Abstract
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of material on an atomic and molecular scale; by changing its physical, chemical and biological properties to produce novel materials, devices, and systems. Nanomaterials exhibit remarkable characteristics such as high surface to volume ratio, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility which make them suitable for various biomedical applications. Nanotechnology have prospective to improve the whole healthcare process for patient; starts from diagnosis to treatment and follow-up monitoring. Medical diagnosis based on nanotechnology provides two major advantages: rapid testing and early diagnosis. The potential contributions of c in the medical diagnosis are extremely broad and improve traditional diagnostic tools and methods in the field of clinical diagnosis, imaging and electro- diagnosis. Emerging modalities such as biochip, microarray, nanobarcode, micro-electromechanical systems, lab on chip and nanobiosensor have revolutionized the field of medical diagnosis. Nanoscale materials and nano-enabled techniques are used for diagnosis of various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, infectious disease, musculoskeletal and neurodegenerative disease etc. Among all medical applications of nanotechnology, nanobiosensor especially enzyme nanobiosensor are sensitive, reliable, robust, reproducible and cost effective diagnostic tool to meet the requirements of healthcare.
Highlights
Diagnosis of a suspected disease is one of the most critical steps in healthcare and medicine
Forthcoming years, nanotechnology will continue to evolve and expand in many areas of human life and its achievements will be applied in medical sciences for diagnosis and patient treatment
Nanotechnology has revolutionary opportunities to fight against many diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases; as well as identifying the microorganisms and viruses associated with infections
Summary
Diagnosis of a suspected disease is one of the most critical steps in healthcare and medicine. The basic requirements for an enzymatic nanobiosensor are: (1) an enzyme which acts on its substrate to produce a molecule which is capable of being reduced or oxidized at an electrode surface; (ii) a immobilization technique for the enzyme to ensure close proximity of enzyme to the electrode which retains the functionality of the enzyme; (iii) an electronic system proficient in controlling the potential of the electrode and measuring the current produced in the redox reaction. Disposable screen-printed strips are commonly used by diabetic patients for self-monitoring of blood glucose levels Such fabrication method offers mass production of really inexpensive and hitherto highly reproducible enzyme biosensor
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