Medical Applications Of Nanotechnology Research Articles

Smart Synergy: Harnessing Machine Learning for Advanced Nanotechnology in Healthcare

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative field with immense potential for revolutionizing healthcare by enabling precise diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, and innovative therapeutic approaches. The integration of machine learning (ML) with nanotechnology holds promise in overcoming existing challenges and unlocking new frontiers in personalized medicine and disease management. This paper explores the synergies between machine learning and nextgeneration nanotechnology applications in healthcare. Medical applications of nanotechnology are maturing, but automated composite design faces unique challenges. To realize the full potential of nano-delivery systems and accelerate the development process, new ideas require the use of learning models, although machine learning has made it possible to influence this in the scientific literature.

Surfactant and Block Copolymer Nanostructures: From Design and Development to Nanomedicine Preclinical Studies.

The medical application of nanotechnology in the field of drug delivery has so far exhibited many efforts in treating simple to extremely complicated and life-threatening human conditions, with multiple products already existing in the market. A plethora of innovative drug delivery carriers, using polymers, surfactants and the combination of the above, have been developed and tested pre-clinically, offering great advantages in terms of targeted drug delivery, low toxicity and immune system activation, cellular biomimicry and enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. Furthermore, such artificial systems can be tailor-made with respect to each therapeutic protocol and disease type falling under the scope of personalized medicine. The simultaneous delivery of multiple therapeutic entities of different nature, such as genes and drugs, can be achieved, while novel technologies can offer systems with multiple modalities often combining therapy with diagnosis. In this review, we present prominent, innovative and state-of-the-art scientific efforts on the applications of surfactant-based, polymer-based, and mixed surfactant-polymer nanoparticle drug formulations intended for use in the medical field and in drug delivery. The materials used, formulation steps, nature, properties, physicochemical characteristics, characterization techniques and pharmacokinetic behavior of those systems, are presented extensively in the length of this work. The material presented is focused on research projects that are currently in the developmental, pre-clinical stage.

Nanomedicine in the Face of Parkinson's Disease: From Drug Delivery Systems to Nanozymes.

The complexity and overall burden of Parkinson's disease (PD) require new pharmacological approaches to counteract the symptomatology while reducing the progressive neurodegeneration of affected dopaminergic neurons. Since the pathophysiological signature of PD is characterized by the loss of physiological levels of dopamine (DA) and the misfolding and aggregation of the alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein, new proposals seek to restore the lost DA and inhibit the progressive damage derived from pathological α-syn and its impact in terms of oxidative stress. In this line, nanomedicine (the medical application of nanotechnology) has achieved significant advances in the development of nanocarriers capable of transporting and delivering basal state DA in a controlled manner in the tissues of interest, as well as highly selective catalytic nanostructures with enzyme-like properties for the elimination of reactive oxygen species (responsible for oxidative stress) and the proteolysis of misfolded proteins. Although some of these proposals remain in their early stages, the deepening of our knowledge concerning the pathological processes of PD and the advances in nanomedicine could endow for the development of potential treatments for this still incurable condition. Therefore, in this paper, we offer: (i) a brief summary of the most recent findings concerning the physiology of motor regulation and (ii) the molecular neuropathological processes associated with PD, together with (iii) a recapitulation of the current progress in controlled DA release by nanocarriers and (iv) the design of nanozymes, catalytic nanostructures with oxidoreductase-, chaperon, and protease-like properties. Finally, we conclude by describing the prospects and knowledge gaps to overcome and consider as research into nanotherapies for PD continues, especially when clinical translations take place.

Silver and Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Gold Nanoparticles Modulate the Metabolism of a Model Human Gut Bacterium Lactobacillus casei.

Medical applications of nanotechnology are promising in creating efficient and targeted therapies. However, so far, nanodrug design has not taken into consideration possible effects on human microbiota. The beneficial functions of bacteria could be stimulated by nanodrugs while negative effects on beneficial bacteria could cause risks to human health. Here, simulated intestinal fluid (IF) was optimized for culturing a human commensal and probiotic bacterial strain, Lactobacillus casei, to study the effects of medically relevant NPs—Ag and hyaluronic acid-coated Au NPs (HA-Au NPs)—in conditions pertinent to the gastrointestinal tract. When cultivated either aerobically or anaerobically, the specific growth rates of L. casei were ~0.2 h−1 in IF and ~0.4 h−1 in the standard medium of lactobacilli (MRS). Ag NPs inhibited the growth of L. casei in IF at lower concentrations (EC50 ~ 65 and 15 mg/L in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively) than in MRS (EC50 > 100 mg/L), likely caused by differences in the composition of the two media and different intrinsic growth rates of bacteria in IF and MRS. Ag NP dissolution in IF and MRS did not explain the differences in growth inhibition, implying NP-specific effects. HA-Au NPs were not growth-inhibitory to L. casei up to 250 mg/L. Still, both NPs at sub-growth-inhibitory concentrations suppressed the expression of bacteriocin genes in L. casei, suggesting an inhibitory effect of NPs on the probiotic properties of L. casei, i.e., its competitiveness in microbial communities. However, HA-Au NPs did not appear to affect or even stimulated the immunomodulatory properties of L. casei in human intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, medically relevant NPs at low, sub-bacteriostatic levels can affect the metabolism of beneficial human bacteria and potentially induce changes in the microbiota and immune signaling.

AI and Nanotechnology for Healthcare: A survey

AI is today's wave of technology, and it caters to various problems. One of them is Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is another thread of technology. The use of nanotechnology is well known, including in the health sector, cosmetic industry, and agriculture. The role of AI in healthcare is broad, from detecting lung disease to skin analysis. This study aims to explore healthcare possibilities by integrating AI and nanotechnology. The method of applying nanotechnology in the health sector uses a Nanomedicine Microscope. Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology used to diagnose, monitor, and control biological systems. Therefore, the author uses the Nanomedicine Microscope as the object in this study because the wonders of nanotechnology in various operations are also well established. The novelty in this paper focuses on AI and Nanotechnology together as possibilities for healthcare. AI and nanotechnology are two critical technologies. The ultimate goal is to integrate the uses and possibilities of these two technologies and do wonders in the healthcare domain. This study will benefit those working in AI and medicine. Nanotechnology integrating AI technology into the medical industry enables many conveniences, including task automation and analyzing large amounts of patient data for better, faster, and more affordable healthcare.

Advanced Nanosystems for Clinical Translation

Advanced Nanosystems for Clinical Translation

Recent Advances in Nanomedicine for the Diagnosis and Therapy of Liver Fibrosis.

Liver fibrosis, a reversible pathological process of inflammation and fiber deposition caused by chronic liver injury and can cause severe health complications, including liver failure, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Traditional diagnostic methods and drug-based therapy have several limitations, such as lack of precision and inadequate therapeutic efficiency. As a medical application of nanotechnology, nanomedicine exhibits great potential for liver fibrosis diagnosis and therapy. Nanomedicine enhances imaging contrast and improves tissue penetration and cellular internalization; it simultaneously achieves targeted drug delivery, combined therapy, as well as diagnosis and therapy (i.e., theranostics). In this review, recent designs and development efforts of nanomedicine systems for the diagnosis, therapy, and theranostics of liver fibrosis are introduced. Relative to traditional methods, these nanomedicine systems generally demonstrate significant improvement in liver fibrosis treatment. Perspectives and challenges related to these nanomedicine systems translated from laboratory to clinical use are also discussed.

Tumor Microenvironment-Activated and Viral-Mimicking Nanodrugs Driven by Molecular Precise Recognition for dNTP Inhibition-Induced Synergistic Cancer Therapy.

The medical application of nanotechnology is promising for cancer chemotherapy. However, most of the small-molecule drug assemblies still have such disadvantages as serious drug leakage and nonideal synergistic mechanisms, resulting in undesired therapeutic effect. Both nucleoside analogue-based clofarabine (CA) and methotrexate (MTX) were used as the first-line anticancer medication. However, a single-agent chemotherapy still faced many challenges including low bioavailability and toxic side effects to normal tissues due to nonspecific biodistribution of drugs. Herein, we designed and fabricated novel viral-mimicking and carry-free nanodrugs (CA-MTX NPs) via molecular recognition-driven precise self-assembly between CA and MTX. After introduction of mild acid-responsive PEG-lipid on the surface of CA-MTX NPs, the synthetic nanodrugs with a diameter of ∼150 nm exhibited tumor microenvironment-activated characteristics and self-targeting property. The results suggested that our nanodrugs could achieve superior tumor accumulation and synergistically promote the tumor suppression by collaboratively inhibiting dNTP pools. We foresaw that the well-designed smart nanodrugs delivery system would open a new avenue in synergistic cancer therapeutics.

Nanomedical detection and downstream analysis of circulating tumor cells in head and neck patients

The establishment of novel biomarkers in liquid biopsies of cancer patients has come more into focus in prognostic and diagnostic research efforts. Due to their prognostic relevance disseminated tumor cells or circulating tumor cells are the subject of intensive research and are discussed as early diagnostic indicators for treatment failure and the formation of micrometastases. A potential association of this early-systemic tumor component with poor prognosis of cancer patients could be already demonstrated for various entities including breast, colon, lung, melanoma, ovarian and prostate cancers. Thus, the detection of circulating tumor cells seems to be also applicable for minimal-invasive monitoring of therapy progress in head and neck cancer patients. A major problem of the use in clinical routine is that circulating tumor cells could not be detected by modern imaging techniques. To overcome these limitations highly sensitive detection methods and techniques for their molecular characterization are urgently needed allowing mechanistic understanding and targeting of circulating tumor cells. Especially the medical application of nanotechnology (nanomedical methods) has made valuable contributions to the field. Here, we want to provide a comprehensive overview on (nanomedical) detection methods for circulating tumor cells and discuss their merits, pitfalls and future perspectives especially for head and neck solid squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients.

Radionanomedicine: Combined Nuclear and Nanomedicine

D.S. Lee (ed.) Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG, 2018, 446 pages, $159.99 Nuclear medicine is practiced every day in the clinic by nuclear physicians in collaboration with nuclear biologists, chemists, and physicists. Nanomedicine is a medical application of nanotechnology

Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Distribution and Permeability of Nanomedicine.

Medical application of nanotechnology is termed as Nanomedicine and is widely used in healthcare industries. Nanotechnology has helped Physicians, Scientists and Technologists to understand the changes in cellular levels to develop nanomedicines and address the challenges faced by the healthcare sectors. Nanoparticles with less than 1nm in size have been used as drug delivery and gene delivery systems to accelerate the drug action in humans. Size of nanomaterials is akin to that of biomolecules and expected to have better interactions. Hence, its utility for various biomedical applications is explored. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, permeability, distribution and elimination studies of nanoparticles are essential to understand its potency, toxicity threshold and confirm its safe use in humans. Reports were available for toxicity studies on nanoparticles, but work on metabolism, pharmacokinetics, distribution and permeability of nanomedicine is limited. Hence, the main focus of this review article is about metabolism, pharmacokinetics, permeability and biodistribution of nanomaterials used in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine is increasingly becoming important in the treatment of diseases and diagnosis. Size of the particle plays an important role. As the particle size decreases its effect to cure the disease increases. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, half-life, metabolism, biodistribution and permeability of nanomedicine were found to be better than that of microsized drugs. In vitro and In vivo ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) studies are mandatory for pharmaceutical organic drugs. Similarly, nanomaterials should be subjected to both in vitro and in vivo ADME studies. Thus, nanomedicine can assist in the development of safe personalized medicine in humans.

Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide liposome as a novel strategy for stimulating an efficient immune response and their effects on dendritic cells.

Nanomedicine, the medical application of nanotechnology, promises a seemingly limitless range of applications from drug delivery to adjuvants and therapeutics. Our current research is focused on natural polymer-based liposome adjuvants. With the aim of inducing protective and long-lasting immunity, the immunological adjuvant activity of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide liposome (RGPL) was investigated. In vivo, the splenic lymphocyte proliferation ratios and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin G titers of ovalbumin-RGPL-vaccinated mice were significantly upregulated. In draining lymph nodes, the expression of MHC II+CD11c+ and CD86+CD11c+ was increased by RGPL; in addition, the percentages of central memory cells (TCM) and effector memory cells (TEM) were also elevated. RGPL could effectively provide adequate antigen exposure in lymph nodes. In vitro, RGPL could promote dendritic cell maturation and enhance dendritic cell functions, such as the mixed lymphocyte reaction and antigen presentation. Overall, the results demonstrated that RGPL has the potential to act as an effective controlled release vaccine adjuvant.

Medical applications of nanotechnology.

Nanotechnologies are new areas of research focusing on affecting matter at the atomic and molecular levels. It is beyond doubt that modern medicine can benefit greatly from it; thus nanomedicine has become one of the main branches of nanotechnological research. Currently it focuses on developing new methods of preventing, diagnosing and treating various diseases. Nanomaterials show very high efficiency in destroying cancer cells and are already undergoing clinical trials. The results are so promising that nanomaterials might become an alternative to traditional cancer therapy, mostly due to the fact that they allow cancer cells to be targeted specifically and enable detailed imaging of tissues, making planning further therapy much easier. Nanoscience might also be a source of the needed breakthrough in the fight against atherosclerosis, since nanostructures may be used in both preventing and increasing the stability of atherosclerotic lesions. One area of interest is creating nanomaterials that are not only efficient, but also well tolerated by the human body. Other potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine include: nanoadjuvants with immunomodulatory properties used to deliver vaccine antigens; the nano-knife, an almost non-invasive method of destroying cancer cells with high voltage electricity; and carbon nanotubes, which are already a popular way of repairing damaged tissues and might be used to regenerate nerves in the future. The aim of this article is to outline the potential uses of nanotechnology in medicine. Original articles and reviews have been used to present the new developments and directions of studies.

Defining Nano, Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine: Why Should It Matter?

Nanotechnology, which involves manipulation of matter on a 'nano' scale, is considered to be a key enabling technology. Medical applications of nanotechnology (commonly known as nanomedicine) are expected to significantly improve disease diagnostic and therapeutic modalities and subsequently reduce health care costs. However, there is no consensus on the definition of nanotechnology or nanomedicine, and this stems from the underlying debate on defining 'nano'. This paper aims to present the diversity in the definition of nanomedicine and its impact on the translation of basic science research in nanotechnology into clinical applications. We present the insights obtained from exploratory qualitative interviews with 46 stakeholders involved in translational nanomedicine from Europe and North America. The definition of nanomedicine has implications for many aspects of translational research including: fund allocation, patents, drug regulatory review processes and approvals, ethical review processes, clinical trials and public acceptance. Given the interdisciplinary nature of the field and common interest in developing effective clinical applications, it is important to have honest and transparent communication about nanomedicine, its benefits and potential harm. A clear and consistent definition of nanomedicine would significantly facilitate trust among various stakeholders including the general public while minimizing the risk of miscommunication and undue fear of nanotechnology and nanomedicine.

Microfluidics in Nanomedicine

Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology for the treatment and prevention of major ailments, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Despite the progress and potential of nanomedicines, many such materials fail to reach clinical trials due to critical challenges that include poor reproducibility in high-volume production that have led to failure in animal studies and clinical trials. Recent approaches using microfluidic technology have provided emerging platforms with great potential to accelerate the clinical translation of nanomedicine. Microfluidic technologies for nanomedicine development are reviewed in this chapter, together with a detailed discussion of microfluidic assembly, characterization and evaluation of nanomedicine, and a description of current challenges and future prospects. Keywords: microfluidics; nanotechnology; nanomedicine; biomimetic microsystem; clinical translation

Soft matter assemblies as nanomedicine platforms for cancer chemotherapy: a journey from market products towards novel approaches.

The current review aims to outline the likely medical applications of nanotechnology and the potential of the emerging field of nanomedicine. Nanomedicine can be defined as the investigation area encompassing the design of diagnostics and therapeutics at the nanoscale, including nanobots, nanobiosensors, nanoparticles and other nanodevices, for the remediation, prevention and diagnosis of a variety of illnesses. The ultimate goal of nanomedicine is to improve patient quality-of-life. Because nanomedicine includes the rational design of an enormous number of nanotechnology-based products focused on miscellaneous diseases, a variety of nanomaterials can be employed. Therefore, this review will focus on recent advances in the manufacture of soft matterbased nanomedicines specifically designed to improve diagnostics and cancer chemotherapy efficacy. It will be particularly highlighted liposomes, polymer-drug conjugates, drug-loaded block copolymer micelles and biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, emphasizing the current investigations and potential novel approaches towards overcoming the remaining challenges in the field as well as formulations that are in clinical trials and marketed products.

A Comprehensive Advancement on Nanomedicines along with its various Biomedical Applications

Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine is defined as the monitoring, repair, construction and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials to nanoelectronic biosensors and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology. The aim of nanomedicine is the improvement of healthcare for the benefit of the patient. Nanomedicine is an important and rapidly growing field, which is emerging from the on of these application of nanotechnology to healthcare. The generally recognized categories include diagnostics, imaging, medical devices, drug discovery, drug delivery and regenerative medicine. Nanomedicine can offer impressive resolutions for various life threatening diseases. Disease areas which can be expected to benefit most from nanotechnology within the next few years are cancer, diseases of the cardiovascular system, the lungs, blood, neurological (especially neurodegenerative) diseases, diabetes, inflammatory/infectious diseases, Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease and orthopaedic problem.

Nanomedicine: How close are we to the ……. Dream?

Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials to Nano-electronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology. Nanomedicine seeks to deliver a valuable set of research tools and clinically useful devices in the future. The present article describes about the different types of nanoparticles and their applications in the field of future medicine and dentistry.

Emerging Trends in Medical Diagnosis: A Thrust on Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of material on an atomic and molecular scale; by changing its physical, chemical and biological properties to produce novel materials, devices, and systems. Nanomaterials exhibit remarkable characteristics such as high surface to volume ratio, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility which make them suitable for various biomedical applications. Nanotechnology have prospective to improve the whole healthcare process for patient; starts from diagnosis to treatment and follow-up monitoring. Medical diagnosis based on nanotechnology provides two major advantages: rapid testing and early diagnosis. The potential contributions of c in the medical diagnosis are extremely broad and improve traditional diagnostic tools and methods in the field of clinical diagnosis, imaging and electro- diagnosis. Emerging modalities such as biochip, microarray, nanobarcode, micro-electromechanical systems, lab on chip and nanobiosensor have revolutionized the field of medical diagnosis. Nanoscale materials and nano-enabled techniques are used for diagnosis of various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, infectious disease, musculoskeletal and neurodegenerative disease etc. Among all medical applications of nanotechnology, nanobiosensor especially enzyme nanobiosensor are sensitive, reliable, robust, reproducible and cost effective diagnostic tool to meet the requirements of healthcare.

Focus on the development of computer-aided nanomedicine design

Background Nanomedicines, mainly nanoparticle-based drug products, are emerging as novel medical applications of nanotechnology [1]. The various types of targeted and nontargeted nanomedicines that have been developed are polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanogels and carbon nanotubes [1–3]. There are many definitions available for the nanoparticles present in nanomedicines. For pharmaceutical applications: “nanoparticles are colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm (1 μm), they consist of macromolecular materials in which the active principle (drug and/or diagnostic material) is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated and/or to which the active principle is adsorbed or conjugated” [2–5]. Excluding the effects of the drug encapsulated in the nanomedicine, the structure and properties of the nanomedicine itself play a significant role in the in vivo effects. In some cases, these effects of the drug are influenced by the structure and properties of nanomedicines. Therefore, researchers are focusing on the development of computer-aided nanomedicine design (CAND) to predict the structure and properties of nanomedicines in biological responses. The development of molecular descriptors (e.g., structural parameters that determine the biological activity of a nanomedicine) for nanomedicines and their feedback from toxicological and pharmacological studies will lead to the design of newer nanomedicines for therapeutic use. Recently, some work has supported the development of CAND (e.g., nano-quantitative structure–activity relationship [QSAR], docking techniques) [6]. The applications of CAND will describe the interaction between nanomedicines and biological interfaces. Nano-QSAR