the problem of complexity of circuit in basic spectrum sensing using energy detection phenomenon. The experimental results show that performance of NMLMS gives better performance in terms of convergence of the health care system. The probability of detection of a spectrum are demonstrated at various false alarm rates as 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 and signal to noise ratio from -10 dB to 0 dB.

A Medical Hardware-Software System for Remote Monitoring of Heart Diseases

Introduction. Wireless diagnostics of patients’ functional state is important for ensuring timely detection and treatment of diseases. In this article, the development of a medical hardware-software system for remote monitoring of the state of biological objects is considered on the example of cardiovascular diseases.Aim. To develop a medical hardware-software system for remote monitoring of the main cardiovascular parameters and to expand the scope of medical remote telemetry equipment, which can eventually lead to improved medical services.Materials and methods. On the example of cardiovascular diseases, an analysis of the existing medical hardwaresoftware system for remote monitoring of the state of biological objects was carried out, taking into account the cardiac monitoring of the electrocardiogram. This method is widely used for in the diagnostics and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Results. A method was proposed for creating a hardware-software system for remote monitoring of the main cardiovascular parameters to ensure timely detection and treatment of diseases. The general structure of such a system, including its advantages and disadvantages and the routing of information, is described. The proposed technology of prolonged remote monitoring of the patient's health state makes it possible to increase the efficiency of detecting dangerous heartbeat arrhythmia by about 30%.Conclusions. The proposed system solves the problem of registering biological parameters without significant interference in the patient’s vital activity, which allows typical conditions to be traced. Remote data collection also facilitates the load on medical personnel, reduces the number of contacts with patients and improves their psychological state.

A Compact Triple-Band Antenna With a Broadside Radiation Characteristic for Head-Implantable Wireless Communications

This letter presents a compact triple-band antenna composed of a spiral radiator with an open-ended slot at the ground for human head-implantable wireless communications. It operates simultaneously at a Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) band (402-405 MHz), a Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) band (1427-1432 MHz), and an Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band (2400-2480 MHz). The proposed antenna has a thin profile of 0.5 mm with a volume of 197 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . Semisolid phantoms are used for the design and experimental validation, and detailed parameter studies are carried out to determine the working principles of the antenna. Based on simulations and measurements, it was found that the proposed antenna covers all the desired frequency bands with comparably high boresight gains given its compact dimensions.

Investigation on Wireless Link for Medical Telemetry Including Impedance Matching of Implanted Antennas.

The development of biomedical devices benefits patients by offering real-time healthcare. In particular, pacemakers have gained a great deal of attention because they offer opportunities for monitoring the patient’s vitals and biological statics in real time. One of the important factors in realizing real-time body-centric sensing is to establish a robust wireless communication link among the medical devices. In this paper, radio transmission and the optimal characteristics for impedance matching the medical telemetry of an implant are investigated. For radio transmission, an integral coupling formula based on 3D vector far-field patterns was firstly applied to compute the antenna coupling between two antennas placed inside and outside of the body. The formula provides the capability for computing the antenna coupling in the near-field and far-field region. In order to include the effects of human implantation, the far-field pattern was characterized taking into account a sphere enclosing an antenna made of human tissue. Furthermore, the characteristics of impedance matching inside the human body were studied by means of inherent wave impedances of electrical and magnetic dipoles. Here, we demonstrate that the implantation of a magnetic dipole is advantageous because it provides similar impedance characteristics to those of the human body.

Novel Microstrip Patch Antenna for implantable medical telemetry devices

ABSTRACT In recent years, close collaboration has been forged between telecommunications and medicine, which has enabled the birth of medical telemetry and therefore implanting medical devices on the human and animal body. The latter is based on implantable antennas design in the MICS (Medical Implant Communication Service) band (402-405) MHz. The frequency band is explored to design mobile and comfortable communication systems to support human life. The objective of this paper is to design and optimization of implantable printed antennas in human body for medical telemetry. The proposed antenna operates in the MICS band between 402 and 405 MHz. The antenna is simulated using HFSS software. The proposed antenna resonates at 404 MHz with a return loss of -32.58 dB, bandwidth of 26 MHz and gain of 6.5 dB.

About the revised version of AE-5201A, which is Low Power Medical Telemetry Device Usage Regulations

About the revised version of AE-5201A, which is Low Power Medical Telemetry Device Usage Regulations

Measuring the Bio-Electrical Parameters of a Person Using Bio-Telemetry System for Health Care Monitoring

Biotelemetry is a method of measuring a persons’s Bio-electrical parameters and a Physio-logical parameters from a distance. It’s like a updation of existing methods of measuring physiological parameters and bioelectrical parameters to a method of transmission of resulting data. This will help the consulting doctor for making a better diagnosis without movement or ensuring mobility of both the doctor and patient. Here the parameters of the wireless remote medical system for health monitoring include body temperature, blood oxygen saturation, pulse, electrocardiogram and Electrooculography. In order to measure, monitor and updating the data we require five sensors for each respective parameter so the respective five sensors are AD8232 sensor for measuring Electrocardiogram, pulse sensor for measuring pulse, EOG sensor for measuring Electrooculography, Max30100 sensor for measuring oxygen levels in blood and finally LM35 sensor used for measuring the hotness or coldness of a body. These are connected as one system using Arduino. Transferring of data to the cloud or update the data in cloud, whatever the data came from the sensors will be sent to a WiFi module called Node MCU ESP8266, through which the data will be uploaded on cloud platforms like Ubidots and Things speak. Finally from this Paper it gives the concept of Bio-Telemetry System, in other words a Medical Telemetry System. This system allows continuous monitoring of a patient’s health condition, as well as updating that respective data into their medical history like cloud platform, thus improving the efficiency of nursing care through more effective time management.

Telemedicine Pre and Post Covid-19: Lessons for Commercialisation Based on Previous Use Cases

Telemedicine used to be slow, difficult, expensive and widely neglected by doctors and patients. COVID-19 changed everything; telemedicine is entering a period of rapid economic and business growth. This paper discusses the reasons for change in telemedicine over the last 20 years, through real-life medical technology projects, telemetry, ehealth and health IT. Our methods are based on the analysis of telemedicine projects we have implemented and characteristic historical data. The results of our investigation demonstrate a clear increase of significance in telemedicine in the present and near future. We envision the evolution of mobile phones to personal telehealth monitors. Prior to COVID-19, market penetration and economic factors of telemedicine evolved slowly and in an uneven manner on a global scale. Many of the projects remained active only as long as the grant or corporate or national support was provided. The age of novel globally spreading infectious diseases, exemplified by COVID-19, has created an unusual, different setting. Recent pandemics and epidemics have changed global economics significantly and generated a new motivation and a new market with a projected trillion-dollar market value. Post COVID-19, regular and periodic epidemics and pandemics are expected to continue to occur. This will generate an enormous global market for isolated high-tech services, including telemedicine and telemetry.

The concept of a portable isolated robotic medical module for evacuation of the sick and injured

Relevance. In our country, as part of the digitalization of healthcare, a number of organizational decisions have been made and are being implemented to optimize the medical evacuation of the sick and injured in emergency situations. The digital transformation of healthcare in order to address the issues of treatment correction, patient transportability and the feasibility of medical evacuation to the greatest degree is realized so far only in the form of telemedicine consultations. At the same time, the latest developments can already be applied, allowing the use of advanced information technologies, including artificial intelligence technologies, for each sick or injured during medical evacuation in the prehospital and hospital periods in the event of emergency response and during everyday work. One of such developments could be the creation of a portable isolated robotic medical module.Intention: To justify the concept of a portable, isolated robotic medical module for the medical evacuation of the sick and injured using advanced medical digital technologies.Methodology. Based on an analysis of the advanced medical equipment, medical materials, digital medical technologies, many years of comprehensive in-house experience in medical evacuation, an information and patent search was conducted for conceptual solutions to create a portable isolated robotic medical module (Module) for medical evacuation of the sick and injured in the daily life and emergency situations.Results and Discussion. A key solution to the problem is to implement the following original ideas. Firstly, it is the “block” principle of layout of the Module structure. In the first (upper) block, robotic diagnostic and medical equipment, control systems and telemetry communications are installed. If you need to work offline, the unit is protected from external influences. The second (middle) block is designed to accommodate a patient who receives medical care. The unit can be completely isolated from the external environment, a comfortable internal environment is created and elements of a video communication system are placed. The third (lower) block contains systems for patient’s life support and autonomic operation, and can be delivered on board the vehicle separately from the first and second blocks. The mass of the third block is not critical for the mass of theModule as a whole. Secondly, there is an idea of using special removable and replaceable shells to isolate the Module from adverse weather conditions. It is possible to use a removable cover made of protective materials. For the conditions of the Far North, these are heat-conserving materials, for the conditions of armed conflict - para-aramid fiber (Kevlar). Thirdly, ergonomic location of medical equipment above the patient provides convenient maintenance of equipment for medical manipulations. In this case, observation and treatment are not interrupted when moving the patient from one vehicle to another.Conclusion. Advanced digital medical technologies in the medical evacuation of the sick and injured within the concept of a portable, isolated, robotic medical module can significantly reduce risks and apply a patient-oriented approach during the medical evacuation of each patient. This makes a significant contribution to the development of medical evacuation and practical medicine.

Design and Analysis of Dual-Band Implantable Antennas Based on Effective Relative Permittivity Calculation

This article presents the design and analysis of dual-band implantable antennas based on effective relative permittivity calculation. First, the effective relative permittivity for a microstrip antenna inside lossy tissue is analyzed, helping establish the basis for the design of our proposed dual-band implantable antenna. The antenna operates in 1.4 GHz Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) band and 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band under proper feeding scheme. The lower band with quarter-wavelength resonance is realized by introducing two shorting pins to orthogonal strips. As a disturbance between two arc-shaped tails with open end is introduced, it can achieve circular polarization (CP) radiation property. Meanwhile, the higher band with half-wavelength resonance is realized through the path connecting two asymmetric open-end tails, so as to achieve linear polarization (LP) radiation property. As such, a wide CP bandwidth of 10.38% in WMTS band and a wide impedance bandwidth of 21.3% in ISM band are achieved and in final verified in experiment.

An Anatomical Model for the Simulation and Development of Subcutaneous Implantable Wireless Devices

This article’s objective is to discuss the anatomical and technical challenges associated with designing subcutaneously implanted antennas for continuous wireless medical telemetry. One challenge in this design process is the connection between simulation setup and the anatomical layering of tissues in biological systems. This article presents an overview of the layers of tissues associated with subcutaneous implant (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis) as well as the measured dielectric properties of these tissues. In addition, this study presents the design and measurement of an implantable dual-band antenna operating on the wireless medical telemetry service (WMTS) (1.395–1.432 GHz) and industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) (2.4–2.5 GHz) communication bands. This antenna was validated ex vivo and in vivo using porcine animal models. The antenna has a simulated bandwidth of 2.3% for WMTS and 5.7% for ISM bands. In addition, the antenna saw a 300 MHz shift, ex vivo , to the right for WMTS while not having a shift for the ISM band. For in vivo validation, two antennas were made and tested in a porcine animal model and both show an adequate transmission range of 10 m.

Energy Detection in Medical Telemetry Systems using Logarithmic Adaptive Algorithm

Energy Detection in Medical Telemetry Systems using Logarithmic Adaptive Algorithm

In Situ Near-Field Path Loss and Data Communication Link for Brain Implantable Medical Devices Using Software-Defined Radio

The rapid evolution in brain implantable medical devices (BIMDs) promises a new paradigm of medical diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutics. The MedRadio frequency band (401–406 MHz) offers an acceptable penetration of electromagnetic (EM) fields in biological tissues and thus is well suited for wireless medical telemetry (WMT). Unlike other parts of the body, head tissues exhibit a high level of EM fields absorption, which provides a significant challenge for devices implanted in this part of the body. Therefore, it is important to appraise data communication and path loss over this difficult channel. In this article, a brain implantable antenna and an exterior antenna are developed to operate at 406 MHz MedRadio band. The exterior antenna is a miniaturized composite loop-patch antenna with tuning slots, whilst the implantable antenna is a capacitively loaded loop with parasitic patches. A near-field communication link is tested via a software-defined radio (SDR) module in a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phantom and pig primate. The link budget of the in situ communication link demonstrates a reliable data transfer of 200 kb/s with a low level of input power (−17.55 dBm) and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for near-field transmission. Since, the EM fields decay rapidly in head tissues, a path loss model is thus essential for BIMDs. The developed path loss model in CSF phantom and pig primate yield an attenuation between 43 and 56 dB for a distance ranging from 20 to 60 mm at 406 MHz. Overall, the results show that near-field data communication link for BIMDs can be utilized over the conventional far-field link for a better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with a low power requirement.

Fundamental Study of Quantitative Evaluation of Radio Wave Output of Wireless Medical Telemetry Transmitters Operable in Medical Field

Wireless medical telemetry systems (WMTSs) are important medical equipment for monitoring of biological information such as the electrocardiogram of a patient in a remote location in real time. However, because WMTSs have characteristically used channels that are unique to the radio wave spectrum, many institutions have not previously managed WMTSs. Therefore, we examined a method for quantitative evaluation of the radio wave output of a wireless medical telemetry transmitter (WMTT) that can even be implemented in the medical field. In the experiments, we demonstrated the possibility of use of the method for quantitative evaluation of WMTT radio wave output in the medical field using two types of radio wave propagation model: a free-space propagation model and a two-ray ground reflection model. To determine the reference threshold value for use of each model, a breakpoint was found to be important to grasp the change point between short distance and long distance. It was indicated that the measured value was lower than the theoretical value below the breakpoint, while the measured value was slightly higher than the theoretical value beyond the breakpoint.

Electromagnetic Compatibility of 400 MHz Radio Communications in Hospitals: Safety Management of Wireless Medical Telemetry

The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of 400MHz radio communications is an issue of growing interest, especially the EMC of wireless medical telemetry (WMT) in clinical settings. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) by radiation noise emitted from switched-mode power supplies built into light-emitting diode (LED) lights is now of considerable interest for the safe operation of WMT. Moreover, the 400MHz frequency bands that are allocated for WMT are also shared and used for other radio communication systems. In this work, we studied the EMI problem of WMT used in Japan. We experimentally investigated EMI with WMT caused by electromagnetic noise emitted from LED lights. In addition, we suggested countermeasures for these EMI issues and the management of an electromagnetic environment by a very simplified method.

Optimum Band ε Shaped Miniature Implantable Antennas for Telemetry Applications

An implantable antenna appropriate for wireless medical telemetry services (WMTS) band (1.39-1.42 GHz) and ISM band (2.4-2.48 GHz) biotelemetry application is presented in this article. Meandered structure of varying width ended with spiral is employed for miniaturization. Antenna size is further reduced by a shorting pin with an overall dimension of 11 mm x 11 mm x 1.28 mm and coaxial fed. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated, and optimized with a layer of skin phantom model. The measured -10 dB bandwidth range from 1.395 to 1.44 GHz at WMTS band and 2.3905 to 2.4512 GHz at ISM band. The proposed antenna shows an S11 of -25.78 and -39.95 dB at WMTS and ISM bands, respectively. The antenna has been simulated and found to radiate at ISM and WMTS bands in a free space scenario too. The proposed work is implemented using Rogers 3010 substrate, and the reflection coefficient of those modules was then measured using a network analyzer.

Multiband inverted E and U shaped compact antenna for Digital broadcasting, wireless, and sub 6 GHz 5G applications

A novel dual branch multiband compact slotted antenna for digital broadcasting, wireless and sub 6 GHz 5G is presented. Antenna achieves multiband characteristics at (750–790 MHz) Digital broadcasting, (1.41–1.45 GHz) wireless medical telemetry, (2.10–2.14 GHz) Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS), (3.44–3.51 GHz) WiMAX/sub 6 GHz 5G, (3.80–3.87 GHz) Sub 6 GHz 5G, (5.17–5.20 GHz) wireless local area network (WLAN) and (5.97–6.38 GHz) fixed satellite communication by introducing slots in the form of inverted U and E shape having varied branch lengths and full ground plane. The antenna has an overall size of 30 × 30 × 1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna achieves compact operation along with an omnidirectional radiation pattern having gain and efficiency in the range over 1.1 dBi and 78% for the proposed frequency bands. The antenna is fabricated after optimizing the geometrical dimensions where measured results match well with simulated ones.

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Noise Emitted from Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps and Compatibility with Wireless Medical Telemetry Service

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Noise Emitted from Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps and Compatibility with Wireless Medical Telemetry Service

Effect of Wandering Sensing Systems on Wireless Medical Telemetry Systems

Effect of Wandering Sensing Systems on Wireless Medical Telemetry Systems