Medical Security System Research Articles

WITHDRAWN: Medical assurance system under reliability theory and countermeasures to public health risks.

Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.

Research on Analysis and Prediction of Elderly Medical Satisfaction Based on Convolutional Neural Network

In order to adapt to the development of economic and social aging, solve the practical problem of incomplete medical security system in China, and provide higher quality medical services to more elderly people. In this paper, a comprehensive and effective survey and data collection on the status quo of medical services for the elderly were conducted by means of questionnaire survey, and an evaluation index system affecting the satisfaction with medical services for the elderly was established by using SERVQUAL model. On this basis, this paper will survey the one dimensional data into two dimensional data, taking advantage of computer vision in depth study using convolution neural network model to generate satisfaction evaluation system for the weight of each index, and then using the trained network model as an effective assessment tools, effective training sample sets of the sample satisfaction accurately forecast, forecast results to improve the elderly health work provides some feasible suggestions.

Household multidimensional energy poverty and its impacts on physical and mental health

This paper aims to measure multidimensional energy poverty at the household level and study its impacts on health status. Based on Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data, we evaluated multidimensional energy poverty at the household level using the entropy method. We then examined the effects of energy poverty on health status from both physical and psychological perspectives. The empirical results indicate that multidimensional energy poverty harms both physical and mental health. We further conducted regional and urban–rural comparative analyses. The findings demonstrate that the health of residents in less developed provinces is more severely affected, and multidimensional energy poverty deteriorates the physical health of rural residents but impacts the mental health of urban residents. For developing countries like China, the first priority should be multidimensional energy poverty reduction through modern energy infrastructure system construction and subsidies for energy poor households, and improving the medical security system should be considered as next step. There is also an urgent need of policy measures focusing on mitigating regional and urban–rural disparities at the same time.

A Study on the Influencing Factors of Medical Students' Behavior of Seeking Medical Treatment and the Utilization of Medical Service

By using questionnaire survey and statistical analysis method, this paper studies the influencing factors of medical students' behavior of seeking medical care and the utilization of medical services. It is found that there are three main choices of medical students' behavior of seeking medical care after illness, which are school hospital, community health service center and self-treatment, accounting for 36.5%, 24.2% and 15.9% respectively. And the grade, place of origin, medical security system and self-rated health status had significant effects on medical students' medical behavior (P<0.05).The place of origin and medical security system were the main influencing factors of medical students' utilization of medical services (P<0.05).Therefore, in order to guide the medical students to go to a doctor correctly and promote the effective use of medical services, the first is to enhance the medical care consciousness of medical students, the second is to develop the health management of college students, the third is to improve the medical service ability of school hospitals, the fourth is to perfect the medical security system of college students.

PP383 Assessment Of The Implementation Effect Of Health Poverty Alleviation Policy: A Case Study Of Hebei Province, China.

IntroductionSince the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), remarkable achievements have been made in poverty alleviation. Over the past five years, the population of people living in poverty had decreased by 68.53million, fallen from 98.99 million in 2012 to 30.46 million at the end of 2017. As an impoverished province, Hebei province has been implementing the CPC Central Committee's guidance in the battle against poverty. In 2016, the government released the Implementation Scheme Plan for Improving the Level of Medical Security and Assistance. The plan introduces multi-layer medical security and assistance mechanisms which covers basic medical insurance, major disease insurance and medical assistance. In 2017, the government formulated the Implementation Plan for the Three-Batch Action Plan on the Health Care Program for Poverty Alleviation in Hebei Province, for people with major disease. Hebei Province has carried out many explorations on the health care program for poverty alleviation, and its effectiveness is a problem worthy of attention.MethodsBased on data including basic medical insurance, major illness insurance, medical assistance, and other related information, we used descriptive statistics and quantitative methods to evaluate the overall expenditure of the poverty alleviation for Hebei province and the areas under its jurisdiction. Additionally, the expenditure of different levels of medical security system, the medical burden for people facing poverty and the distribution of disease in the population with assistance were evaluated.ResultsThe out-of-pocket payment per capita has decreased year by year, and it has dropped to 3% of catastrophic medical expenditure and 20% below the poverty line by June 2018. An imbalanced situation occurred with the implementation, with the more impoverished areas having greater the pressure on medical care and poverty alleviation. For people with medical assistance, diseases with higher population and overall expenditure are cerebrovascular disease, malignant tumor, diabetes and some other chronic diseases.ConclusionsThe health policies for poverty alleviation in Hebei province has achieved a remarkable success, and the medical burden of the poor has been significantly reduced. However, the implementation of the policies in various cities has shown an imbalanced situation, and the poverty alleviation policies need to be further improved.

Public Medical Insurance and Healthcare Utilization and Expenditures of Older with Chronic Diseases in Rural China: Evidence from NRCMS.

China’s rural older are the threat from chronic diseases, making it important to evaluate the effect of public health insurance on the health care utilization and expenditures with chronic diseases. In 2003, China initiated a public health insurance, which was called the New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NRCMS). NRCMS is a voluntary program, targeting rural residents with government subsidies and individual contribution. Using the two-stage residual inclusion approach (2SRI), we analyzed the impact of NRCMS on health-care service utilization and expenditure of rural older with chronic diseases by using the 2011 and 2013 China Health and Retirement Survey (CHARLS) data. The results showed NRCMS did not play an effective role on improving the medical services utilization of rural older with chronic diseases. Although NRCMS immediate reimbursement significantly reduced the outpatient service fee, the actual outpatient reimbursement is the opposite. In addition, NRCMS did not significantly decrease their hospitalization expense. Policy makers should pay attention to health management about chronic diseases in rural China, and some measures should be taken to deepen the medical security system reform and improve the public health service system.

How to Drive the “Forwarding” of Public Welfare Crowdfunding

Public welfare crowdfunding has become an important supplement of China's medical security system. This paper summarizes those factors which drive the forwarding of new media information from the perspective of motivating the internal motivation of the communicators, and explore the factors that drive the forwarding of public welfare crowdfunding. Discovery-driven public welfare crowdfunding is mainly affected by two dimensions of information characteristics and user characteristics. For project publishers, the main focus is on the information characteristics of the project, which is the emotional content of information and the authenticity of information content perception.

Is the Opening of High-speed Railway Conducive to Improving Residents’ Health?

Since the opening of Beijing-Tianjin inter-city railway in 2008, China’s high-speed railway has developed rapidly. By the end of 2018, the total mileage of high-speed railway in operation had reached 30,000 kilometers, ranking first in the world. The speed of high-speed railway is 2-3 times that of ordinary train. Its construction and operation will greatly reduce the time cost of traveling, promote the flow of population, capital, resources and other factors. It also provides convenience for people to seek high-quality medical treatment in a larger space and for cross-regional medical cooperation. So, is the opening of high-speed railway conducive to improving residents’ health?Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this research constructs a comprehensive index of residents’ health from three dimensions: disease, physical function and mental health. Then, this research studies the impact of high-speed railway on residents’ health based on the DID model and the social network analysis, meanwhile, the mediation model is employed to analyze its influence mechanism. The results show that the opening of high-speed railway can significantly improve residents’ health. With the improvement of network centrality, the effect of high-speed railway network on residents’ health will be enhanced. The mechanism study shows that high-speed railway has the out-of-town medical treatment effect, health input effect, resource allocation effect and health protection effect. It promotes residents’ health along the line by reducing the access time between cities, improving the availability of medical resources, promoting the flow and agglomeration of medical resources, and promoting the economic development. Further study finds that the impact of the opening of high-speed railway on residents’ health is different in different populations and regions.The main contributions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, it tries to study the impact of high-speed railway on residents’ health, and the research perspective is relatively new. Secondly, it combines social network analysis and the DID model for empirical research, which makes up for the defect that the traditional DID model cannot identify the relative size of the treatment effect. Thirdly, based on the mediation model, it analyzes the impact path of high-speed railway on residents’ health, which is helpful to reveal the mechanism of transport infrastructure on residents’ behavior choice and regional development. Fourthly, it seeks for the important macro-factors affecting public health, which is significant to further improve the medical security system and strengthen the construction of medical and health services.

A Study on Poverty Governance Strategies for the Elderly in Developing Countries—Taking Brazil as an Example

Population aging is intensifying, and the governance of poverty among the elderly has become a common global problem. As the largest developing country in the western hemisphere, Brazil is also actively exploring ways to deal with the aged poverty in the face of its severe poverty problem in the elderly. We will vigorously develop social assistance and pensions, implement the sustainable welfare provision plan and rural social welfare plan, and actively improve the medical security system. It focuses on giving full play to the government's functions in the governance of the elderly poverty in rural areas, continuously promoting the institutionalization and synergy of the governance of the elderly poverty in rural areas, and enhancing the medical access of rural residents, which has important reference significance for the policy selection and governance practice of the elderly poverty governance in developing countries.

How does Education Affect the Health Level of the Elderly in China

Based on the CHARLS database, this paper makes a comprehensive and systematic analysis of how education affects the health level of the elderly in China. The results are as follows: First, education has a significant effect on the daily behavior and mental health of the elderly. Although the ability of older people to receive new knowledge has declined, the health effect of education can inspire us to strengthen education from the very beginning, so that the next generation can improve their health in old age. Second, there are gender differences, urban-rural differences and regional differences in the effect of education on the daily behavior and mental health of the elderly. Third, by constructing the structural equation model, it is found that the effect of education on the daily behavior ability of the elderly, in addition to the direct effect, can also be improved through the mediating effect of personal economic situation, while the mediating effect of education on the mental health of the elderly is mainly produced through daily behavior habits. Although education does not have a significant direct impact on physical health, it can produce a significant mediating effect through the habits of life. In addition, the mediating effect of education on the physical health and daily behavior of the elderly is also regulated by happiness. Based on the above conclusions, in addition to developing good health behavior habits and improving the awareness of potential chronic diseases, the government should also increase the spiritual comfort for the “empty nest” elderly, establish and improve the medical and health security system, and increase the participation rate of medical insurance.

An Empirical Study on the Benefits Equity of the Medical Security Policy: the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS).

Background: One of the fundamental objectives of the basic medical security system is to provide institutional guarantees for the appropriate medical needs of different groups. Among them, achieving fairness of benefits is the first principle of the system. This study aims to explore the benefit equity of preventive health care for different groups and the specific path to promote fairness. Methods: Based on the 2015 CHNS survey data, through the theory construction of benefit fairness in the basic medical insurance and using the two-stage IV-Heckman model, the paper analyzes the benefit fairness of the basic medical insurance in urban and rural China. Results: This study indicates that (1) the results of empirical and theoretical models are not consistent with the sample of the insured population. (2) As private medical insurance and medical assistance are restricted in the model, the reimbursement ratio of medical insurance in other income groups is all higher than the highest one. However, the coefficient is getting larger, with the lowest income group having the largest coefficient. After controlling for variables of disease and severity, the results suggest that the main impact path is hospitalization costs. (3) Taking the highest income group as a reference, the compensation proportion of preventive health care in other groups is higher, respectively, than the reference group, while the groups below middle income have a significant relationship with compensation for preventive health care. Conclusions: Supplementary private medical insurance and medical assistance have important protection functions for low- and middle-income populations. However, owing to the actual income threshold, the two groups cannot benefit from the medical security system. This result is still valid in the field of preventive health care. The increase of preventive health care expenditure reduces the cost of individual hospitalization, but the high-income group has emerged with more preventive health care expenditures, creating new unfairness.

Optical and Luminescence Properties of Trivalent Rare Earth Ion (Sm3+, Dy3+, and Eu3+) doped Glass for Laser Gain Medium Development : A Review

Abstract –Recently, development of laser gain medium has been more attractive to be investigated due to the laser application in human daily life. For example, laser is used for medical treatment, surgery, security system, cutting, spectroscopy characterization and sensor. Laser is produced by the system including pump source, resonator, and an optical gain medium. This paper will be focused in a gain medium based on trivalent rare earth ions (Ln3+) such as Dy3+, Sm3+, and Eu3+ doped glass. The gain medium is developed by melt and quenching technique. The raw materials are a powder that is melted at the glass transition temperature. Afterwards, the glass liquid is poured at stainless steel at room temperature and annealed for several hours. After the annealing process, the bulk glass is cut and polished for characterization. Physical, optical, and luminescence properties of the gain medium are analyzed and discussed in this paper. The CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram coordinate is calculated to define the proper coordinate of glass sample emission light. The previous research shows that Dy3+, Sm3+ and Eu3+ in glass system can emit white, orange, and reddish-orange excited by 388 nm, 403 nm and 393 nm, respectively. From the results, trivalent rare earth ion doped glass possesses high potential to be developed for laser gain medium material. Keywords: glass, laser, luminescence, optic, Ln3+

Moxibustion for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: Protocol for an overview of systematic reviews.

Background:Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common gynecological disease, it refers to spasmodic pain in the lower abdomen before, after or during menstruation, accompanied by general discomfort, In severe cases, fainting may occur due to severe pain, reducing the quality of patients’ life and imposing a heavy burden on social medical security system. There are many ways to treat primary dysmenorrhea, including western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Moxibustion is one of the traditional Chinese medicine treatments for primary dysmenorrhea, especially popular in China. Therefore, our overview aims at evaluating the methodological bias and the reliability of the conclusions of systematic reviews (SRs) about moxibustion for primary dysmenorrhoea, and help clinical decision makers translate this research into clinical policy and practice.Methods:We will search electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literatures Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WangFang Database (WF), Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP) from inception to February 2017. We will consider systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of moxibustion for PD. Two reviewers will identify relevant studies, extract data information, and then assess the methodological quality by Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) tool. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) report checklist to assess the quality of reports included in the study. We will use the evaluations of the Classification of Recommendations, Evaluation, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) of the authors of the included systematic reviews. The screening of systematic reviews, eligibility evaluation, data extraction, methodological quality, and quality of evidence will be conducted by independent reviewers in pairs. The outcomes of interest include: total effective rate, visual analog scale scores (VAS), Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS), Dysmenorrhea symptom score and adverse events outcomes prioritized in the individual reviews. We will extract data onto a predefined form designed to summarize the key characteristics of each review. The evidence will be a narrative synthesis organized around the type and content of the intervention and the results reported.Results:The results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.Conclusions:We expect to compile evidence from multiple systematic reviews of symptomatic improvement in patients with primary dysmenorrhea in an accessible and useful document.Registration number PROSPERO:CRD42019141130

Acupuncture for the treatment of ankle sprain: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis: study protocol.

Background:Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in our daily life, which may lead to chronic ankle instability, reducing the quality of patients’ life and imposing a heavy burden on social medical security system. There are many kinds of methods treating ankle sprain, which can be divided into the conservative treatments and surgical intervention. Acupuncture is one of the conservative treatments for ankle sprain, especially in China. Therefore, we perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the evidence for acupuncture's effectiveness, safety and cost benefits for the treatment.Methods:For the acquisition of required data of eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs), literature search will be undertaken from the following database: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and ClinicalTrials.gov, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Database, and Wanfang database. Quality assessment of the included studies will be independently performed according to the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool by 2 investigators and the level of evidence for results will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method. Statistical analysis will be conducted with Revman 5.3.Results:From the study we will assess the effectiveness, safety and cost benefit of acupuncture on pain relief and functional improvement in patients with ankle sprain.Conclusion:The conclusion of this study will provide evidence to ensure the effectiveness, safety and cost benefits of acupuncture on ankle sprain, which can further guide the selection of appropriate interventions.PROSPERO registration number:CRD42018116829.

Influencing factors of no seeking medical treatment among pneumoconiosis patients

Objective: To study the causes and influencing factors of no seeking medical treatment among pneumoconiosis patients. Methods: Using stratified sampling method and typical survey method, we carried out the questionnaire survey in nine provinces in China including the east, the medium and the western region using a questionnaire on the seeking medical behavior pf pneumoconiosis patients and the influencing factors. The subjects include occupational pneumoconiosis cases and clinically diagnosed cases and the response rate is 94.3 percent. The data was entered twice with epidate3.1 and error detection and statistical analysis was completed with SPSS 20.0. Chi-square test was used for univariate analysis, and multivariate logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results: One thousand and thirty-seven subjects were investigated with average age 55.9±11.2 years. Seventy percent of them were silicosis and 21.9 percent were coal worker's pneumoconiosis with 67.5 percent of them residing permanently in the countryside, and 37.9 percent of their education background were primary school culture and 33.1 percent of them had junior high school culture. Thirty two point six percent of respondents had no personal income with a median monthly income of 1 200 yuan. Four hundred and thirty four of subjects hadn't seek medical treatment since they got the pneumoconiosis accounting for 41.9 percent with three hundred and thirty seven of them hospitalized directly. The reasons of no seeking medical treatment for the respondents mainly include the self-induction symptoms lighter, the high cost of treatment and cannot claiming the payment of the medical expenses, buying drugs in drugstore, thinking that no medicine can cure pneumoconiosis or no effect, complex procedures, too far away from medical institutions, no unaccompanied, needing a long time or no time, communication disorders, etc. accounting for 44.4 percent, 24.6 percent, 10.9 percent, 9.1 percent, 6.9 percent, 4.4percent, 3.2 percent, 2.9 percent, 1.9 percent, 1.5 percent, respectively. The results of multivariate analysis showed the main characteristics of subjects with restrictions to the outpatient health service utilization are as follows: demographic sociological indicators such as registered permanent residence area is western (OR(western)=2.18, 95%CI:1.38-3.43) , more than seventy five years old (OR(over 75)=6.82, 95%CI:2.04-22.9) , unemployment, temporary or permanent employment (OR (unemployment)=1.90, 95%CI:1.17-3.08; OR(temporary employment)=3.11, 95%CI:1.57-6.14; OR(permanent employment)=2.10, 95%CI:1.18-3.74) , self-rated health score of 50 or above (OR(self-rated-70)=2.04, 95%CI:1.18-3.51; OR(self-rated-90)=3.00, 95%CI:1.97-5.37; OR(self-rated 90)=2.95, 95%CI:1.74-8.07) ; with increase to the outpatient health service utilization are breath with difficulty (OR=0.57, 95%CI:0.41-0.78) , emphysema (OR=0.48, 95%CI:0.26-0.90) , hospitalized with pneumo-coniosis (OR=0.12, 95%CI:0.07-0.20) . Conclusion: Pneumoconiosis patients no covered by injury insurance should be orderly included in the basic medical security system, and be given the medical treatment actively; It should be strengthened the health management for the pneumoconiosis patients and correctly guided the utilization of medical services.

Analysis on the utilization of basic medical insurance for urban retirees in Y city in 2016

Objective To explore the utilization of the basic medical insurance and the influence of age factors on the medical expenses of the retirees. Methods Descriptive statistics and variance analysis were used to analysis the 265 426 medical service use records of the retirees in Y city in 2016. Results Increase of age pushes up the utilization rate of retirees for hospitalization services and reduces the service utilization of chronic disease outpatient clinics. In total, the medical expenses are concentrated in the age of 60-70, and the total medical cost of the population decreases with age. The per-capita medical expenses of different age groups were different, the greater the age the higher the average. Conclusions The change of the disease spectrum such as higher incidence of chronic diseases poses a new challenge to the medical service system. Aging will continue to pressurize the medical security system. It is urgent to establish a healthcare system centering on the elderly and a sound medical insurance system. Key words: Actuarial analysis; Basic medical insurance; Aged; Ageing population; Medical expense

A Privacy Security Risk Analysis Method for Medical Big Data in Urban Computing

As an emerging computing mode, urban computing is mainly used to integrate, analyze and reuse urban resources by using perceptual computing, data mining and intelligent extraction to eliminate the phenomenon of data islands and provide wisdom for people to make decisions. But in the era of big data, the security and privacy leakage of users has become a major obstacle in urban computing. Taking medical big data as an example, this paper analyzed the risk of security and privacy leakage in the collection, transmission, storage, use and sharing of medical big data, and established a medical big data security and privacy leakage risk indicator system with 4 primary indicators and 35 secondary indicators. In addition, the weight of each indicator was calculated by GI method and entropy weight method. Then the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model was established to verify the risk of medical big data security and privacy disclosure in urban computing. The results show that the risk of medical big data security and privacy leakage in the Grade II Level A hospitals is higher than that in the Grade III Level A hospitals, and in the life cycle of medical big data, the two stages of data storage, data use and sharing may cause more prominent problems of data security and privacy disclosure, while the data collection and data transmission are slightly less. Finally, the comparison of performance further proved the scientificity and effectiveness of this method.

Social Security System Presented in the North Korea’s Constitution and Regulations

북한의 국적을 소지한 공민은 북한 헌법상 규정되어 있는 무상치료를 받을 수 있는 권리를 갖게 되며, 질병 및 장애가 있거나 노동력을 상실한 자, 그리고 노인 및 어린이의 경우는 국가로부터 물질적 지원과 혜택을 받을 권리를 가진다. 이 권리는 국가로부터 원칙적으로 무상치료제의 혜택을 받게 되며 각종 요양소를 비롯한 의료시설을 제공 받을 수 있도록 헌법과 각종 부문법규를 통해 보장받는다. 북한은 일찍이 1978년 4월 「사회주의노동법」을 처음 채택하면서 사회보장에 관하여 일반적으로 규정해 왔다. 이후 2008년 1월「사회보장법」을 처음 채택하면서 사회보장에 대한 기본적 틀을 갖추고 있다. 이는 북한 주민에 대한 하나의 사회보장제 유인책으로서 입법된 것으로 보인다. 과거와 달리 북한의 「외국인투자기업 노동규정」이나 「개성 공업지구 노동규정」은 근로계약제의 도입 등 나름의 변화를 통해 북한 사회보장제도 차원의 큰 획을 긋는 변화로 분석된다. 이 논문에서는 시기적으로 북한 정권 초기인 1948년 헌법상에서 처음으로 국가사회 보험 및 사회보장제도를 규정했기 때문에 지금까지 변화해 온 헌법상 사회보장 규정의 연혁을 살펴보고자 한다. 그리고 사회보장 관련한 기본법의 성격을 가진 북한「사회보장법」의 주요 내용을 알아보고, 최근 법률 환경의 변화에 따라 속속 입법되고 개정돼 온 개별 부문법규의 사회보장제도의 내용을 고찰한다. 사회보장제도가 북한을 바라보는 또 하나의 기준 내지 척도가 된다는 점에서 사회적 기본권으로서의 사회보장제에 대한 연구는 중요하다고 하겠다. 다만, 이와 관련한 연구 범위를 우리의 사회보장제도 일반론에서 다루어지는 소득보장제도와 의료보장 및 사회서비스제도에 대해서는 논외로 하되, 관련 법률에 대한 소개는 간략히 다루어 북한 사회보장제도의 이해에 도움을 주고자 한다.Any citizen holding North Korean nationality has a right to receive free medical care specified in the Constitution of North Korea, and those suffering from diseases, the physically-challenged or those unable to work, seniors and children have rights to receive material support and benefits from the nation. In principle, the right involves benefits related to free medical care provided by the nation, and the Constitution and various relevant regulations guarantee provision of a variety of nursing homes and medical institutions. North Korea has defined matters associated with social security as it first adopted the “Socialism Labor Law” in April, 1978. Afterward, it adopted the first “Social Security Law” in January 2008, which prepared a basic framework of social security. This might have been legislated to induce North Korean citizens into a uniform social security system. Unlike the past, the “Labor Regulations for Foreign-Invested Enterprises” or “Labor Regulations for Gaeseong Industrial Complex” in North Korea seem to have marked a new era in terms of the social security system as it demonstrated changes, such as adopting labor (employment) contracts. The paper examines the national social insurance and social security system presented in the Constitution during the initial stage of its administration in 1948 based on the fundamental rights of the society. In addition, the paper looks into major matters set forth in the “Social Security Law” of North Korea that is characterized as the fundamental law related to social security and the social security system of individual regulations legislated and/or amended according to the latest changes to the legal environment are considered. Taking into account that the social security system may be a(n) standard or index of perceiving North Korea, it is significant to study the system as the fundamental right of a given society. However, the study leaves out income security, medical security and social service system that are commonly dealt in our general social security system. The purpose of this study is to briefly introduce related laws and regulations to provide an understanding of the social security system in North Korea.

The Effect of Medical Insurance on Outpatient Visits by the Elderly: An Empirical Study with China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Data.

As the largest developing country in the world, China is still on its way towards building an adequate system of health insurance through continuous reforms. For the elderly in China, an effective medical security system might be especially helpful. This study investigates the effect of medical insurance on outpatient visits by elderly Chinese in order to identify effective policies to improve the Chinese medical security system. Based on data taken from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, eleven candidate models were analyzed, among which a finite mixture negative binomial model with two components was chosen as the theoretical foundation for an analysis of the effect of medical insurance on outpatient visits by elderly Chinese. The significant variables were found to be basic medical insurance (BMI), sex, surveyed area, education level, health status, economic area, income level, and the number of living children for the elderly aged 60-69 years; BMI, age, health status, number of household members, and income level for the elderly aged 70-79 years; and BMI, age, sex, and the presence of chronic disease for the elderly aged 80 years and above. Enrollment in BMI was found to be significantly associated with an increased number of outpatient visits, whereas supplementary medical insurance membership did not have a significant effect. The effects of BMI enrollment also differed by scheme and age. For those with a high rate of outpatient medical services utilization, the enhancing effect of BMI on the number of outpatient visits was not significant, so new medical insurance policies should be provided to the elderly population in China.

Operational and Financial Considerations of Using Drones for Medical Support of Mass Events in Poland.

The implementation of drones in the medical security system requires a proper planning of the cooperation of different services, dividing the area into sectors, assessing potential risks, and other factors. This study refers to the cost analysis of using drones in the medical support of mass events. The aim of this research is to analyze the costs of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) implementation in the mass event medical support system. The description includes purchase and maintenance costs of UAVs. The analysis also involves ways of raising funds for projects related to the UAV sector. Apart from the financial aspect, staff and drone operator training issues are the subjects of this analysis as well. This study is based on a specialist research involving drones and referring to reports on the current situation in Poland and in the world. The presented funds required for such projects and the way of raising these funds illustrate the range of the project and its requirements. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:527-532).