Medical Knowledge System Research Articles

Gendered anti-blackness, maternal health & chattel slavery: OB/Gyn knowledge as a determinant of death of black women

This archival investigation of the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal (SMSJ) focuses on the construction of the American Ob/Gyn profession's medical knowledge system alongside chattel slavery, between 1834 and 1860. I find that language, methods of clinical management of bodies and decision-making processes illustrate the pathways that obstetrical knowledge served as a determinant of death for Black women under chattel slavery. These are byproducts of the condition of possibility, my theoretical framework. The condition, or use of gendered anti-Black logic/practice, specifically the social death and biological indispensability of Black women in the context of chattel slavery, shapes the subjective nature of medical knowledge into a determinant of maternal death for Black women. Using the condition of possibility as a theoretical framework, I will lay the groundwork to reframe the Ob/Gyn knowledge system as a current and ever-present threat to Black women and girls' health. This study's sociological contribution lies in examining medical knowledge construction as a series of social interactions, informed by gendered and racial ideologies, that determine health outcomes for Black women.

Key factors in the choice of appropriate outcomes for clinical trials.

Health research is the foundation of medical knowledge and healthcare system recommendations. Therefore, choosing appropriate outcomes in studies of therapeutic interventions is a fundamental step in producing evidence and, subsequently, for decision-making. In this article, we propose three key factors for the choice of outcomes: the inclusion of patient-reported outcomes, since they focus on the patient's perception of their health status and quality of life; the consideration of clinically relevant outcomes, which are direct measurements of the patient's health status and, therefore, will be decisive in decision-making; and the use of core outcome sets, a tool that standardizes the measurement and interpretation of outcomes, facilitating the production and synthesis of appropriate evidence for the evidence ecosystem. The correct choice of outcomes will help health decision-makers and clinicians deliver appropriate patient-centered care and optimize the use of resources in healthcare and clinical research.

Evaluation and Monitoring System for Exercise Rehabilitation Based on Combined Chinese and Western Medicine Technology

INTRODUCTION: Developing exercise rehabilitation assessment and monitoring systems is essential in rehabilitation medicine. Introduces a sports rehabilitation assessment and monitoring system based on combining Chinese and Western medicine technology, aiming to integrate traditional Chinese and Western medicine theory and modern Western medicine technology to provide more comprehensive and personalized rehabilitation services. Through the systematic integration of technologies, the author is committed to building an efficient and precise rehabilitation system to provide patients with more scientific and practical rehabilitation programs. OBJECTIVE: The research system employs various sensor technologies, including motion capture devices, biosensors, and pulse recognition technology, by combining Chinese and Western medicine. The motion capture device enables real-time monitoring of the patient's movement trajectory, joint mobility, and other physiological indicators; the biosensor collects the patient's physiological data, such as heart rate and blood pressure. Meanwhile, Chinese and Western medicine pulse recognition technology was introduced to obtain pulse information specific to Chinese and Western medicine to provide more comprehensive data support for rehabilitation assessment. Integrating these technologies, a multi-level and multi-dimensional rehabilitation assessment system was established. METHODS: This study aims to improve the accuracy and personalization of the rehabilitation assessment and to tailor a rehabilitation plan more in line with the patient's actual situation. Through the combination of Chinese and Western medicine techniques, it aims to break the single perspective of traditional rehabilitation assessment and make the rehabilitation plan closer to the physiological characteristics and pathological state of the patients as well as the needs of the combination of Chinese and Western medicine in the identification and treatment. RESULTS: The system has achieved remarkable results in practical application. The accurate monitoring of the motion capture device provides a more comprehensive understanding of the patient's motor status and accurately analyzes the rehabilitation progress. At the same time, the data collection of biosensors provides doctors with more detailed physiological information, enabling them to formulate rehabilitation plans more comprehensively. The introduction of combined Chinese and Western medicine pulse recognition technology adds a unique auxiliary diagnostic tool of collaborative Chinese and Western medicine to the rehabilitation assessment and improves the personalized level of the rehabilitation plan. CONCLUSION: The sports rehabilitation assessment and monitoring system combining Chinese and Western medicine technology brings new ideas and methods for developing rehabilitation medicine. By fully utilizing the advantages of modern technology and traditional medical knowledge, a comprehensive and in-depth rehabilitation assessment system was constructed to provide patients with more scientific and caring rehabilitation services. Future research will optimize the system's performance and promote the broad application of integrated Chinese and Western medicine technology in rehabilitation.

Negotiating Professional Tasks in a Hospital: A Qualitative Study of Rheumatologists and Occupational Therapists in the Management of Hand Osteoarthritis.

Societal change and rise in demand for healthcare call for new health professional practices and task redistribution. Through negotiated order theory, this study explores how hospital rheumatologists (RT) and occupational therapists (OT) negotiate professional tasks in the clinical management of hand osteoarthritis. Fourteen qualitative interviews and 16 observations in clinical consultations were conducted in two hospitals specialized in rheumatology in Norway. Participants included eight OTs, six RTs, and patients in consultations. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes were developed from codes: hierarchical ordering of hospital work impacts interprofessional negotiations; diagnostic organization of tasks preserves RT authority; and evidence-based recommendations in rheumatology enhance OT responsibilities. Overall, RTs and OTs enact tasks in succession where higher-ranking RTs establish a diagnosis and decide the subsequent in-hospital trajectory entrenched in a medical knowledge system. When medicine does not hold evidence-based treatment alternatives for patients, OTs respond by providing therapeutic interventions that are legitimized through international recommendations in rheumatology when they equip patients with tools to cope with chronic illness. Negotiations over tasks do not take place from equal power positions when status and knowledge hierarchies frame professional practices. The enactment of tasks is concurrently highly influenced by the arena of the workplace, where the two professional groups both cross boundaries and work together in concert despite professional differences in order to meet patient interests and provide relevant healthcare.

Primary Health Care in the Peruvian Amazon during COVID-19: perspectives from Indigenous nurse technicians

IntroductionIndigenous peoples of the Amazon basin, in Peru and elsewhere, suffered disproportionately from the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. In part, this was due to an initial lack of support by the Ministry of Health, who did not prioritize their care despite their vulnerable situation. Consequently, during the first wave of the pandemic, health professionals in public health facilities in Amazonian Indigenous communities had to handle the disease with limited information and resources. This article analyzes the actions carried out by Indigenous nurse technicians during the first wave of the pandemic. MethodsRecurrent semi-structured interviews with six Indigenous nurse technicians focusing on their measures toward disease prevention and caring during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Atalaya province, Ucayali region, in the Peruvian Amazon.ResultsNurse technicians worked closely with local authorities and volunteer health promotors. The limited resources they had at the health facilities, coupled with no training about how to treat COVID-19 symptoms led them to resort to their knowledge of traditional Indigenous medicine in combination with biomedical approaches, and support from Indigenous healers. Our analyses shows that this approach proved essential to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications and new infections.ConclusionsThe actions implemented by the Indigenous nurse technicians strongly contributed to the management of COVID-19 in their Indigenous communities, being both effective and culturally appropriate. Our data is in support of a health provision concept that bridges medical knowledge systems in contexts of diversity, avoiding a view on Indigenous health practices as antagonistic or in competition with biomedical practices provided by public health services.

Transvaginal mesh in Australia: An analysis of news media reporting from 1996 to 2021.

Transvaginal mesh (mesh) surgeries have been used to treat stress urinary incontinence (incontinence) and/or pelvic organ prolapse (prolapse). In Australia, as in many other countries, the harms caused by mesh eventually prompted individual and collective attempts to achieve redress. The rise of mesh surgery as a procedure, the experience of mesh-affected womenand the formal inquiries and legal actions that followed all occurred in social, cultural and discursive contexts. One strategy to understand these contexts is to track how the mesh and key actors in the mesh stories have been portrayed in mass media sources. We conducted a media analysis of the most highly read Australian newspapers and online news media platforms, focusing on how mesh and the interaction of stakeholders in mesh stories were presented to the Australian public. We searched systematically in the top 10 most-read print and online media outlets in Australia. We included all articles that mentioned mesh, from the date of first use of mesh in Australia to the date of our final search (1996-2021). After early scant media reporting focusing on the benefits of mesh procedures, major Australian medicolegal processes created a hook to shift reporting about mesh. The news media then played a significant role in redressing women's experienced epistemic injustice, including by amplifying previously ignored evidence of harm. This created an opportunity for previously unreported suffering to be revealed to powerful actors, in settings beyond the immediate control and epistemic authority of healthcare stakeholders, validating women's testimony and creating new hermeneutic resources for understanding mesh. Over time, media reports show healthcare stakeholders responding sympathetically to these new understandings in public discourse, contrasting with their statements in earlier media coverage. We argue that mass media reporting, in synergy with medicolegal actions and the Australian SenateInquiry, appears to have provided women with greater epistemic justice, giving their testimony privileged epistemic status such that it was considered by powerful actors. Although medical reporting is not recognised in the hierarchy of evidence embedded in the medical knowledge system, in this case, media reporting appears to have contributed to shaping medical knowledge in significant ways. We used publicly available data, print and online media outlets, for our analysis. Therefore, this manuscript does not contain the direct contribution of patients, service users, caregivers, people with lived experience or members of the public.

COVID-19 vaccination national radio advertising credibility assessment by rural consumers: The influence of indigenous medical knowledge systems and traditional beliefs

The rural consumer has been largely ignored in advertising research, yet they constitute more than 50% of the population in Africa. The study aimed to explore rural consumers’ assessment of COVID-19 vaccination radio advertising credibility with a peculiar focus on the influence of indigenous medical knowledge systems and traditional beliefs in Zimbabwe. The interpretive paradigm was adopted in the embedded single case study. The rural population which was purposively sampled consisted of 6Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and 12 interviews of rural consumers. Thematic approach was used to analyze the data. The results show that credibility of radio adverts on COVID-19 is dependent on the source of information, political perceptions, religious and personal experiences on COVID-19. Rural consumers also relied on traditional medicines to treat COVID-19. The rural consumers have strong belief in spirituality and witchcraft which had a bearing on the acceptance/non acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination radio adverts. The study provides theoretical insights and also practical contribution to COVID-19 vaccination managers, advertisers and health marketing practitioners to enhance the acceptance and trust of national radio ads, so as to increase rural consumers’ vaccination.

AN EXTENSIVE REVIEW ON MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE SPECIAL CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

Our health-care system would be incomplete without the use of medicinal herbs. In the days before modern medicine, several communities created medical knowledge systems known as “traditional medicine,” “indigenous medicine,” or “folk medicine.” The medicinal properties of plants and plant-based products are widely accepted. There are a variety of medical approaches available across the world, including allopathic, homoeopathic, Ayurvedic, and Chinese. The developed communities each have their own Materia Medica, which compiles thorough data on many plants used as medicines. According to current estimations from the field of botany, there are somewhere between 2,50,000 and 3,50,000 distinct plant species in existence. It is estimated that 35,000 unique species are used to cure a wide range of ailments in diverse places throughout the world. Based on general popularity among all ages, phytopharmaceuticals are an integral part of worldwide business and the global economy. According to a globe news wire study, the global herbal medicine market is estimated to be 550 billion dollars by 2030, up from 83 billion dollars in 2019. China and India lead the global herb market. China exports 120,000 tonnes of herbal remedies annually, followed by India with 32,000 tonnes. Europe is the world’s largest importer of medicinal plants (MP), taking in over 400,000 tonnes annually to fulfill local demand. In this review, we have discussed about the MP and their economic importance in global market.

Global healthcare fairness: We should be sharing more, not less, data.

The availability of large, deidentified health datasets has enabled significant innovation in using machine learning (ML) to better understand patients and their diseases. However, questions remain regarding the true privacy of this data, patient control over their data, and how we regulate data sharing in a way that that does not encumber progress or further potentiate biases for underrepresented populations. After reviewing the literature on potential reidentifications of patients in publicly available datasets, we argue that the cost-measured in terms of access to future medical innovations and clinical software-of slowing ML progress is too great to limit sharing data through large publicly available databases for concerns of imperfect data anonymization. This cost is especially great for developing countries where the barriers preventing inclusion in such databases will continue to rise, further excluding these populations and increasing existing biases that favor high-income countries. Preventing artificial intelligence's progress towards precision medicine and sliding back to clinical practice dogma may pose a larger threat than concerns of potential patient reidentification within publicly available datasets. While the risk to patient privacy should be minimized, we believe this risk will never be zero, and society has to determine an acceptable risk threshold below which data sharing can occur-for the benefit of a global medical knowledge system.

The current research status and thinking on the history of stomatology in modern China

The research on the history of stomatology in modern China began in the middle of 20th century. The history of stomatology is a branch of medical history and stomatology education research. Most of researches on it were general historical researches, but problems on its medical knowledge dissemination and system, development process and social relations, etc. had not been drawn wider attentions at the moment. In order to innovate the research methods of stomatology history, and to promote the study of stomatology history from the perspective of empirical and cultural mutual corroboration, this article classifies and summarizes the research status, characteristics and trends of the stomatology history in modern China.

Confucian Medicine: A Medical Handbook of 19th Century England

Abstract This article takes the “A Medical Handbook” as an example to try to reveal how Western missionaries and Chinese translators jointly translated Western medical knowledge when it was introduced into the East during the 19th century. In this process, the fusion of Chinese and Western medical knowledge led to the Chinese version of A Medical Handbook. Not only did Western missionaries unilaterally promote their medical knowledge, but Chinese local elites also played an indispensable role in the dissemination of Western medical knowledge. In the early days of Western knowledge spreading into China, Western medical knowledge was incorporated into the knowledge pedigree of traditional Chinese medicine to a certain extent, which enabled the Chinese public to accept the use of Western medicine. The collision between Chinese and Western cultures at the level of medical knowledge affected the integration of Western medical knowledge systems into the local Chinese medical knowledge system.

A Study of Antiulcer Activity in Cynodon dactylon Leaves Extract on Albino Rats

Peptic ulcer is a chronic, non-malignant inflammatory disease characterized by ulceration in the upper gastro-intestinal tract (stomach and duodenum) where parietal cells are found. The aetiology of gastric ulceration is multifactorial and not clearly defined, but some predisposing factors have been implicated. This includes duration of starvation, nature of food ingested, bile reflux, lessened mucosal resistance, alteration of gastric mucosal blood flow, disruption of gastric mucosal barrier by stress, decrease in alkaline mucosal bicarbonate and mucus secretion, over dosage and or prolonged administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Among numerous species of plants growing in India, Durva or taxonomically the Cynodon dactylon occupies a key position in ethno medicinal practices and traditional medical knowledge systems (Ayurveda, Unani, Nepalese, and Chinese). Durva consists of dried whole plant of Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. (Family: Poaceae), an elegant, tenacious, perennial, creeping grass growing throughout the country. In our present study, the mature green leaves of Cynodon dactylon belongs to family Poaceae were collected from in and around area of Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, South India. The plant was identified with the help of Manual of Tamil Nadu and Karnatic flora with standard references. From this study, it is clear that C. dactylon leaf extract has significant anti-ulcer activity in animal models. The extract is non-toxic even at relatively high concentrations. The anti-ulcer activity is probably due to the presence of flavonoids.

The surface and the back of late Joseon medicine - Centered on medical knowledge system.

Many medical books of the late Joseon Dynasty were based on the medical knowledge of Donguibogam. For this reason, most of the studies have explained the medicine of the late Joseon Dynasty focusing on Donguibogam. However, the appearance of medicine in the late Joseon Dynasty is more complex than that. Although the "treatment knowledge" of Donguibogam had a huge impact in the late Joseon Dynasty, the "medical thought" of Donguibogam was not easily established. This is confirmed through the knowledge system of medical books in the late Joseon Dynasty. Jejungsinpyeon, published by the government in the late Joseon Dynasty, disassembled the contents of Dongibogam and rearranged it into a knowledge system of Uihagibmun. Injeji, which was made in the private sector, followed the same method. They tried to maintain part of the knowledge system of Donguibogam. Nevertheless, the framework of perception that extends from "human" to "disease," the central idea of Donguibogam, was not maintained. This shows that there was a considerable amount of respect for the medicine of Ming Dynasty in the late Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, for a more in-depth understanding of medicine in the late Joseon Dynasty, it is necessary to examine in more detail the influences of other medical books such as Uihagibmun, Bonchogangmok, and Gyeongakjeonseo in addition to Donguibogam. This should be understood as a process in which various medical knowledge and systems compete.

The Introduction of Pavlovian Theory and the Change of the Medical System in China in the 1950s: Focusing on the Construction of the Protective Medical System.

In the 1930s, Stalin established Pavlovian theory as a socialist medical theory, criticized bourgeois science and ideology, and consolidated his dictatorship. Stalin used Pavlov's theory to emphasize the interaction between man and environment and the inheritance of acquired characteristics, trying to ensure the legitimacy of the socialist system reform in politics and society. Therefore, if the Soviet scientists and doctors did not conform to Pavlov's theory, their research would be strictly controlled, making free and creative research impossible. In the 1950s, China and North Korea, which accepted the socialist political model of the Soviet Union, also had this dogmatic tendency. In 1950, China signed the "The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship," initiated the movement of learning from the Soviet Union in politics, economy, society, education, law, science, medical care, and other aspects, and established a socialist country based on the Soviet model. In Chinese medical circles, through the "Pavlov Learning Movement," they accepted the health care system and medical technology of the Soviet Union without any criticism, and carried out the ideological transformation of intellectuals to wipe out the influence of western capitalism. Moreover, Virchow's 'Cellular Pathology' and Mendel's 'Genetics' were denounced as reactionary bourgeoisie theory, and Pavlov's theory became a socialist medical theory based on dialectical materialism. As a result, the Communist Party of China reorganized the medical and scientific knowledge system based on Pavlov's theory, and took it as an important ideological tool to establish the socialist medical system. In the 1950s, Chinese medical workers strengthened ideological education through the "Pavlov's learning movement," applied this theory to clinical practice, and implemented new treatment methods such as "Sleep Therapy" and "PPM(Psychoprophylactic Painless childbirth Method)." In addition, hospitals implemented the "Protective Medical System" and established the socialist medical system. The goal of the protective medical system was to eliminate the negative stimulation which has adverse effects on the treatment of patients and to establish a patient-centered medical system. Therefore, the hospital launched a comprehensive effort to create a clean environment, eliminate all kinds of noise, cultivate a friendly working attitude, and improve nutrition. As a result, the hospital environment and the working attitude of medical staff improved and the treatment rate of diseases also improved, while the mortality rate of patients decreased. At the same time, with the strengthening of political education for doctors, nurses and patients in hospitals, hospitals have become places to educate socialist laws and ideology. In addition, in order to prove the superiority of Pavlov's theory, medical workers carried out unscientific sleep therapy on patients, so people's body became an experimental space for of socialism. Moreover, in the implementation of PPM, women could not tell the pain of childbirth, but under medical control, they were in a contradictory situation of enduring labor pain. The Communist Party of China has established its national identity by promoting its image of "rescuer", which liberates the patients from the pain of disease, and the "welfare" image of taking good care of the people's body. The Communist Party of China has reconstructed the metaphors of "sickness" and "labor pain", making it an indispensable medium for the concepts of socialism, women's Liberation and medical welfare to be engraved on the people's body. Therefore, through the clinical practice of sleep therapy and PPM, we can understand how the Communist Party of China controlled the people's body, and such policies and systems demonstrate the "medical" governance mode of socialist control over the people.

Assessment of essential and non-essential elements in selected traditional medicines from India, Ghana and China.

Traditional medicine (TM) also known as folk medicine consists of medical knowledge systems that were developed over generations in various countries before the era of modern medicine. Over the last few years, there has been a shift in universal trend from modern medicine to TM because it is believed that these medicines are non-toxic to humans, have little to no side-effects, are readily available and affordable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the essential and non-essential elemental concentrations of ayurvedic medicines (AM), Ghanaian traditional medicines (GTM) and Chinese traditional medicines (CTM). The results indicate that the mean elemental concentrations in TM varied greatly. The mean concentrations of copper and mercury in AM, GTM and CTM ranged from 4 to 45mg/kg and 0.01 to 2mg/kg, respectively. Multivariate statistical analyses applied to recognise inter-element associations indicated that at 0.05 significant level, there was a positive correlation between elements suggesting they may have originated from the same source. The study concludes by highlighting the need for monitoring of the elemental concentrations in commonly consumed traditional medicines regularly to detect contamination in these medicines since the occurrence of metals in these medicines above or below legally permissible limits can be harmful to consumers.

Software Development for First Aid Decision Support System

This work presents an approach to deal with modelling a decision support system framework to introduce an application for decisions in medical knowledge system analysis. First aid is extremely important worldwide and, hence, a decision support framework, know as First Aid Decision Support System (FADSS), was designed and implemented to access experimental cases exerting danger to the general population, offering advanced conditions for testing abilities in research and arranging an emergency treatment through the graphical user interface (UI). The design of first aid treatment in FADSS depends on the general cases in first aid. We presented a strategy to manage first aid treatment by modelling an application (FADSS) that assists people in finding information about first aid cases that are available as an application service. FADSS service uses a set of 15 important situations that might happen to people. The decision for treatment is suggested on the system for a different accident. FADSS tests the information in real-time by using mathematical models, decision tree and data mining (C4.5 algorithm) that are used in this research to build a decision making system. The system automatically sends warnings when the case is very critical, using text messages as email reports. The main objective of this study is to provide an efficient tool that helps people and junior workers in first aid centres in order to find the available resources of information.

Depiction of Physiological Homeostasis by Self-Coupled System and Its Significance.

The negative feedback system (NFS) was regarded as the basic unit of regulation of physiological homeostasis for more than 70 years. However, NFS-based depiction possesses some limitations. The self-coupled system (SCS), a non-stop system in which the output of the current moment becomes the input of the next moment, can also be utilized to depict homeostasis. In SCS-based depiction, all of the related regulatory mechanisms of a homeostasis are regarded as an entity. Then, homeostatic dynamics can be expressed by simple mathematical language. A new disease group was revealed and some useful inferences were obtained through mathematical deduction. They were supported by published studies. SCS-based depiction of homeostasis should be a requisite supplement to medical knowledge systems based on NFS.

Educación científica y medicina tradicional. Una comparación entre México y Corea del Sur

En este artículo se comparan las relaciones entre la ciencia médica y los sistemas ancestrales de conocimientos médicos de dos países con tradiciones culturales diferentes. Para ello, se revisaron los planes de estudios oficiales y los libros de texto de ciencias actuales de ambos países. Con base en esta revisión, se establece que la medicina tradicional está presente en el nivel de enseñanza básico en México y en el nivel superior en Corea. Por lo tanto, los dos países incluyen la cultura nacional en la educación científica, aunque de distinta manera.

Western versus African Medical Knowledge Systems

Epistemička osnova zbilje, naročito znanje Zapada, često se opisuje kao opće i time kao dano, dok se oblici koji ne odgovaraju paradigmi Zapada izazivaju i odbacuju kao inferiorni i nevrijedni znanstvene analize. Retoriku zapadnog vs. ne¬zapadnog znanja, naročito u okviru afričke tradicije, čini se da karakterizira patronistička sugestija da je ne-zapadno znanje inferiorno sistemima zapadne racionalnosti. Ta je retorika i ideološka orijentacija duboko ukorijenjena u akademski diskurs kada je u pitanju proizvodnja znanja i alata. Nastanila se u zapadnjačko obrazovanje i ostala dominantna stoljećima. Podtekstualna pretpostavka takvog diskursa nepotkrijepljena je jer se zasniva na znanstvenoj tradiciji koja je antagonistička prema drugačijim oblicima znanja. U ovom radu argumentiramo da je prava razlika između zapadnog i afričkog sustava medicinskog znanja ne toliko u rezultatima, koliko u epistemičkoj osnovi koja ih oblikuje. Tvrdimo da su svi oblici znanja kontingentni prema specifičnim kontekstima te evaluacijski kriterij dizajniran da vrednuje njihovu univerzalnu istinu nema korisnu funkciju osim promicanja lažnog hegemonijskog narativa s jedinom svrhom da dominira i eksploatira. Zaključujemo tako što zagovaramo proširenje glavnog medicinskog znanja istraživanjem drugih oblika epistemologije, bez predrasuda

Application of holistic integrative medicine in orthodontics

Holistic integrative medicine (HIM) is a new medical knowledge system, which is formed based on the theory of HIM. HIM treats people as a whole by combining the results of basic medical research, clinical practice and clinical research during the treatment process. The concept of HIM runs through the education and treatment of orthodontics. HIM is the trending norm of both modern medicine and orthodontics. This review is about the concept of HIM and the advantages and disadvantages of specialization. Moreover, this review also discusses the vital role of HIM in orthodontic treatment and development.