Code Of Medical Ethics Research Articles

Sex, gender and human rights: essential components of inclusive medical research

ABSTRACT Much of past medical research has been sex and gender ‘blind’ and has failed to take account of gender norms and practices that place men and women at different levels of risk of certain diseases. Further, non-binary, trans and people with intersex characteristics have been especially marginalised in research practices. Other forms of discrimination based on race, disability and socio-economic disadvantage have cut-across and exacerbated these research gaps. This paper considers that medical codes of ethics alone are insufficient to address sex and gender disparities in medical research and suggests that adopting a human rights approach to medical research provides a systematic way to collect, analyse and report on sex and gender data in ways that are person-centred, empowering and participatory.

Examining Physicians' Approaches to Treating Relatives in Primary Health Care Centers: Insights from a Qualitative Study.

Introduction: Family medicine physicians take care of a diverse population of patients with a variety of acute and chronic diseases. These patients include family, friends, and acquaintances who may ask for direct medical care or help in accessing healthcare products and services within or outside of officially approved procedures. This is ethically challenging due to an ambiguous medical code of ethics, but it is commonly accepted as normal behavior by society. The aim of this study was to explore family medicine physicians' perspectives regarding the benefits, difficulties, and ethics of responding to medical care requests and/or favors from family, relatives, friends, and acquaintances and to make recommendations. Methods: The study sample consisted of junior and senior family medicine physicians working in primary healthcare centers affiliated with the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. Using social exchange theory, this qualitative study explores how family medicine physicians perceive and handle requests for medical favors from family members and others. Results: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 family medicine physicians (six focus groups) with clinical experience ranging from 3 to 20 years. The data analysis identified three themes: perceived benefits and costs of cultural and social connectedness, shortcomings in patient management and healthcare systems, and recommendations to address challenges between physicians and patients who are relatives. Discussion and Conclusions: This study shows that treating others outside of normal access to healthcare services presents several ethical, moral, and professional challenges. Therefore, policy adaptation requires understanding this intricate dilemma and improving laws, system regulations, and guidelines for physicians and community members to improve access to care, reduce system abuse, empower providers, and enhance community awareness and compliance.

AMA Code of Medical Ethics’ Opinions Related to Medical-Legal Partnerships

AMA <i>Code of Medical Ethics</i>’ Opinions Related to Medical-Legal Partnerships

Palliative Extubation Protocol

Introduction: Palliative Extubation (PE) is considered to be the discontinuation of mechanical ventilation in patients whose death is inevitable, prioritizing comfort and respecting the patient’s wishes. This study focuses on definitions, ethical, and legal issues, as well as challenges faced by healthcare professionals.Objective: To explore PE as part of the transition in care, emphasizing symptomatic relief and continuity of PalliativeCare. A protocol and checklist for PE is proposed to guide professionals through the process.Method: Review of definitions, ethical, and legal aspects and presentation of a protocol and checklist for PE. Description of PE methods, including withdrawal of ventilatory support and the complexity of the decision.Results: The decision for PE must respect bioethical principles, patient autonomy and consider prognostic factors. The importance of analgesia and sedation is highlighted.Discussion: Ethical and legal aspects, such as Resolution 1805/2006 of the Federal Council of Medicine support PE, emphasizing the dignity of the patient and the right to therapeutic refusal. The updating of the Code of Medical Ethics in 2018 reinforces the provision of palliative care in terminal illnesses.Conclusion: PE is a complex and delicate practice in Intensive Palliative Care. The review highlights the importance of ethical and legal considerations and specific care when making decisions about PE, emphasizing quality in the dying process and relief of suffering.

Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasaan Pasien BPJS Poli Penyakit dalam Rumah Sakit Bhayangkara Pontianak

A hospital is a public facility owned by the government or private sector which has a very strategic role in efforts to improve public health services. The new paradigm of health services requires hospitals to provide quality services according to patients' needs and desires while still referring to professional and medical codes of ethics. Quality is the core of the survival of an institution. Therefore, hospitals are required to always maintain consumer trust by improving service quality so that consumer satisfaction increases. This study aims to analyze the influence of service quality on patient satisfaction at Bhayangkara Hospital, Pontianak City. The research method used in this research is a quantitative method to determine the quality of service that has the greatest impact on community satisfaction. Samples were taken from 95 patients. Data collection techniques use observation and questionnaires. The results of the research show that the influence of service quality on BPJS patient satisfaction in internal medicine poly health services at Bhayangkara Hospital, Pontianak, most of the respondents are in the satisfactory category and a small number of respondents are in the unsatisfactory category. The results of this research show that service quality, which consists of the variables reliability (X1), responsiveness (X2), assurance (X3) and empathy (X5), has a significant effect on patient satisfaction, while the tangibles variable (X4) has no significant effect. Then the variable with the most dominant influence on patient satisfaction is the empathy variable (X5). And to improve service quality, researchers hope that Bhayangkara Hospital will test these variables, especially those that have a negative influence (tangibles X4) so that they can comply with the rules and mechanisms for improving service quality on patient satisfaction. The researcher's advice to Bhayangkara Pontianak Hospital is that nurses at Bhayangkara Pontianak Hospital should be able to maximize services according to the promised time, increase trust and responsiveness to patient complaints, and pay attention to the physical facilities of the Bhayangkara Pontianak Hospital Internal Medicine Clinic.

The new Italian Code of Medical Ethics

The presentation of the new Italian Code of Medical Deontology would require a broad and comparative consideration with the previous text issued by the National Federation of Medical Boards in 1978, to note the points of development in these ten years, in which new problems and new demands have emerged in the world of medical culture and science.

Ethics in Primary Health Care: Responsibilities in Patient Care. Bibliographic review

Medical ethics is essential at the first level of care, where doctors must guarantee the autonomy of patients and equity in terms of health care, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Code of Medical Ethics of the World Medical Association (AMM) and the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador mention that ethical principles must be implemented and guaranteed in the Primary Health Care physician, the objective of this review is to describe the ethical and moral principles that form part of the doctor in Primary Health Care through reviews of updated bibliographies. It was described that the ethical and moral principles of Primary Health Care are benevolence, justice, wisdom and solidarity and within the main bases on which ethics is focused is the doctor-patient relationship that allows clarifying the correct action on health problems.

Political action in nursing and medical codes of ethics.

Political action has a long history in the health workforce. There are multiple historical examples, from civil disobedience to marches and even sabotage that can be attributed to health workers. Such actions remain a feature of the healthcare community to this day; their status with professional and regulatory bodies is far less clear, however. This has created uncertainty for those undertaking such action, particularly those who are engaged in what could be termed 'contentious' forms of action. This study explored how advocacy and activism were presented in nursing and medical codes of ethics, comparing disciplinary and temporo-spatial differences to understand how such action may be promoted or constrained by codes. The data for this study comes from 217 codes of ethics. Because of the size of the corpus and to facilitate analysis, natural language processing was utilised, which allowed for an automated exploration of the data and for comparisons to be drawn between groups. This was complemented by a manual search and contextualisation of the data. While there were noticeable differences between medical and nursing codes, overall, advocacy, activism and even politics were rarely discussed explicitly in most codes. When such action was spoken about, this was often vague and imprecise with codes speaking of 'political action' and 'advocacy' in general terms. While some codes were far more forthright in what they meant about advocacy or broader political action (i.e., Nursing codes in Denmark, Norway, Canada) more forceful language that spoke in specific terms or in terms of oppositional or specific actions (e.g., civil disobedience or marches) was almost completely avoided. These results are discussed in relation to the broader literature on codes and the normative questions they raise, namely whether such action should be included in codes of ethics at all.

Dynamics of Duty of Care in Medical Profession

From the initiation of medical treatment to full recovery, the foremost duty of medical professionals, along with the entire healthcare team, is to ensure the patient's well-being. Such attentive care and diligent patient assessment are not merely commendable practices but are legally mandated duties, referred to as the duty of care, breach of which incurs corresponding penalties. The practice of medicine in Nigeria has witnessed its fair share of unfortunate incidents. Despite regulatory frameworks and advancements in medicine, Nigerian hospitals and healthcare facilities have become hotspots for persistent breaches of the duty of care. The purpose of this study is to thoroughly assess the Duty of Care in the Nigerian Medical Profession and identify the factors leading to the failure to observe and enforce this duty. This study employs a doctrinal approach, primarily relying on library-based research. Findings reveal that institutional flaws exist, which result in inadequate application of relevant medical legislation, including Nigeria's Code of Medical Ethics. The paper argues that breaches of duty of care in medical negligence have led to misdiagnoses and incorrect treatments, often resulting in complications or death for patients, which is increasingly common in Nigeria. The study recommends that relevant government agencies and mass media should raise awareness among citizens about their rights to seek remedies for injuries resulting from a physician’s breach of duty of care.

Legal Protection of Dentists After Removing Wisdom Teeth Causes Death of Patients in Ngawi East Java

The development of dentistry to serve patients to get comfort and elegant appearance. Wisdom tooth extraction caused death in patients who were talked about in the mass media. The purpose of this study is to provide protection to dentists for handling patients and are protected by a code of medical ethics so that health services can be fulfilled properly. The method used is normative juridical by more specifically reviewing the legal case of wisdom tooth extraction against patients who cause death, analyzing based on legal standards of applicable laws and regulations. Using primary, secondary and tertiary legal data and legal products related to this study. The results of the study explained that the authority of dentists to take action on patients' teeth is part of professional, tidying, reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections and gum disease. Based on article 6 of Law No. 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice, it is explained that the Indonesian Medical Council has the role of regulating, ratifying, determining, and coaching doctors and dentists who practice medicine, in order to improve the quality of medical services in accordance with the code of medical ethics and free from accusations of malpractice.

AMA Code of Medical Ethics' Opinions Related to Antimicrobial Resistance

AMA <i>Code of Medical Ethics</i>' Opinions Related to Antimicrobial Resistance

Le principe de précaution en médecine : vingt ans après

ObjectivesThe precautionary principle (PP) is a risk management method in situations of scientific uncertainty. Its lack of precise definition in official texts led to numerous interpretations in the past. The PP was initially limited to the environment. The extension to human health raised fears of an increase of proceedings and an interference with innovative research. MethodTwenty-four people involved in the precautionary principle have been interviewed and a literature review has been carried out. ResultsA renewed analysis of the PP has emphasized several points: the PP is a complex process that includes a spirit of caution, rigorous reasoning, and evaluation of hypotheses and, lastly, precautionary measures. The major part of confusion raises when the PP is in danger of drifting into inappropriate precautionary measures; individual care medicine is well controlled by the “Code de déontologie médicale” (Code of Medical Ethics); biomedical research has scientific constraints and its own rules. In these two medical fields, PP is not applicable unless a major innovation raises an ethical problem; on the other hand, public health may be submitted to the PP. ConclusionConsequently, mastery of the PP implies to promote training actions devoted to medical doctors, administrative and political decision makers, educational establishments and the media.

The ethical and legal dilemmas of Telepsychiatry

This paper was written in the framework of my internship at the National Commission for Bioethics and Technoethics of the Hellenic Republic. It constitutes an attempt at exploring the ethical and legal dilemmas of the medical practice of telepsychiatry. Telepsychiatry, as well as other forms of telemedicine, has become a prevalent way through which patients gain access to healthcare and with many research papers reporting on its effectiveness and advantages, telepsychiatry has gained a lot of proponents in the scientific and healthcare community. However, several questions regarding the ethical and legal nature of the practice remain unanswered and this can put patients and other users of telemental health services under risk for basic rights violations. In this paper, at first the scientific data supporting the use of telepsychiatry will be cited. In addition to that, there will be discussion of several ethical dilemmas that have been reported concerning the use of telemedicine in psychiatry during the past few years and there will be reference to the medical code of ethics. Following that, there will be reference to the existing legislation for telepsychiatry in Greece and the legal issues that can arise will be analyzed. In spite of the fact that the advantages and ethical pitfalls of telepsychiatry are common in many countries, the focus of this paper will be on Greece’s code of medical ethics and legislation due to the lack of relevant bibliography on the matter, even though telepsychiatry is widely used by Greek patients. Finally some suggestions will be made on what ought to be ameliorated in regards to the current conditions, so as to make sure telepsychiatry is in line with the basic principles of bioethics.

AMA &lt;i&gt;Code of Medical Ethics&lt;/i&gt;’ Opinions Related to Global Medical Supply Chain Security

AMA &lt;i&gt;Code of Medical Ethics&lt;/i&gt;’ Opinions Related to Global Medical Supply Chain Security

Psychiatric premises for abortion in Poland - ethical, legal and clinical issues

IntroductionAfter judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 22.10.2020, there are two premises for abortion: when pregnancy was caused by rape or pregnancy is the threat for health and life of a mother. Then some people indicated that the latter should be interpreted more broadly. So far, jurisprudence has interpreted health threats only in relation to physical health, currently – cases classified as mental health threats are included.Objectives The aim of this paper is first to analyze different aspects of this phenomenon: clinical, philosophical, including ethical and legal. The second goal is to point out the best actions for psychiatrists.MethodsThe methodology of this paper corresponds to the pastoral paradigm: diagnosis, reflection, action. At first, the arguments of opponents and proponents of the concept of psychiatric premises for abortion were extracted. Then they were assessed from a logical and essential point of view. Finally, some conclusions and guides were included to enable psychiatrists to act appropriately, including ethical, clinical and legal aspects.Results Statements and letters from various institutions and societies were analyzed, including the Presidium of the Supreme Medical Council, Polish Pediatrics Society, the Expert Team on Bioethics of the Polish Bishops’ Conference, the Bioethics Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Patient’s Rights Ombudsman, Commissioner for Human Rights. The key arguments for psychiatric premises are presented in the Table 1. Table 1.ArgumentDescriptionEtiologicalthe only cause of mental disorders during pregnancy is the pregnancy itself or fetal diseasesTherapeuticalabortion is a method of treating mental disorders during pregnancyPrognosticpossible long- and short-term complications after the abortion procedure do not pose a significant threat to the woman’s life and healthConsultation-Liaison the task of the consultant psychiatrist is to indicate what actions other doctors should takeEthicalthe value of the fetus’s life is negligible compared to values such as the mother’s mental state or well-being Politicalsuch conduct is beneficial to state policy and the good of societyLegalsuch procedures are legalAccording to opponents, using the premise of mental health risks to terminate a pregnancy would be an example of the psychiatrization of life and the abuse of psychiatry for political purposes. There would be a danger of associating psychiatry as a tool for performing abortions, which would perpetuate the phenomenon of stigmatization – of both doctors and patients. Each of the arguments for this has been negated.ConclusionsThis problem illustrates an attempt to replace the paradigm of traditional personalistic ethics with utilitarianism. The concept of psychiatric premises for abortion is contrary to the principles of double effect and proportionality. It is also against the Polish Code of Medical Ethics: art. 39 and art. 54.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Protecting Confidentiality in the Digital Ecosystem of Humanitarian Aid

Protecting Confidentiality in the Digital Ecosystem of Humanitarian Aid

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND ANIMAL WELFARE

This article traces the professional historical trajectory of promoting health and well-being through investigations and interventions in environmental health, associated with education for university, intersectoral and interdisciplinary sustainability based on the vitalist philosophy of Samuel Hahnemann and determinations established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health . Scientific initiation activities developed rational skills for thinking aimed at solving local problems regarding sustainability with raw plant extracts and ultra-diluted and energized solutions for animal welfare. In parallel, there was the construction of competence in environmental ethics in line with the concept of environmental health, the new Brazilian code of medical ethics and the concept of one health. We declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Beliefs and practices of physicians in Lebanon regarding promotional gifts and interactions with pharmaceutical companies.

Pharmaceutical companies invest greatly in promotional gifts to influence prescription of medications by physicians, yet there is limited published information evaluating its impact on healthcare. This study aimed to assess the beliefs and practices of physicians in Lebanon regarding promotional gifts and their interactions with representatives of pharmaceutical companies. This cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2019 and January 2020 through an email-based questionnaire sent to 5936 physicians of different specialties registered in the Lebanese Order of Physicians. Assessment was done using a validated tool and data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26.0. Of the 268 respondents, 188 (70.4%) reported that physicians in Lebanon accepted gifts from representatives of pharmaceutical companies. Most of the physicians (31.7%) interacted with company representatives more than once a week. Medication samples (251 respondents) and stationary items (222 respondents) were the most common gifts accepted by physicians who admitted accepting gifts. Overall, 225 (84.9%) respondents believed that prescriptions by physicians in Lebanon were influenced by the gifts. Only 74 (40.0%) of those who accepted gifts from pharmaceutical companies believed that it was unethical, and around half did not know if the Lebanese Code of Medical Ethics allowed them to accept gifts from pharmaceutical companies. Although physicians in Lebanon were aware of the effect that gifts from pharmaceutical companies could have on their prescription behaviours, many of them still accepted the gifts. This study provides evidence to policymakers for decision-making regarding ethical guidance on interactions between physicians and pharmaceutical companies in Lebanon.

A Comparative Legal Study: Euthanasia for Psychological Reasons

This research conducts a comprehensive examination of euthanasia within the legal frameworks of Indonesia and the Netherlands, aiming to elucidate the criminal liability associated with this act. Employing a normative legal research approach, the study analyzes written legal materials, including regulations, legislation, books, journals, and related legal sources, to facilitate a cross-jurisdictional comparison. The findings reveal distinctive legal perspectives in the two countries. In the Netherlands, euthanasia was initially deemed a criminal offense under penal code sections 293 and 294. However, the landscape evolved with the enactment of the Dutch Law on Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide in 2001. This legislation, effective from April 1, 2002, decriminalized euthanasia under specific conditions. Conversely, in Indonesia, euthanasia, particularly active euthanasia, lacks explicit recognition in positive law. Despite the absence of clear regulations, it is generally treated as a form of murder due to its implication in ending a person's life. Examining criminal liability in Indonesia, the study identifies article 344 of the Criminal Code as the closest provision related to euthanasia. However, detailed regulations are lacking. Additionally, the medical code of ethics plays a role in shaping responsibility. Doctors violating article 7d of the medical code of ethics, which mandates the immediate protection of human life, particularly patients, may face consequences. In conclusion, this research underscores the contrasting legal stances on euthanasia in Indonesia and the Netherlands. While the Netherlands has embraced a legalized and regulated framework, Indonesia's legal landscape remains silent on the matter. The study also highlights the need for clearer legal provisions in Indonesia and emphasizes the role of medical ethics in shaping the responsibility associated with euthanasia.

Legal Responsibility for Misuse of Restricted Over-The-Counter Medicine Sold by Small Traders

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The purpose of this legal research is to find out about the applications of doctors who perform telemedicine services and to find out the legal protection for doctors who perform telemedicine services. By using normative legal research method, this research uses statute approach and conceptual approach. Based on this research, a conclusion is obtained that refers to Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health, Minister of Health Regulation Number 20 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Telemedicine Services Between Health Service Facilities, and Law Number 29 of 20004 concerning Medical Practice. However, these regulations have not provided legal protection for doctors who perform telemedicine services both in statutory provisions and the medical code of ethics. Legal protection should be provided through a new law on doctors who perform remote virtual services (telemedicine) which contains telemedicine authority so that there are limits to the authority of doctors to perform telemedicine services.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;