Medical Books Research Articles

USE OF MEDICAL ADHESIVES FOR CLOSING SCHNEIDER MEMBRANE PERFORATION DURING OPEN SINUS LIFTING (LITERATURE REVIEW)

The open sinus lifting procedure during dental implantation can cause perforation of Schneiderian membrane. Nowadays there are many methods of closing perforation of the sinus membrane. However, frequent intraoperative and postoperative complications require to search new methods and materials for increasing the productivity of the operation and reducing the duration of surgical treatment of patients.
 The purpose of the research: to analyze of modern Ukrainian and foreign scientific literature about the use of medical adhesives for closing the perforation of Schneiderian membrane during open sinus lifting surgery and to assess their effectiveness.
 Scientific information on the research topic was obtained from the resources of search engines: the electronic library of abstracts and dissertations of Vernadsky V.I. National Library of Ukraine, PubMed, Medline, MedNet, Embase, BMJ Group, Free Medical Journals, Free Medical Book, Scirus.
 Based on the analysis of the literature data, it has been found that medical bioadhesives are the newest materials used in dental practice, have the advantages of fast and painless application, resistance to infection, hemostatic properties, lack of toxicity, good sealing of wound surfaces, high tissue strength and are comfortable for patients. The use of compounds with new positive qualities in maxillofacial surgery, along with the introduction of modern technologies, equipment and tools, will increase the productivity of open sinus lifting surgery during dental implantation, reduce the number of intraoperative and postoperative complications, the duration of surgical interventions, and will allow performing operations with the least risk to the patient at a high professional level.

Early Meteorological Observations in Almada (Portugal) for the Period 1788–1813 by Medical Doctors

Early meteorological observations have been found for the period 1788–1813 in a collection of historical documents entitled “Medical and meteorological observation books” (Livros de observações médicas e meteorológicas) that is preserved nowadays in the Municipal Historical Archive of Almada. Almada is a Portuguese city located on the southern bank of the Tagus River, near the mouth of the river, in front of the capital city of Lisbon, which is located on the northern bank. In this work, more than 5000 meteorological readings for the period 1788–1813 have been recovered and analyzed. Daily values have been preserved for the period 1788–1789. However, only monthly values have stood the test of time for the period 1792–1813. The meteorological variables recovered are temperature, pressure, wind direction and the state of the sky. A quality control was carried out to find possible errors, either in the original data or in the digitization process. Unfortunately, there is no information in the metadata about the instruments or the observational methodology. Pressure and temperature data from modern and reanalysis datasets were used as references to study the agreement between these datasets and the Almada dataset. Daily pressure and temperature values from the Almada dataset were used to study, in particular, the meteorological conditions of the winter of 1788/1789 in Almada because this season was one of the coldest in the last 300 years in Central Europe. The complete dataset of early meteorological observations in Almada is freely available to the scientific community.

Classical and Modern Review on Sneha Kalpana w.s.r to Ghrita Kalpana

Ayurvedic dosage forms hold a unique place in pharmaceutics and therapeutics. Sneha Kalpana is a group of products of medicated Taila and ghee. It is an Ayurvedic preparation of oleaginous medicine that is prepared with the use of Kalka (herbal paste of different parts of plants), Kwatha (specifically prepared decoction in accordance with Ayurvedic principles) or Drava Dravya (any other liquid such as milk, juices etc.) With suitable Sneha as base taken in specific proportion, both the ingredients are mixed and heated under a specific temperature to meet the desired therapeutic requirement. In the modern terminology, Sneha can be correlated with Lipids. Materials and Methods: Literature related to Sneha Kalpana and Lipids have been referred from various Ayurvedic texts, modern medical books, research papers and journals. Properties of Sneha Dravya, Sneha sources, phases of Sneha Kalpana, effect of Sneha Paka on therapeutics, Sneha dose, Anupana, shelf-life, lipids and their types have been explained and compiled from different sources. Conclusion: Sneha Kalpana is used to extract fat soluble active principles from drugs and also to increase permeability of drugs so that they can be absorbed easily through the cell membrane. It is the only dosage form that can be administered through all routes of body, viz., Nasya (nasal route), Tarpan (ocular route), Karnapooran (auditory route), Snehapan (oral route), Abhyanga (topical route), Basti (vaginal, urethral, anal route). In the Modern era, various dosage forms can be developed as novel drug delivery system (NDDS) utilizing the concept of Sneha Kalpana (Lipids) to increase the bio availability of drugs to show maximum therapeutic effect.

ANOTHER MEDICAL BOOK BY ABDÜLVEHHAB

The name of Kânûnçe was not found anywhere in the text, which is a manuscript registered as "Kânûnçe" in the catalog of manuscripts and is the subject of the study. This manuscript, which is in the collection of Hacı Mahmud Efendi in the Süleymaniye Library, begins with the phrase "hâẕâ kitâbü'ṭ-ṭıbb-ı other"; It consists of 35 sheets and 15 lines per page. The name of the author is understood from the sentence which comes after Basmala, hamdale and salvele." The Süleymaniye copy is much more different than the Manisa and Bursa copies in terms of content. In the text, which is the subject of the study, there are also ways of treatment by superstitions, verses other than herbal treatment methods. There is also a narration (19a/12-19b11) dedicated to Jesus. In this respect, the view that the text is another medical book belonging to Abdülvehhab, containing the treatment methods fed by the beliefs and traditions of the people, will be supported by this study

The Medico-Legalization of Sex in the Nineteenth-Century United States

AbstractThe rising field of medical jurisprudence in common law from late eighteenth century has led to a rearrangement of authority and epistemic power between lay and expert witnesses, in favor of the latter. Although the law had long relied on testimony from members of the community to establish the legal fact of a person's sex, the legal procedure of fact-making started to rely instead on the opinions of doctors, surgeons, and medical practitioners. This article closely reads medical jurisprudence books, U.S. case law, and U.S. newspapers from the nineteenth century to describe this expansion of medical experts’ authority to establish the legal fact of sex in vague cases. The article describes the spread of medico-legal technics of sex classification in three arenas of U.S. law: the law of marriage and divorce, cross-dressing, and defamation. The practice of legal sex classification was thus absorbed into medical expertise, and the meaning of sex in the law transformed from a socio-physical construct to a medical one. The mid-nineteenth-century decline of medical jurisprudence subsequently pushed the practice of sex classification outside the realm of law and into the jurisdiction of the medical profession, thus leaving sex classification mainly to doctors.

Treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults - press review

Introduction: Acromioclavicular joint dislocation is one of the most common shoulder injuries treated in a sport‐active population. In this article we reviewed the epidemiology, symptoms, and various surgical techniques for the treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation.
 Material and methods: The work was based on medical articles collected in PubMed, websites and medical books. The research was conducted by looking at keywords such as: "acromioclaviculal dislocation", "treatment of acromioclaviculal dislocation ".
 Results: There are many methods of treating acromioclaviculal dislocation, ranging from conservative treatment to surgical treatment.
 Conclusions: Treating acute and chronic ACJ injuries is still a challenging task.The myriad of existing techniques is indicative for the uncertainty regarding this topic and a gold standard has not yet been determined. However, when diagnosed correctly and treated accordingly, results are overall satisfactory.

TOT and TVT as surgical methods of treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women - meta-analysis

Introduction: Urinary incontinence can affect up to 50% of women in the world. The most common is stress incontinence, which consists in involuntary, uncontrolled urination when the pressure in the abdominal cavity increases. Among the most commonly used methods of treating stress urinary incontinence there are treatments using a synthetic tape - TOT and TVT. In this work, both methods were compared in terms of e.g. their effectiveness, the presence of complications, the safety of both procedures and the method of performing both procedures. Material and methods: The work was based on the articles published in PubMed, medical books and websites. Results: Both TOT and TVT in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence are highly effective. Both short-term and long-term treatment results of both methods are very good and very similar. In the case of TOT, the subjective cure <1 year is 62-98%, where with TVT - 71-97%. Subjective long-term cure (>5 years) was 43-92% with TOT and 51-88% with TVT. The incidence of complications after TOT is significantly lower, but there is a higher probability of having to perform a repeat procedure to treat stress urinary incontinence. TVT has a lower risk of reoperation in >5 years (1.1%) but has a higher risk of chronic perineal pain. Conclusions: The placement of a tension-free TVT or TOT tape should be the surgery of choice for women with simple stress urinary incontinence. However, there is a higher risk of chronic perineal pain 12 months after having a tape placed behind the symphysis. The technique of passing the tapes through the obturator holes is associated with a lower risk of bladder injury and less discomfort during bladder emptying compared to the TVT technique. After TOT surgery both pain in the inner thighs and inguinal area and vaginal damage are more common than after TVT.

Banxia-Houpu decoction inhibits iron overload and chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation in mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe Banxia-Houpu decoction (BHD), a renowned prescription documented in the Chinese medical book “The Synopsis of the Golden Chamber,” has been proven to effectively mitigate inflammation within the central nervous system. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of BHD in ameliorating symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms and comprehensive effects of BHD on central system injury in OSA models have not been fully investigated. Aim of the studyTo investigate whether BHD could inhibit neuroinflammation to decrease iron-induced neurotoxic injury in CIH mice. Materials and methodsC57BL/6N mice were divided into the Con, CIH, and BHD groups. Mice were exposed to CIH (21%–5% FiO2, 3 min/cycle, 8 h/d), and BHD was administered by gavage (3.51, 7.01, and 14.02 g/kg). The polarization of microglia, inflammatory factors, hepcidin, and brain iron levels were determined. ResultsThe administration of BHD at a dosage of 7.01 g/kg demonstrated a significant reduction in neurobehavioral abnormalities, neuronal damage, and degeneration caused by CIH. BHD exhibited the ability to inhibit the transition of microglial polarization from M2 to M1 by upregulating CD163 expression and downregulating iNOS levels. Furthermore, BHD decreased pro-inflammatory factor levels and increased anti-inflammatory factor levels. Additionally, BHD was found to decrease hepcidin expression in astrocytes through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. BHD reduced the total and neuronal iron levels by elevating FPN1 and reducing TfR1 levels. BHD exhibited positive effects on synapse and synaptic spine abnormalities, as well as an increase in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, thereby mitigating neuronal damage induced by CIH. ConclusionsBased on these findings, BHD holds potential as a therapeutic intervention for neural damage injuries, which offers a theoretical foundation for the treatment of patients with OSA in clinical.

The Croatian Translation of Flos Medicinae: From Health Instructions with Medicinal Plants to Contemporary Phytotherapy.

Medieval European medicine relied on monasteries where ancient medical works were transcribed. Trade routes to the East and the influence of Arab medicine, which supplemented the knowledge of Greco-Roman physicians, enabled the foundation and development of the Salerno Medical School, whose most famous work is Flos medicinae: Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum. This medical textbook, written in verse and drawn up on the basis of ancient sources and empirical experiences of Salerno physicians, contains rules on how to preserve health, on diseases and the use of medicinal plants for medicinal purposes. The work was originally written in Latin, and was translated into Croatian by Franciscan Father Emerik Pavic' (1768). It was the first medical book in the Croatian language. This paper provides an insight into the importance of Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum in medieval medicine and its influence on European medical literature through many translations, commentaries and analyses. In this context, ten recipes from the Croatian translation of Flos medicinae were researched and analysed which contain medicinal plants most of which grow in Croatia, and which were in use at that time: fig, fennel, anise, mallow, peppermint, sage, rue, nettle, celandine and willow. Most of the listed herbal drugs are used in contemporary phytotherapy and some of them have the potential for further research. The paper also deals with the particularities of the Croatian translation of this medical textbook, which can be used for further multidisciplinary research involving medicinal and pharmaceutical historians, botanists and philologists.

A Preliminary Study on Chapters Related to Human Anatomy in An Illustrated Persian Medical Book: Tānksūqnāme-i Īlkhān Der Funūn-i ʿUlūm-i Khaṭāʾī

Tānksūqnāme-i Īlkhān Der Funūn-i ʿUlūm-i Khaṭāʾī is one of the rarest illustrated medical books in medieval Islamic geography. It is also one of the most uncommon books translated into Persian from Chinese belonging to Cathay medicine in the Islamic world during that era. The Tānksūqnāme was translated by order of Faḍl-Allah Rashīd al-Dīn Ibn ʿImād al-Dawla Abū al-Khayr (1247-1318), after Oljeitu Khodabandeh (r. 1304 – 1317) became the ruler in 1304. One of the rarest, probably the unique copy of the Tānksūqnāme-i Īlkhān is in Ayasofya collection, Nr. 3596 in İstanbul Süleymaniye Manuscript Library. Although the work consists of four volumes/books, we only have the first one. It was copied by a scribe, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Maḥmūd Qiwām (Qawwām) al-Kirmānī, in Tabrīz on 20 Shaʿbān 713/10 December 1313 during the reign of Oljeitu Khodabandeh, the eighth ruler of Ilkhanid dynasty in Persia. The first volume of Tānksūqnāme-i Īlkhān Der Funūn-i ʿUlūm-i Khaṭāʾī has chapters and illustrations on human anatomy written and drawn following the Chinese originals. The aim of this study is to present the anatomical knowledge in this book and evaluate it by comparing the classical scientific anatomical knowledge of medieval Islamic medicine.

Information extraction from weakly structured radiological reports with natural language queries

ObjectivesProvide physicians and researchers an efficient way to extract information from weakly structured radiology reports with natural language processing (NLP) machine learning models.MethodsWe evaluate seven different German bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) models on a dataset of 857,783 unlabeled radiology reports and an annotated reading comprehension dataset in the format of SQuAD 2.0 based on 1223 additional reports.ResultsContinued pre-training of a BERT model on the radiology dataset and a medical online encyclopedia resulted in the most accurate model with an F1-score of 83.97% and an exact match score of 71.63% for answerable questions and 96.01% accuracy in detecting unanswerable questions. Fine-tuning a non-medical model without further pre-training led to the lowest-performing model. The final model proved stable against variation in the formulations of questions and in dealing with questions on topics excluded from the training set.ConclusionsGeneral domain BERT models further pre-trained on radiological data achieve high accuracy in answering questions on radiology reports. We propose to integrate our approach into the workflow of medical practitioners and researchers to extract information from radiology reports.Clinical relevance statementBy reducing the need for manual searches of radiology reports, radiologists’ resources are freed up, which indirectly benefits patients.Key Points• BERT models pre-trained on general domain datasets and radiology reports achieve high accuracy (83.97% F1-score) on question-answering for radiology reports.• The best performing model achieves an F1-score of 83.97% for answerable questions and 96.01% accuracy for questions without an answer.• Additional radiology-specific pretraining of all investigated BERT models improves their performance.Graphical

Books: The Oxford Handbook of Medical Ethics and Law (Oxford Medical Handbooks): Key Ethical Tools.

Books: The Oxford Handbook of Medical Ethics and Law (Oxford Medical Handbooks): Key Ethical Tools.

Is language an issue? Accuracy of the German computerized diagnostic decision support system ISABEL and cross-validation with the English counterpart.

Existing computerized diagnostic decision support tools (CDDS) accurately return possible differential diagnoses (DDx) based on the clinical information provided. The German versions of the CDDS tools for clinicians (Isabel Pro) and patients (Isabel Symptom Checker) from ISABEL Healthcare have not been validated yet. We entered clinical features of 50 patient vignettes taken from an emergency medical text book and 50 real cases with a confirmed diagnosis derived from the electronic health record (EHR) of a large academic Swiss emergency room into the German versions of Isabel Pro and Isabel Symptom Checker. We analysed the proportion of DDx lists that included the correct diagnosis. Isabel Pro and Symptom Checker provided the correct diagnosis in 82 and 71 % of the cases, respectively. Overall, the correct diagnosis was ranked in 71 , 61 and 37 % of the cases within the top 20, 10 and 3 of the provided DDx when using Isabel Pro. In general, accuracy was higher with vignettes than ED cases, i.e.listed the correct diagnosis more often (non-significant) and ranked the diagnosis significantly more often within the top 20, 10 and 3. On average, 38±4.5 DDx were provided by Isabel Pro and Symptom Checker. The German versions of Isabel achieved a somewhat lower accuracy compared to previous studies of the English version. The accuracy decreases substantially when the position in the suggested DDx list is taken into account. Whether Isabel Pro is accurate enough to improve diagnostic quality in clinical ED routine needs further investigation.

استخدم طريقة السلسلة الامامية لتشخيص مرض السكرى

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease that affects many people who are overweight or could be a descendant of this disease.There are several classifications of diabetes, namely: Type1, type2 other specific and gestational diabetes.Society needs a technology to diagnose early diabetes from symptoms. In this expert system uses forward chaining method that is built using the PHP programming language and MySQL database. Knowledge Representation is useful in representing phenomena into a mathematical rule that will be stored in a database. The database consists of several tables, including symptoms, symptoms disease, disease, and questions. Knowledge Base materials sourced from internet and medical books on diabetes. The purpose of this system is that people can diagnose the diabetes disease. Keywords: Forward chaining Method, Expert System, Knowledge Base, PHP, Diabetes disease.

Ameliorative effect of scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction by Fufangmuniziqi formula: The roles of alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids

Ethnopharmacological relevanceFufangmuniziqi formula (FFMN), a traditional Uyghur medicine used in China, is derived from an ancient Uyghur medical book and consists of 13 herbs. The herbs of FFMN, such as Peganum harmala L., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., and Nigella glandulifera, have been demonstrated to have acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory, anti-neuroinflammatory, or antioxidant effects. Therefore, FFMN may have a good anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) effect, but its specific action and mechanism need to be further proven. Aim of the studyThis study aims to investigate the anti-AD effects of FFMN and the role played by alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins in anti-AD. Materials and methodsThe alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins fractions of FFMN were prepared by macroporous resin chromatography. The absorbed ingredients in the drug-containing serum were identified by UPLC⁃Q⁃TOF⁃MS. An AD mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine (SCO). The role of different fractions of FFMN in the anti-AD process was examined by Morris water maze (MWM), in-vitro cell, and AChE inhibition assay. ResultsA total of 20 ingredients were identified in the serum samples collected after oral administration of FFMN, and seven compounds were selected as candidate active compounds. MWM experiments showed that different fractions of FFMN could significantly improve SCO-induced learning memory impairment in mice. The alkaloids fraction (ALK) regulated cholinergic function by inhibiting AChE activity, activating choline acetyltransferase activity, and protein expression. Flavonoids and saponins were more potent than the ALK in downregulating pro-inflammatory factors or inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, MPO, and nitric oxide. Western blot results further confirmed that flavonoids and saponins attenuated neuroinflammation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB p65. This result was also verified by in-vitro cellular assays. FFMN enhanced antioxidant defense by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and reducing the production of MDA. Combined with cellular experiments, flavonoids and saponins were proven more protective against oxidative damage. ConclusionFFMN improved cognitive and memory impairment in the SCO-induced AD mouse model. ALK mainly enhanced the function of the cholinergic system. Flavonoid and saponin fractions mainly attenuated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by modulating the NF-κB pathway. All these findings strongly suggested that the combination of alkaloid, flavonoid, and saponin fractions derived from FFMN is a promising anti-AD agent that deserves further development.

Black Women's Health: Paths to Wellness for Mothers and Daughters By MicheleTracy Berger, New York: NYU Press. 2021. pp. 256.

Medical Anthropology QuarterlyEarly View BOOK REVIEW Black Women's Health: Paths to Wellness for Mothers and Daughters By Michele Tracy Berger, New York: NYU Press. 2021. pp. 256. Carolyn Mason, Carolyn MasonSearch for more papers by this author Carolyn Mason, Carolyn MasonSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12772Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

Bodies in Evidence: Race, Gender, and Science in Sexual Assault Adjudication By Heather R.Hlavka and SameenaMulla. New York: NYU Press, 2021. pp. 312.

Medical Anthropology QuarterlyEarly View BOOK REVIEW Bodies in Evidence: Race, Gender, and Science in Sexual Assault Adjudication By Heather R. Hlavka and Sameena Mulla. New York: NYU Press, 2021. pp. 312. Alessandra Gribaldo, Alessandra GribaldoSearch for more papers by this author Alessandra Gribaldo, Alessandra GribaldoSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12768Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCE Hlavka, Heather R., and Sameena Mulla. 2021. Bodies in Evidence. Race, Gender, and Science in Sexual Assault Adjudication. New York: NYU Press, 2021. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Fat in Four Cultures: A Global Ethnography of Weight By CindiStrutz Sreetharan, AlexandraBrewis, JessicaHardin, SarahTrainer, and AmberWutich. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 2021. pp. 222.

Medical Anthropology QuarterlyEarly View BOOK REVIEW Fat in Four Cultures: A Global Ethnography of Weight By Cindi Strutz Sreetharan, Alexandra Brewis, Jessica Hardin, Sarah Trainer, and Amber Wutich. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 2021. pp. 222. Arianna Huhn, Corresponding Author Arianna Huhn [email protected] orcid.org/0009-0000-7647-4788 California State University, San Bernardino Arianna Huhn, California State University, Department of Anthropology, San Bernardino, California, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Arianna Huhn, Corresponding Author Arianna Huhn [email protected] orcid.org/0009-0000-7647-4788 California State University, San Bernardino Arianna Huhn, California State University, Department of Anthropology, San Bernardino, California, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 19 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12775Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES About the Series. Nd. University of Toronto Press. http://www.utpteachingculture.com/about-the-series/. Accessed 5/11/2023. Jordan, Brigitte. 1978. Birth in Four Cultures: A Crosscultural Investigation of Childbirth in Yucatan, Holland, Sweden, and the United States. Montreal: Eden Press Women's Publications. LeVine, Robert A. 2010. “The Six Cultures Study: Prologue to a History of a Landmark Project” in Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 41(4): 513– 521. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Distinguishment of XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points

In addition to the well-known thirteen ghost points in Qianjin Fang (Important Formulas worth a Thousand Gold Pieces), "XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points" is recorded in other medical books. The contents of "XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points" are not exactly same among these medical books, which mainly focus on the nomination and selection of the ghost points. Even though, there are many similarity when compared with the thirteen ghost points in Qianjin Fang in terms of acupoint selection, acupoint location and the sequence of needle insertion, as well as the therapeutic methods. The authors believe that "XU Qiu-fu's thirteen ghost points" is actually adapted based on the framework of the thirteen ghost points in Qianjin Fang.

Основополагающие принципы стандартизации и систематизации информации о наборах данных для машинного обучения в медицинской диагностике

Backgraund: Active implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in the healthcare in recent years promotes increasing amount of medical data for the development of machine learning models, including radiology and instrumental diagnostics data. To solve various problems of digital medical technologies, new datasets are being created through machine learning algorithms, therefore, the problems of their systematization and standardization, storage, access, rational and safe use become actual. A i m : development of an approach to systematization and standardization of information about datasets to represent, store, apply and optimize the use of datasets and ensure the safety and transparency of the development and testing of medical devices using artificial intelligence. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s : analysis of own and international experience in the creation and use of medical datasets, medical reference books searching and analysis, registry structure development and justification, scientific publications search with the keywords “datasets”, “registry of medical data”, placed in the databases of the RSCI, Scopus, Web of Science. R e s u l t s . The register of medical instrumental diagnostics datasets structure has been developed in accordance with stages of datasets lifecycle: 7 parameters at the initiation stage, 8 – at the planning stage, 70 – dataset card, 1 – version change, 14 – at the use stage, total – 100 parameters. We propose datasets classification according to the purpose of their creation, a classification of data verification methods, as well as the principles of forming names for standardization and datasets presentation clarity. In addition, the main features of the organization of maintaining this registry are highlighted: management, data quality, confidentiality and security. C o n c l u s i o n s . For the first time, an original technology of medical datasets for instrumental diagnostics structuring and systematization is proposed. It is based on the developed terminology and principles of information classification. This makes it possible to standardize the structure of information about datasets for machine learning, and ensures the storage centralization. It also allows to get quick access to all information about the dataset, and ensure transparency, reliability and reproducibility of artificial intelligence developments. Creating a registry makes it possible to quickly form visual data libraries. This allows a wide range of researchers, developers and companies to choose data sets for their tasks. This approach ensures their widespread use, resource optimization and contributes to the rapid development and implementation of artificial intelligence.