Code Of Medical Ethics Research Articles

Optimization of work and rest modes of flight crew members in order to improve flight safety in civil aviation

Introduction. The researchers carried out the analysis of work and rest modes (WRM) according to the survey data of 667 pilots and the results of investigations of 83 aviation accidents (AA) that occurred in the Russian Federation with heavy aircraft (HA) weighing more than 5,700 kg for the period 2010-2021. We also considered the data of official statistics for the period from 2005 to September 2021. The obtained results indicate the facts of non-compliance with the work and rest modes (WRM), which may be one of the causes of aviation accidents (AA). In this regard, it is relevant to optimize the work and rest modes in order to improve flight safety in civil aviation and organize their stricter control. The study aims to assess the impact of the actual compliance with the WRM of the crew members of the Civil Aviation Aircraft (CAA) on the occurrence of aviation accidents and to develop proposals for their optimization and control. Materials and methods. The authors studied a compliance of work and rest modes based on the results of 667 online questionnaires developed on the basis of recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on the introduction of a risk management system in airlines related to pilot fatigue, and data from 83 aviation accidents (AA) for the period from 2010 to 2020, presented in the reports of the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC) on the results of the investigation the causes of their occurrence. When assessing the relevance of the topic, we considered the data of official statistics. Results. The data of the study indicate that in 18% of cases, one of the main causes of AA was non-compliance with WRM. Among the causes of aviation accidents, the following are important: exceeding the norms of flight time for a month (detected in 10% of cases) and for a year (up to 30%); insufficient preflight rest (46.5% of aircraft commanders and 7.4% of co-pilots); lack of full-fledged vacation for a year (32% of cases). In many cases the Researchers revealed several facts of different violations of work and res modes simultaneously. Data of online questionnaire survey confirm the high prevalence of severe fatigue among pilots: 44% rarely have time to rest between flights, 86% go on a night flight shift without having a full day's sleep. We determined the interrelations between the frequency of fatigue of pilots associated with various types of violations of WRM and the risk of air crashes: the prevalence of fatigue and the frequency of disasters increased with a decrease in the duration of pre-flight rest, an increase in vacation arrears and other factors from 1.2 to 2.1 times. Conclusion. The results of the study confirm the high significance of WRM disorders in the occurrence of aviation accidents (AA). The researchers compiled a comprehensive program to reduce accidents in air transport associated with violations of WRM and the development of fatigue among crew members. We have provided proposals to amend the current Regulations on WRM. Ethics. Authors carried out the study in accordance with the International Code of Medical Ethics (1949) and the provisions of the Helsinki Declaration adopted by the World Medical Association (1964). When conducting an online questionnaire survey, before the start of the study, we have introduced all participants with the methodology of its conduct, associated risks and signed an informed voluntary consent.

URGENCY REKAM MEDIK BAGI DOKTER PRAKTEK BERDASARKAN UNDANG –UNDANG NOMOR 29 TAHUN 2004 TENTANG PRAKTEK KEDOKTERAN

Medical records are social data, health demographic data and the results of post-examination doctor diagnoses and complaints faced by patients. So that accuracy, thoroughness and confidentiality become the basis for storing patient data considering the responsibility for medical records. Problems that often arise in the world of health cannot be separated from medical malpractice. Both doctors and hospitals or clinics in defending the operational standards set out in the medical code of ethics usually use medical records as legal evidence in law enforcement processes, medical and dental disciplines as well as medical ethics and dental ethics enforcement. the doctor is a healthy person who is also an expert in the field of disease, while the patient is a sick person who is layman about his illness. In Law Number 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practices, the explanation of Article 46 paragraph (1), what is meant by medical records are files containing notes and documents regarding patient identities, examinations, treatment, actions and other services that have been provided to patients. Because of their ignorance, the patient submits the problem or illness he is suffering to to the doctor for his recovery. The doctor-patient relationship, legally, generally occurs through an agreement or contract. Starting with a question and answer (anamnesis) between the doctor and patient, then followed by a physical examination, finally establishing a diagnosis. Keywords: Doctor, Patient, Hospital

End-of-Life Decisions for Muslims in Albania

This study investigates end-of-life decisions through Islamic and legal comparative approaches by focusing on the Albanian context. The methods applied in this paper are critical legal reasoning and legal comparison. The goal of this research is to review the impact of the Islam legal culture (Qur’an and hadith) on the Albanian law of end-of-life decisions. From a legal approach, this paper underlines the unconstitutionality of the Albanian Code of Medical Ethics. In addition, the review of the Islamic literature on medical jurisprudence demonstrates the attitude of Muslim community regarding end-of-life decisions in addition to scientifically examine the various rules governing end-of-life situations codified in the Islam legal sources by only considering the Qur’an and hadith. This investigation aims to understand the similarities and differences between these two different approaches by also underlying the importance of Islam approach on end-of-life situations on the Albanian legislation.

AS DIRETIVAS ANTECIPADAS DE VONTADE E O FILME MAR ADENTRO: UM DIÁLOGO COM A AUTONOMIA PRIVADA DO INDIVÍDUO

The article deals with the importance of the Advance Will Directives, in the modalities of living will and lasting commandment, as instruments of protection of the right to a dignified death bundled in the autonomy of the patient's will, respecting it in moments when it is impossible to exercise it. there. Therefore, it emphasizes the need for the operator of the law to be connected to medical advances, and provide legal certainty for health professionals not to respond in court, for the results achieved and to enforce the patient's manifestation expressed in any of these documents in view of possible conflicts with the will of the family. Therefore, we defend the need to draw up a public deed in the Notary Public on this expression of will. The revocability of this document was also emphasized, which is limited by the provisions of the Code of Medical Ethics. The method used in this research was the deductive, qualitative one, based on the general premise about the untouchability of the right to life for the absorption of the instrument Anticipated Directives of Will in law, which should bend to the opportunity of paths that lead to the recognition of dignity of the human person, at the end of the patient's life.

Pelepasan Informasi Medis Kepada Pihak Ketiga Di Rumah Sakit (Literature Review)

Medical record information is confidential which must be protected from leakage of data/information in accordance with the medical code of ethics and applicable laws and regulations. The release of medical information must follow the applicable procedures, this aims to protect the hospital from further demands. This study aims to describe the suitability of SOPs for releasing medical information to third parties, types of requests for release of medical information and constraints in releasing medical information using fishbone diagrams. This research is a literature review study using a sample of 11 journals. Search articles using the Google Scholar database. The results of the study found that the percentage of compliance with SOPs for releasing medical information to third parties in hospitals was the percentage of releases that were in accordance with SOPs between 66%-82%, while the precentage that did not match the SOPs was between 18%-34%. The types of requests for release of medical information are for the purposes of visum et repertum, insurance and education. Constraints in releasing medical information to third parties in hospitals using fishbone diagrams are mostly found in Man, especially in patients/patient families do not bring complete requirements.

Ethics and Law.

Ethics and Law.

Medicinska etika i etičke norme

The concept of ethics goes back to the time of Hippocrates, a Greek physician from the 4th century BC. Hippocrates' basic principle was: use or at least do no harm. That principle is the foundation of high ethics, which is reflected in Hippocrates' attitude toward his patients. The interest and well-being of the patient is the primary and main goal of his medical work and efforts. Health professionals most often encounter the Geneva formulation of the Hippocratic Oath. It emphasizes obligations related to the obligation to provide professional assistance, regardless of religious beliefs, racial and class affiliation, and political beliefs, and the obligation that professional knowledge may not be used contrary to the laws of humanity. In addition to the relationship with the patient, the relationship among the doctors is also important. The Geneva Declaration of the World Medical Association binds doctors with the words "The health of my patient will be my first obligation", and the International Code of Medical Ethics declares "A doctor will act only in the patient's interest when he provides the patient with medical care that may lead to his physical and mental weakening. " The significance of the Declaration of Helsinki has been confirmed by the incorporation of its rules into other international and national legal acts, ethical codes, and good clinical practice guidelines. It is not a simple set of ethical principles, but a guide to respect for human rights in performing experiments on humans. Some of the basic rights that the medical profession should ensure to patients are contained in the Lisbon Declaration.

Knowledge, Understanding and Handling of Medicolegal Issues among Different Cadres of Allopathic Practitioners in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Tamil Nadu

Increasing literacy rate, the social exchange of information on various forums, and online readily available data have raised awareness about patients' rights among the public, resulting in more legal suits being registered against the medical fraternity. Nearly one-third (75%) of doctors faced workplace violence at least once in their lifetime in India. Based on this background study has been conducted with the objectives to assess the knowledge and perceptions of the medical code of ethics and standard basic legal fundamentals and to find out the level of understanding on handling different legal situations and medical laws among doctors in a tertiary care institution. An institutionalbased cross-sectional study was conducted. Out of 120 participants, 68 (56.6%) were male and the remaining 52 (43.3%) were females. Nearly half of them were not aware of the importance of consent (49%), and the majority of the participants, 67 (5%) were not aware in which form the consent must be obtained. Overall, 63% of the participants examined the sexual assault cases at least once. Irrespective of the specialty and cadre, allopathic practitioners are grossly deficient in medicolegal knowledge, which is a primary concern and needs to be addressed urgently. It requires regular reinforcement training and workshops to update the medicolegal issues from time to time, at least annually. Concerned National organizations must introduce an accredited certificate course on Basic Medico legal laws (BML) and Advanced Medico legal laws (AML) to make literate doctors in medicolegal laws.

Professional Responsibility of Doctors in a Legal Perspective on Fulfilling Patients’ Health Rights during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic began to enter Indonesia in early 2020, in this case the responsibilities and obligations of doctors are one of the concerns during the pandemic. The responsibility of medicine from a legal perspective is very diverse and implemented in various countries. In Indonesia, to realize the responsibilities, obligations and rights of the medical profession, it can be done through the fulfillment of a code of ethics that needs to be developed in various conditions. This study used a qualitative juridical research model with a review of legal texts and other supporting literature. It is hoped that this research can provide an overview of how the medical profession responds to the phenomenon of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia and the future prospects for professional development and a medical code of ethics.

대한의사협회 의사윤리지침과 미국의사협회 의료윤리규약의 비교·분석

In 2017, the Korean Medical Association (KMA) revised its Code of Ethics and Ethics Guidelines. This study compares the KMA’s Ethics Guidelines with the Code of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association (AMA). This comparison identifies several points in the KMA’s Ethics Guidelines that are in need of further attention and possible revision. In particular, the KMA’s Guidelines should (a) describe the rights of patients prior to explaining the duties of physicians, (b) explicitly state that patients have a right to self-determination, (c) distinguish between informed consent for pediatric versus minor patients, (d) describe the ethical standards for doctors in non-clinical roles, (e) provide guidance for the ethical issues raised in relation to quarantine, and (f) describe ethical standards related to medical testimony. This study also suggests that the KMA should establish a committee to reflect upon and further improve its Ethics Guidelines.

Review of the Professional Ethics of Doctors as Chemical Castration Sanctions in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the view of the medical ethics code regarding the doctor’s profession as the chemical castor of child sexual offenders who has been decided by the court as mandated by Article 82 A paragraph (2) of Law Number 17 of 2016 concerning Child Protection in conjunction with Article 9 of Government Regulation Number 70 of 2020 concerning Procedures for Implementing Chemical Castration, Installing Electronic Detection Devices, Rehabilitation and Announcement of the Identity of Perpetrators of Sexual Violence Against Children. This research is a normative legal research. Based on the results, it is known that theoretically related to the authority of the medical profession as a party ordered by law to carry out the castration process for perpetrators of sexual abuse against children who have been decided by the court is contrary to the principles contained in the medical code of ethics and oaths. doctor, in this case the presence of such a thing makes the doctor feel that he is not doing his profession in accordance with the Code of Medical Ethics which has been agreed upon and highly upholds moral values, one of which is “informed consent” or consent from family or patient. all actions that result in a decrease in the patient’s physical endurance, although not necessarily reduce his psychological endurance. Second, that chemical castration is not a type of medical service but a punishment, so it is not the domain of medical or health personnel to do it.

Sanksi Pidana Terhadap Pelaku Pemalsuan Surat Rapid Test di Masa Pandemi Covid- 19

The outbreak of the Covid-19 virus has caused the Indonesian government to take a serious policy in tackling the spread of this virus by imposing regional restrictions. This policy has led to the falsification of the COVID-19 rapid test certificate and the collection of rapid management fees at inflated prices. The purpose of this study is to uncover the criminal act of counterfeiting a rapid test letter and the legal sanctions for counterfeiting a rapid test letter. This research is a type of normative legal research with statutory law and factual law. Sources of legal materials used in the form of primary and secondary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials in this research is recording and recording which is then analyzed deductively and inductively logic. The results of the study reveal that letter falsification is regulated in Articles 263 to 267 of the Criminal Code, besides that it is also regulated in Article 7 of the medical code of ethics. If the doctor is proven to have committed the falsification himself, then the liability is punishable by a maximum of 4 years and administrative sanctions.

AMA Code of Medical Ethics' Opinions Related to Palliative Surgical Care.

The AMA Code of Medical Ethics offers guidance on the significance of palliative surgical care in Opinion 5.6, "Sedation to Unconsciousness in End-of-Life Care," and Opinion 5.5, "Medically Ineffective Interventions." The American Medical Association's House of Delegates policies further outline ways in which physicians should navigate palliative care intervention through spreading awareness of and advancing research on palliative care and improving reimbursement practices. This article defines palliative care, examines the risks associated with palliative surgery, and discusses AMA Code guidance.

AMA Code of Medical Ethics' Opinions Related to Implantable Devices.

Many US patients will have an implantable device during their lives. The AMA Code of Medical Ethics offers guidance for weighing need for patient-subjects' safety against health care sector demand for innovation.

Applying the code of medical ethics in the context of a pandemic: COVID-19 in Sri Lanka

When thinking of something that would kill millions of people, a pandemic is the greatest risk. The outbreaks hit much harder to the lowerincome nations, given the lack of access to basic health services, health infrastructure, and effective infection control mechanisms. In this context, ethical aspects related to equity in resource allocation, selective vaccination, clinical trials involving human subjects, limitation of personal freedom such as quarantine regulations, and so forth need to be addressed by the healthcare professionals. Therefore, a recognized clinical ethics scheme is imperative to balance individual and population rights during the response to an outbreak.

Current COVID-19 vaccine trials in high-income countries: are placebo-controlled trials ethical?

Current COVID-19 vaccine trials in high-income countries: are placebo-controlled trials ethical?

Doctors Strike During COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia

Doctors Strike During COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia

Medical confidentiality in underage consent sex in Brazil.

This paper is a theoretical discussion that explores medical confidentiality within the context of Brazilian law about underage consent sex. Brazilian law determines that the age of consent for sexual intercourse is 14 years. Before this limit, physicians should report the sexual activity of adolescents, breaking the confidentiality of the consultation. The medical code of ethics prohibits the breach of professional confidentiality of a minor patient, including their parents or legal representatives, unless a lack of disclosure may cause harm to the patient. The legal issue seems to go beyond the ethical issue; however, the breach of confidentiality can cause more risks than benefits by removing these adolescents from health services. The law aims to protect the sexual dignity of teenagers under 14 years old, but the particularities of each case must be considered, and flexibility concerning medical confidentiality should be included.

Structural Justice Ethics in Health Care

Structural Justice Ethics in Health Care

Restrictions of Health Service in Doctor Private Practice During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Covid-19 has a huge impact on medical workers’ existence. They are at the forefront of treating Covid-19 patients. The high mortality rate for medical workers, especially doctors, indicates the need to regulate the doctor’s office so that there is no paralysis of health services during the Covid-19 pandemic. Data on the high mortality rate for health workers, especially doctors, need to get more attention. Besides, the ratio of doctors to the population is essential. The increasing number in doctors’ death rates causes doctors’ ratio to the population to decrease and needs to be anticipated by restricting the practice of private doctors. Restriction of services in private doctor’s practice places will cause the quality and quantity of services to decrease. Legal protection is also needed for doctors to limit their services in practice places. The government issued several legal rules. It was Act Number 36 the Year 2014 on Health Workers Article 57 paragraph (4) and from medical professional organizations to manage the restriction of health services in private practice.Covid-19 pandemichas created a policy in restricting the health services in doctor’s private practice, aiming to reduce the impact of deaths on doctors. This is following the Medical Act and Medical Ethics Code.