Medical-Surgical Nursing Research Articles

Relationship between Student’s Anxiety Level and the Grade Achievement of Medical Surgical Nursing Clinical Practice

Clinicalpracticelearningisthemainfactorthatsupportsteachingandlearningprocess in nursing education to produce quality graduates who are competent in their fields. One of the inhibiting factors for achieving student’s competence is anxiety before and during clinical practice. The aim of this study was to find out the characteristics of respondents, student anxiety levels, grade of clinical practice and the relationship between students’ anxiety level and the grade achievement of Medical Surgical Nursing clinical practice. Cross sectional research design was utilized to conduct this study on 101 total sample of diploma nursing students from school of health science Panti Rapih. Technique using the HARS questionnaires, and analyze used Sprearman’s. The study was conducted in Dec 2018-Feb 2019. Result showed that more than half (86.1%)of respondents were female,andaged19yearsold.Student anxiety levels were 19.8% not anxiety, 24.8% mild anxiety, 32.7% moderate anxiety, 20.8% severe anxiety and 2% very severe anxiety. The grade rate for clinical nursing practice is 96.03%. AnalysisofdataSprearman’srhoshowednegativesignificantrelationshipbetweenthe level of anxiety and the grade achievement of the clinical practice clarity with p 0,345 (0.50). Conclution that there is no relationship between the level of anxiety and the grade achievement on medical surgical clinical practice.Suggestions before the clinical practice were held sharing from sister level about practical experience and clinical practice overview, and given overview of clinical setting using video.

Does Simulation Training for Acute Care Nurses Improve Patient Safety Outcomes: A Systematic Review to Inform Evidence-Based Practice.

Simulation is increasingly used as a training tool for acute care medical-surgical nurses to improve patient safety outcomes. A synthesis of the evidence is needed to describe the characteristics of research studies about acute care nurse simulation trainings and patient safety. An additional purpose is to examine the effects of acute care registered nurse (RN) simulation trainings on patient safety outcomes. Five Internet databases were searched for articles published on any date through October 2018 examining the effect of RN simulation trainings on patient safety outcomes in the adult acute care setting. N=12 articles represented 844 RNs of varying experience levels and 271 interprofessional participants. Nine studies (75%) used high-fidelity scenarios developed locally about high risk but infrequent events. Five studies (42%) incorporated interdisciplinary team members in the scenarios and/or outcome evaluations. Outcome measures were self-reported, direct observation, or clinical indicators. All studies in this review achieved improved patient safety outcomes. It is unknown how outcomes vary for different groups of RNs because of insufficient gender, ethnicity/race, and age reporting. Findings support the design of simulation training research studies for patient safety outcomes and use of simulation training and research in acute care RNs. Additional high-quality research is needed to support this field. Future studies should include descriptors that characterize the sample (i.e., age, gender, education level, type of nursing degree, ethnicity or race, or years of experience); incorporate interdisciplinary teams; evaluate a combination of outcome measure types (i.e., self-report, direct observation, and clinical outcomes) both proximal and distal to the simulation; and that utilize standardized scenarios, validated outcome measure instruments, and standardized debriefing tools.

The relationship between undergraduate nursing students' satisfaction about clinical learning environment and their competency self-efficacy

Competency self-efficacy (CSE) in clinical nursing practice is necessitated to be attained by the undergraduate nursing students. It is a significant indicator of the work's acceptance and commitment to nursing roles. Self-efficacy in nursing experience enhances nursing student's abilities to achieve the clinical tasks independently, mainly in wide range field of care like Medical-Surgical Nursing. Some factors are affecting competency self-efficacy in the clinical nursing practice; the most evident factor is the nursing student’s impressions with their clinical learning environment (CLE). In the light of educational preparation for nursing undergraduates, the Faculties of Nursing emphasize to preserve a high quality of clinical learning environment for clinical nursing essentials. The clinical learning environment has an apparent function in building up students' confidence, and competency self-efficacy, particularly, during clinical skills achievement. The current paper aimed to determine undergraduate nursing student's satisfaction about the clinical learning environment and their competency self-efficacy, and then investigate the relationship between both variables. Thus, the study conducted through a descriptive, correlative research design with all nursing students who enrolled in third and fourth academic semesters (second year) during their clinical training in Medical-Surgical Nursing course, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt. A triple-section questionnaire was used for data collection: First; nursing student’s sociodemographic profile, Second: Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI) which was constructed by Chan in 2002. Third: Nursing Competency Self Efficacy Scale (CSES) which was developed by Kennedy in 2013. The results showed that the undergraduate nursing students at Medical-Surgical training, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, have a high satisfaction level about the clinical learning environment concerning all components of the clinical placement. As well, they have a high competency self-efficacy level in all nursing activities and tasks in the clinical training. Further, there is an obvious parallel correlation between nursing student's satisfaction about clinical learning environment and their competency self-efficacy which is significant. Conclusion & Recommendations: Adequate and planned arrangements should be settled in the nursing curricula for the nursing clinical training setting. Too, the clinical instructors should encourage students' trials to do difficult nursing tasks in a successful manner which tends to increase the student's competency self-efficacy. Further researches are required to investigate the factors affecting clinical learning environment satisfaction and competency self-efficacy among nursing students in their clinical placement. Additionally, another research is necessary about; developing an educational program about student's competency self-efficacy to guide nursing instructors in clinical training.

Music, Spirituality, and Caring Science: The Effect ofa CappellaSong on Healthcare Staff in Medical–Surgical Units

Researchers report improved patient well-being, stress, and pain reduction when musical interventions are used. No studies were found using music as a staff member intervention. Hospital chaplains and nurses tested the use of music to assist staff nurses in embracing Watson's Caritas Qualities. A 3-member choir sanga cappellato medical–surgical nurses. The Visual Analog Scale measured effect of music on intentional centering, calmness, peacefulness, and transpersonal connection. Statistical results showed improvement in nurses' well-being. The use of music on the clinical unit has potential to improve nursing self-care and, thus, patient care.

Nurses' Short Peripheral Catheter Flushing Practices: Implications for Patient Care, Nursing Education, and Policy.

Nursing practice and institutional policies regarding short peripheral catheter (SPC) flushing vary. These variations result in a lack of understanding about the factors that influence nurses' SPC flushing practices and leave their effect on outcomes unexplored-information that could potentially enhance nurses' clinical education, institutional policy efforts, and patient care. Using a mixed-methods design, this study examined SPC flushing practices and outcomes among a cohort of medical-surgical nurses and explored their rationale for flushing. Trends were noted in the timing of flushes, and the factors that influenced nurses' SPC flushing practices included patient acuity, experience, and workload.

Perception of clinical deterioration cues among medical-surgical nurses.

To examine medical-surgical nurses' capacity and tendency to perceive cues indicating clinical deterioration and nursing characteristics influencing deterioration cue perception. Cross-sectional, explorative study design. Data were collected over 10weeks between September-November 2017. Medical-surgical nurses completed an online survey consisting of a demographic questionnaire, the Occupational Fatigue, Exhaustion Recovery scale and 50 detection trials. Descriptive statistics and statistical tests were used to describe and interpret data. A significant association was found between nurses' capacity and tendency to perceive deterioration cues. As nurses' capacity to perceive deterioration cues increased, nurses were more likely to classify patient cues as indicators of deterioration. Fatigue, education, and certification were not identified as characteristics associated with deterioration cue perception. However, experience was observed to significantly influence nurses' capacity to perceive deterioration cues based on levels of skills acquisition. Study findings imply that future research should be directed at determining whether other individual factors and organizational system dynamics influence deterioration cue perception. To better understand how nurses perceive deterioration cues, this study integrated concepts from the Situation Awareness model and Signal Detection Theory. Novice, advanced beginner and competent nurses were found to have a lower capacity to perceive deterioration cues compared with proficient and expert nurses. With simulation increasingly being used as a primary teaching modality in nursing, the development of a simulation-based signal detection training intervention may be beneficial in enhancing deterioration cue perception.

Integration of Basic Sciences in Undergraduate Nursing Curricula

Undergraduate nursing curricula often offer basic science courses during the first academic year of the degree program. These include Gross Anatomy, Embryology, Physiology, Pathophysiology, Biochemistry, and Microbiology. They are often given as separate courses, thus lacking horizontal and vertical integration with major nursing courses, such as medical-surgical nursing, critical care nursing, pediatric nursing, maternal nursing, recovery nursing, emergency nursing, operating room nursing, and geriatric nursing. This study aims to survey undergraduate nursing curricula in Lebanon about the integration of basic science courses.

Physical activities among medical–surgical nurses: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Nurses, as health educators, should demonstrate the role model quality of optimal health; however, existing evidence shows that many nurses are unable to achieve the recommended 150 min of moderate intensity or 75 min of vigorous intensity physical activity per week, which deprives them of benefits associated with this. Evidence for nurses in Asia is lacking; therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of physical activities among medical–surgical nurses in Brunei. Cross-sectional study using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, administered to all medical–surgical hospital nurses. Of the respondents, 84.7% achieved the recommended level at work where they averaged 229 min of moderate-intensity physical activity. However, only 2.2% reached the recommended level for leisure and recreational activities, where they averaged 57 min of moderate-intensity physical activity. Prevalence of physical activity among nurses in Brunei was higher than in previous studies. However, there was a stark difference between physical activities at work and outside work. Sport and exercise are needed to provide sufficient muscle strength and physical fitness to effectively carry out the role of health educator and provide the highest possible quality patient care. Relevant authorities should take necessary interventions to help nurses practice a better culture of physical activity.

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Occupational Stress of Female Nurses: A Controlled Clinical Trial.

Objective. This work sought to determine the effectiveness of an aerobic exercise program on the occupational stress of nurses.Methods. Prevention-type controlled clinical trial carried out with the participation of 60 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Randomly, the nurses were assigned to the experimental group or to the control group. The intervention consisted in an aerobic exercise program lasting three months with three weekly sessions one hour each. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) questionnaire measured occupational stress with 35 questions, each with five Likert-type response options, which can have a maximum score of 175 points; higher scores meant lower levels of occupational stress. The HSE was evaluated during three moments: upon registering, after finishing the exercise program (week 8), and two months after terminating the intervention (week 16).Results. The level of occupational stress was the same in the experimental and control groups during registration (86.2 vs. 86.3). Upon finishing the aerobic exercise program (week 8), the experimental group showed a higher score than the control group (119.7 vs. 86.2, p<0.01), with this score diminishing after two months of having ended the intervention (91.4 vs. 85.8, p=0.061).Conclusion. The aerobic exercise program was associated to decreased work stress of nurses in the experimental group compared to the control group at eight weeks, but this difference did not persist when the experimental group did not continue with the program.

Caring Behaviors, Spiritual, and Cultural Competencies: A Holistic Approach to Nursing Care

Holistic approach to nursing care is a comprehensive model which involves all facets of care which involves mental, spiritual, and social needs of patients. However, studies have shown that most nurses are not familiar with this model of caring and only considers the corporeal needs of the patient. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess the caring behaviors, spiritual and cultural competencies of nurses. Also, the extent of influence of cultural and spiritual competencies to the caring behaviors of Filipino nurses were determine. The study utilized a causal research design and a purposive sample of 124 Filipino medical-surgical nurses who were employed in Level 3 hospitals were included. The data were collected through survey using three (3) questionnaires which includes Nurse Cultural Competence Scale developed by Perng and Watson (2012), the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutic Scale developed by Mamier and Taylor(2014) and the Caring Nurse Patient Interaction Scale developed by Cossette et al. (2006). The data collected was analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and univariate linear regression analysis. The findings revealed that Filipino nurses rated themselves good in terms of spiritual and cultural competencies. Specifically, the subscales of cultural competencies which includes cultural skills, cultural knowledge and cultural sensitivity were also rated as good. On the other hand, the caring behaviors of Filipino nurses were rated as excellent. The same findings were also noted for two of its subscales, the clinical care and comforting care while both relational and humanistic care were rated as very good. Spiritual competencies showed a significant influence in the caring behaviors of nurses, however, no significant influence was noted between the cultural competencies and caring behaviors of nurses.

The effect of nursing care delivery models on quality and safety outcomes of care: A cross-sectional survey study of medical-surgical nurses.

This study examined the effect of two components of a model of nursing care delivery, the mode of nursing care delivery, and skill-mix on: (a) quality of nursing care; and (b) patient adverse events, after controlling for nurse demographics, work environment, and workload factors. A cross-sectional exploratory correlational study that drew on secondary data was conducted. Survey data from 416 direct care registered nurses from medical-surgical settings across British Columbia were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression. Larger study data were collected in 2015. Nurses working in a team-based mode reported a greater number of nursing tasks left undone compared with those working in a total patient care. Nurses working in a skill-mix with licensed practical nurses reported a higher frequency of patient adverse events compared with those working in a skill-mix without licensed practical nurses. At higher levels of acuity, nurses in a team-based mode reported a higher frequency of patient adverse events than did nurses in a total patient care. Models of nursing care delivery components, mode and skill-mix, influenced quality and safety outcomes. Some of the team-based medical-surgical nurses in British Columbia are not functioning as effective teams. Team building strategies should be used to enhance collaboration among them. Research into redesigning care delivery has typically focused on only one care delivery component at a time. The study findings could have implications for nurses and patients, nursing leadership and policymakers particularly in medical-surgical settings in British Columbia.

Examining medical-surgical nurse shift-to-shift handoffs to identify process, failures, and effects

This research examined medical-surgical nurse shift-to-shift handoffs to identify the generic handoff process steps, as well as failure modes and effects, to develop causal explanations linking handoff characteristics to subsequent nursing care activities. The study used failure mode and effects analysis as an analytic framework for conducting secondary analysis on an existing focus group dataset. The dataset included five transcripts of focus groups with medical-surgical nurses describing their ideal handoff, ways handoff went poorly and effects post-handoff. Authors examined dataset for preferred handoff process steps, failure modes, and effects. A detailed handoff process was identified, including pre and post-handoff activities for both incoming and outgoing nurses. Handoff failures may result in negative effects for the nurse during handoff, in transition to and when providing patient care. An early failure, where the incoming nurse does not read the patients' medical records before handoff, resulted in a cascade of effects which triggered later failures or exacerbated the effects of later failures. The analysis revealed individual effects with many causal factors; such causes are confounded using existing handoff measures. The study's results can be used as a handoff process model for validation, to develop improved handoff measures, and for designing handoff improvements.

The effect of violence prevention strategies on perceptions of workplace safety: A study of medical‐surgical and mental health nurses

To explore associations between specific violence prevention strategies and nurses' perceptions of workplace safety in medical-surgical and mental health settings. Workplace violence is on the rise globally. Nurses have the highest risk of violence due to the nature of their work. Violence rates are particularly high among USA and Canadian nurses. Although multiple violence prevention strategies are currently in place in public healthcare organizations in British Columbia, Canada, it is unknown whether these approaches are associated with nurses' perceptions of workplace safety. This is an exploratory correlational design using secondary data. Using data obtained from a province-wide survey of nurses between March 2017 - January 2018, this study included 771 nurses from medical-surgical and 189 nurses from mental health settings. Data were analysed using ordinal logistic regressions. For medical-surgical and mental health nurses, greater perceptions of workplace safety were related to employers listening to them with respect to violence prevention strategies. Nurses in both settings were more likely to feel safe when they were not expected to physically intervene during a code white situation. Medical-surgical nurses were more likely to feel safe when code white incident reviews were conducted and fixed alarms were used. Mental health nurses were more likely to report feeling safe when they had enough properly trained code white responders on their unit. Nurse-employer engagement is critical to nurses' perceptions of feeling safe at work. Engagement opportunities include nurses' involvement in discussions about appropriate violence prevention strategies, collaborative debriefing after violent incidents and co-development and updates of patients' behavioural care plans.

Nurses' Knowledge and Treatment Beliefs: Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Pain Management.

Purpose: To examine the relationship between nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about medicines, in general, and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and identify the predictors of referrals for pain management. Method: This descriptive, correlational study utilized an online survey to collect data from direct care nurses at a large medical center in southeastern United States. The online survey consisted of the Complementary and Alternative Medicines and Beliefs Inventory (CAMBI), the Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire, and four open-ended questions. Referral data were obtained from the Information Management Department at this medical center. Results: Among the 218 nurses who completed the survey (15.12%), majority (85%) supported CAM use, but only 32% reported utilizing CAM therapies with patients. Medical surgical, emergency department, and perioperative nurses scored higher on their CAMBI total score and were more likely to refer for CAM therapies when compared with intensive care unit nurses. Conclusions: Beliefs about CAM specifically were not related to referrals for CAM therapies. This study suggests the need for further education on the nurse's role in CAM usage. Understanding the link between nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and treatment beliefs and their relationship to CAM usage provides direction for future educational interventions.

A study to assess the effectiveness of impact of hot water foot immersion therapy on regulation of body temperature among patients with fever admitted in Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida

Background: A fever is a body temperature that is higher than normal. It is not an illness. It is part of our body’s defence against infection. Most bacteria and viruses that cause infections do well at the body’s normal temperature (98.6 F). A slight fever can make it harder for them to survive. Fever also activates your body’s immune system. You have a fever when your temperature rises above its normal range. Fever is a natural response of the body that helps in fighting off foreign substances such as microorganisms and toxins. Hot water foot bath therapy causes blood vessels to dilate and improves blood circulation, which releases heat in the form of sweat and supplies oxygen to brain cells which aids in the elimination of toxins. The immersion of the body or part of the body in a water bath stimulates circulation and reduces body temperature. Material and method: A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group design was used. There were 60 Patients admitted with fever selected using simple random sampling technique and were randomly allocated in experimental and control group using lottery method. Control group was received standard treatment. Experimental group was received hot water foot bath therapy along with standard treatment. Content validity of the tool was established by giving it to 11 experts 5 from Medical Surgical Nursing, 3 from physicians, 2 from Psychiatric Nursing and 1 from community health nursing. Reliability of the tool was assessed by using the Cronbach’s Alpha method. The correlation coefficient was 0.86. Data collection was done in March 2018.The obtained data was analyzed and interpreted in terms of objectives and research hypotheses. Analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results revealed that there was significance difference in reduction of temperature after application of hot water foot immersion therapy at p<0.05 level of significance. The mean difference between pre-test & post-test was 2.030F. It was effective in patients with all type of fever. Participants were highly satisfied with hot water foot immersion therapy. Conclusion: Based on the study findings it is found that there is a significance association between experimental group (i.e after intervention) and control group only on second day morning and third day morning and evening in the temperature of the patient’s, so i conclude that hot water foot immersion therapy is effective from the third day.

Effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding prevention and control of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on Nurses' knowledge and attitude in Egypt

Background: Because of rapid occurrence and ever-mutating attributes of MRSA infection that makes it difficult to detect and manage. Therefore, nurses need to be knowledgeable of MRSA. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programmer on knowledge and attitude regarding prevention and control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among medical-surgical and ICU nurses in Egypt. Material and Method: Pre/post-quasi-experimental study design was conducted over a period of six months consisted of a random sample of 60 nurses worked in critical and medical-surgical settings at Al Manial university hospital in Egypt. Pre/post Knowledge and attitude questionnaires regarding MRSA were constructed by the researchers and their validity was examined by a panel of experts. Data was gathered and analyzed utilizing descriptive and inferential statistical tests. The findings revealed the significant increase in nurses' knowledge after teaching program regarding definition, risk. Results: Factors, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Moreover, nurses' showed significant improvements in the attitude towards prevention and control of MRSA infection after exposure to educational program but showed no change regarding the concern of the workload affects their abilities to apply infection prevention guidelines and they still feel with danger when contacting with MRSA patients and they see that they should spend little time with MRSA patient. Conclusion: There was an improvement in nurses' knowledge and attitude responses regarding MRSA control and prevention after exposure to the educational programme. Recommendations: Develop and implement nurses' practical guidelines to prevent and control MRSA infection in a different health care setting

Nursing Care in Esophageal Varices

Objectives To identify and understand Nursing care in patients with esophageal varices.; Methods to adopt while managing acute variceal bleeding.; Nurses role in prevention of secondary bleeding. Design: used for this article is to review method. Data sources are different types of Medical and Gastroenterology text books, Medical Journals and Medical Surgical Nursing Text Books. The results that can be found; esophageal varices and paraesophageal varices are swollen veins in the lining of the lower esophagus. In most of the cases esophageal varices occur in people who have portal hypertension with variety of etiology. The veins don't enlarge in a uniform fashion. Esophageal varices usually have enlarged, irregularly shaped bulbous regions (varicosities) that are interrupted by narrower regions. These abnormal dilated veins rupture easily and can bleed profusely because, The pressure inside the varices is higher than the pressure inside normal veins; The walls of the varices are thin. About 50% of people who have bleeding from esophageal varices will have the problem return during the first one to two years. It is very much common among severe liver disease and ongoing alcohol consumption. Screening is done by an Upper GI Endoscopy.The preventive method used in patients is to give beta blockers. Bleeding from esophageal varices is an emergency that requires immediate treatment which includes variceal ligation and trans-jugular intra hepatic portosystemic shunt. Vasopressin and somatostatin analogue are main two drugs used to treat active bleeding. Conclusion: this article deals with management of esophageal varices which include both medical and nursing management. With effective and prompt nursing care for varices, the life of patients can be extended.

Penilaian Rheumatoid Arthritis Terintegrasi Smartphone Sebagai Solusi Teknologi Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Pelayanan Keperawatan : Kajian Literatur

Pasien dengan kondisi kronis seperti rheumatoid arthritis perlu mengelola kesehatannya untuk meminimalisir aktivitas penyakit yang sering datang tanpa bisa diprediksi. Peningkatan rangsangan yang berlangsung lama dapat menyebabkan kerusakan yang irreversible pada sendi dan berdampak buruk pada kualitas hidup. Saat ini telah banyak jenis aplikasi seluler dikembangkan untuk membantu pasien dalam pengelolaan penyakit rheumatoid arthritis. Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk menggali potensi pemanfaatan smartphone di Indonesia khusunya di area keperawatan medikal bedah. Telaah literatur dari artikel ini diperoleh dari PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley online library, SAGE dan Medline sejak tahun 2013-2018. Beberapa negara percontohan seperti Amerika Serikat, Selandia Baru, Portugis dan Jepang telah membuktikan kontribusi smartphone dalam peningkatan kualitas pelayanan. Penggunaan smartphone dalam penilaian rheumatoid arthritis dapat di aplikasikan di Indonesia melihat banyaknya manfaat yang bisa didapatkan. Perawat Indonesia hendaknya dapat terlibat aktif dalam sistem manajemen digital ini. Penelitian selanjutnya masih sangat diperlukan dalam pengembangan penilaian rheumatoid arthritis.

가상 시뮬레이션을 활용한 간호 시뮬레이션 교육의 효과 : 급성 심장질환자 간호 적용

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the use of virtual simulations to improve knowledge, performance, self-efficacy, satisfaction and confidence of nursing students. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental design with 34 nursing students in one university. All the participants were forth grade students and received education on topics related to medical-surgical nursing. The experimental group participated in virtual and high-fidelity simulations. The control group participated in high-fidelity simulation. Collected data were analyzed using Chi-square, t-test and independent t-test using the WIN SPSS 23.0 program. Results: The experimental group who had participated in the virtual simulation education indicated significantly higher performance scores (t=-6.166, p=<.000) and confidence levels (t=-2.284, p=.031) as compared to the control group who had participated in traditional high-fidelity education for acute heart disease patients, However, the differences in knowledge (t=-.808, p=.425), education satisfaction (t=-.425, p=.653), and self-efficacy (t=-1.592, p=.121) were not significant differences. Conclusion: The results indicate that virtual simulation education is an effective learning method to improve nursing performance and confidence. Further study is needed to identify the effects of various clinical situations of virtual simulation-based care.

A STUDY TO COMPARE THE EFFECTIVENESS IN REDUCTION OF PAIN LEVEL BETWEEN SIMPLE INTRAVENOUS CANNULATION AND PRO-SAFETY INTRAVENOUS CANNULATION.

18Dec 2018 A STUDY TO COMPARE THE EFFECTIVENESS IN REDUCTION OF PAIN LEVEL BETWEEN SIMPLE INTRAVENOUS CANNULATION AND PRO-SAFETY INTRAVENOUS CANNULATION. Sachi J. Christian and Anil Sharma. M.sc.Nursing, manikakatopawala institute of nursing ?charusat, changa, ta. Petlad, dist. ? anand, gujarat-388421.india. Principal and hod of medical surgical nursing, manikakatopawala institute of nursing ?charusat, changa, ta. Petlad, dist. ? anand, gujarat- 388421.india.