Mediator Of Relationship Research Articles

Pengaruh Kualitas Layanan Terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan yang Dimediasi oleh Kepuasan Pelanggan pada Sales Person Dealer Honda Studi WOM Cabang Jatibarang

WOM Finance is one of the multi-finance companies in Indonesia whose growth continues to increase. To be able to survive in the increasing competition in the field of financing services, Wom Finance continues to improve service quality which is expected to provide satisfaction value for customers and impact on customer loyalty to continue using financing services from Wom Finance. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the effect of service quality variables on customer loyalty mediated by customer satisfaction with a focus study on sales persons at Honda dealers in collaboration with the Jatibarang branch of Wom Finance. The number of respondents in this study were 73 respondents. The analysis technique used in this study is Path Analysis. The results of the analysis show that service quality has a positive effect on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, customer satisfaction has a positive effect on customer loyalty but is not proven to have a positive effect on mediation relationships. The results of this study are expected to be a reference for Wom Finance and for companies in similar fields so that they are able to maintain and always improve service quality so that it has an impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty.”

SUFFICIENCY OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN SME: EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

Objective: This research aimed to explore the concept of sustainable competitive advantage concept in small medium-sized enterprise (SME) with collaborative capability and entrepreneur resilience as a mediating variable. It examined the relationship between human capital owned by entrepreneurs and sustainable competitive advantage with a focus on the woven sector, one of the largest tourism-supporting sectors in Bali. Method: entrprenereurs of SMEs in Bali, Indonesia completed 333 surveys, with each construct measured using an adopted and modified scale from existing studies. Additional analyses were performed on the collected data using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS_SEM) software. These analyses included regression, factor analysis, structural equation modelling with the boostrapping technique, reliability, validity, mediation and model fit indicates. Result: The results showed that the human capital of the entrepreneurs, which consisted of education and experience, cannot be a source of sustainable competitive advantage in SME due to low education levels and minimal experience in managing businesses. On the other hand, collaborative capability is one of capabilities needed to achieve sustainable competitive advantage because it helps overcome resource limitations and internal capability by collaborating with external parties. Furthermore, another dynamic capability needed is entrepreneur resilience which can help in dealing with environmental turbulence. This research further supports this assertion by showing a full mediation relationship, implying that the human capital of entrepreneurs is insufficient for SME to attain sustainable competitive advantage, necessitating collaborative capability and entrepreneur resilience as a mediating factor to achieve this objective.

Relations Between Posttraumatic Growth and Fear of Progression Among Young and Middle-Aged Primary Brain Tumor Patients: The Parallel Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support and Illness Uncertainty

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of perceived social support and illness uncertainty in posttraumatic growth (PTG) and fear of progression (FoP) among young and middle-aged primary brain tumor (PBT) patients. A total of 252 young and middle-aged benign PBT patients were investigated. Data were collected by using self-designed general and disease-related data questionnaires, PTG Inventory, FoP Questinaire-Short Form, Mischel Uncertainty in Illness Scale, and Perceived Social Support Scale. Parallel mediation effect models were used to explore the relationship between PTG and FoP mediation effects. Bootstrap analysis was conducted to examine the mediation effect of PTG on FoP. The total FoP and PTG scores were 35.15±4.85 and 55.04±7.86. Furthermore, mediation effect analyses revealed that perceived social support and illness uncertainty were partially associated with the mediated relationship between PTG and FoP. (std.β=-0.026, P-value=0.001, std. β=-0.393, P value ＜0.001, respectively). Illness uncertainty and perceived social support were identified as partially parallel mediators between PTG and FoP. Thus, we should ensure adequate social support and improve the enthusiasm and input of family members for better patient recovery. Strengthening the nursing support, reducing the uncertainty of young and middle-aged PBT patients, and improving the patients' PTG can help reduce the fear of disease progression.

Analysis of the Mediating Effect of Macroeconomic Factors on the Relationship between Dividend Policy and Stock Return in Nairobi Securities Exchange in Kenya

Stock Indices are designed to gauge market performance and guide investors in making investment decisions, especially in stock portfolio mix and management. Dividend Policy is an important finance function; organizations need to decide how to distribute dividends and how much dividends to retain and be ploughed back into the business. Between 2009 and 2018, the Nairobi Securities Exchange depicted erratic performance in making investment decisions during the financial crisis and volatility of the securities exchange. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the mediating role of macroeconomic factors on the relationship between dividend policy and stock return in Nairobi Securities Exchange to help investors make decisions amidst the erratic performance of the burse. The study employed longitudinal times series study regression analysis and used structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess mediation relationships. Results revealed that macroeconomic factors mediate the relationship between dividend policy and stock return; interest rate fully mediates the relationship between dividend per share, payout ratio, and stock return (p=0.00) and partially mediates the relationship between dividend yield and stock return (P=0.00). Inflation fully mediates the relationship between dividend per share, payout ratio, and stock return (p=0.00) and partially mediates the relationship between dividend yield and stock return (p=0.00). Gross Domestic Product does not mediate the relationship between dividend yield, payout ratio, dividend per share, and stock return (p= 0.76), (p=0.91) and (p=0.90), respectively.

Does school climate matter in cyberbullying behaviour among high school student? A mediation and moderation analysis

Information technology development has had positive and negative impacts on the education sector. One of the negative impacts is the emergence of new bullying behaviour by utilizing information technology online or cyberbullying behaviour. Previous studies have examined that cyberbullying is often associated with school climate, psychological capital, and social media addiction. However, until now, limited studies still discuss mediation and moderation relationships between school climate factors, psychological capital, social media addiction, and student cyberbullying behaviour. This study involved 384 high school students from six public and private high schools in Magelang, Indonesia. The study's results explain that cyberbullying behaviour is influenced by school climate and students' psychological capital. Psychological capital is positively influenced by school climate. In addition, psychological capital has successfully mediated the effects of school climate on high school students' cyberbullying behaviour. And finally, social media addiction is proven to moderate the effects of school climate and high school students' cyberbullying behaviour.

An effect of dynamic logistics capabilities on courier’s business performance

Courier companies face environmental challenges influenced by the development of e-commerce businesses, demanding high service quality and reliability in meeting consumer demand. Courier companies demand to<br />immediately adjust company strategies to be able to survive in competitive market conditions, the only way is to continue to keep dynamic on internal capability. This study develops and tests a model of the relationship between dynamic logistic capabilities, environmental turbulence, and business performance. As quantitative research, a survey was used to collect data. A sample of 70 valid answers from courier company members of the Association of Indonesian Express Delivery, Postal, and Logistics Services Companies(ASPERINDO) was treated through the Partial Least Square (PLS) method. The research results show a full mediation relationship between dynamic logistics capability and business performance, given the proportion of the impact of dynamic logistics capabilities on business performance (72.7%) identified in this study. As a result, the main result points out that the positive correlation between dynamic logistics capabilities and business performance strengthens the relationship evidence in the literature that dynamic logistics capabilities contribute to business performance, that is, sales growth, delivery reliability and security.

Knowledge-enhancing HR practices and sustainable competitive advantage: the mediating role of intellectual capital in knowledge-based firms

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between knowledge-enhancing HR practices, intellectual capital and sustainable competitive advantage in knowledge-based firms.Design/methodology/approachA quantitative approach was used to conduct the present study. The respondents were sampled from knowledge-based firms in Iran. Overall, 320 managers in 157 firms were selected using convenience sampling. A structural equation model was employed for testing the hypotheses.FindingsThe study confirmed that knowledge-enhancing human resource (HR) practices established a very strong connection with intellectual capital. The results further disclosed a positive relationship between intellectual capital and firms' competitive advantage. A mediated relationship between knowledge-enhancing HR practices and firms' competitive advantage through intellectual capital was also affirmed.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was conducted in knowledge-based firms in Iran, which limits the generalizability of the research findings. Therefore, future studies should be carried out with samples from other contexts. Moreover, as the study was cross-sectional, the causal relationships could not be inferred directly.Practical implicationsThe paper underscored the importance of intellectual capital in improving knowledge-enhancing HR practices and firms' competitive advantage. It suggests to human resource managers to make the organizational arrangements to design knowledge-enhancing HR practices, thereby developing the intellectual capital that brings competitive advantage to knowledge-based firms.Originality/valueThe results of this study contribute to advance research on the intellectual capital literature by trying to explain how intellectual capital as a mediator variable can influence the relationship between knowledge-enhancing HR practices and sustainable competitive advantage.

Joint transcriptomic and cytometric study of children with peanut allergy reveals molecular and cellular cross talk in reaction thresholds

BackgroundReaction thresholds in peanut allergy are highly variable. Elucidating causal relationships between molecular and cellular processes associated with variable thresholds could point to therapeutic pathways for raising thresholds. ObjectiveTo characterize molecular and cellular systemic processes associated with reaction threshold in peanut allergy and causal relationships between them. Methods105 children ages 4 to 14 years with suspected peanut allergy underwent double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges to peanut. The cumulative peanut protein quantity eliciting allergic symptoms was considered the reaction threshold for each child. Peripheral blood samples collected at 0, 2, and 4 hours after challenge start were used for RNA sequencing, whole blood staining, and cytometry. Statistical and network analyses were performed to identify associations and causal mediation between the molecular and cellular profiles and peanut reaction threshold. ResultsWithin the cohort (n=105), 81 (77%) experienced allergic reactions after ingesting varying quantities of peanut, ranging from 43 to 9043 mg cumulative peanut protein. Peripheral blood expression of transcripts (e.g., IGF1R, FDR=5.4e-5 and PADI4, FDR=5.4e-5) and neutrophil abundance (FDR=9.5e-4) were associated with peanut threshold. Co-expression network analyses revealed that the threshold-associated transcripts were enriched in modules for FcγR-mediated phagocytosis (FDR=3.2e-3) and TLR (FDR=1.4e-3) signaling. Bayesian network, key driver, and causal mediation analyses identified key drivers (AP5B1, KLHL21, VASP, TPD52L2 and IGF2R) within these modules involved in bi-directional causal mediation relationships with neutrophil abundance. ConclusionKey driver transcripts in FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and TLR signaling bi-directionally interact with neutrophils in peripheral blood and are associated with reaction threshold in peanut allergy.

A preliminary investigation of the mediating roles of self-compassion and emotion dysregulation in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive behaviors.

Recent research has highlighted an association between maladaptive perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. The primary aim of this preliminary study was to investigate whether self-compassion and emotion dysregulation independently mediated this relationship. The secondary aim was to determine whether serial mediation existed between these factors. Whether these relations held for overall obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, versus distinct dimensions of OCD, was also of interest. Three hundred and ninety-two university students (Mage = 21.81, SD = 8.01), predominantly female (79.18%), participated in an online questionnaire that included a dimensional measure of OCD. Scales assessing maladaptive perfectionism, self-compassion, emotion dysregulation, and negative emotion states were also included. Greater maladaptive perfectionism was related to more severe OCD. Emotion dysregulation, but not self-compassion, independently mediated this relationship. A serial mediation relationship was found, in that greater maladaptive perfectionism was associated with lower self-compassion, which was linked to greater emotion dysregulation, and in turn related to more severe OC behaviors. In addition, distinct patterns emerged for separate OC dimensions. These findings highlight emotion regulation and self-compassion as potential targets for OCD prevention, especially in individuals with symptoms in the symmetry and unacceptable thoughts dimensions.

Primäremotionen und Bindung bei psychischer Störung.

921 subjects (69.9 % female) were examined, who completed the questionnaires Brief Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales including a LUST Scale, Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised 8, and ICD-10 Symptom Rating online. A path analysis was conducted to evaluate the mediation effects of attachment anxiety. A disease-specific pattern of direct associations between primary emotions, attachment anxiety, and psychological impairment emerged (all p < .01). Attachment exerted mediating effects primarily for SADNESS (p < .01), and to a lesser extent for LUST and CARE (p > .01).The model provided variance resolution ranging from7%(eating disorders) to 47%(depression). The results demonstrate the relevance of affective explanations regarding the development of psychological symptoms, as well as therapeutic implications.

Overall team justice and psychological strain: A daily diary study.

Drawing on the relational and uncertainty models of justice, this research investigates the consequences of daily overall team justice perceptions on employees' daily psychological strain. Specifically, we examine daily psychological safety as a mediator of the relationship between daily overall team justice evaluations and daily psychological strain. We also argue that daily overall supervisor justice moderates this mediated relationship. Using a daily diary study over 10 consecutive working days, our results confirm that daily team justice reduces employees' daily psychological strain. In addition, our findings provide evidence that daily psychological safety mediates the effects of daily justice perceptions on daily psychological strain. Results also show that the relationship between daily overall team justice and daily psychological safety is moderated by overall supervisor justice, thereby complementing the target similarity model.

Common Social and Health Disparities Contribute to Racial Differences in Ambulatory Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis.

We previously reported more rapid accrual of ambulatory impairments in Black compared to White individuals with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and higher body mass index (BMI). Hypertension and lower neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) were associated with greater impairment, irrespective of race. We hypothesize that these common social and health inequities may explain a substantial portion of the racial differences in ambulation in American individuals with RRMS. Causal mediation analyses investigated baseline and change-over-time mediators of ambulatory impairment differences between 1795 Black and White individuals with RRMS using a retrospective cohort study comprised of electronic health record data from 8491 clinical encounters between 2008 and 2015 where Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW) speeds without assistive devices were recorded. The hypothesis was that BMI, neighborhood SES, and hypertension were possible mediators. At baseline, Black individuals with RRMS (n = 175) had significantly slower T25FW speeds (5.78 vs 5.27 ft/s), higher BMI, a higher prevalence of hypertension, and they were more likely to live in lower-income neighborhoods than White individuals (n = 1,620). At baseline, a significant proportion (33.7%; 95% CI, 18.9%-59.4%) of the T25FW difference between Black and White individuals was indirectly due to a higher BMI (12.5%), hypertension burden (9.5%), and living in lower-income neighborhoods (11.2%). Once baseline mediation relationships were accounted for, there were no significant longitudinal mediation relationships. The findings implicate social and health disparities as prominent drivers of ambulatory differences between Black and White individuals with RRMS, suggesting that wellness and health promotion are essential components of MS care, particularly for Black individuals.

Nostalgia as a psychological phenomenon: Theoretical review of the research

The paper presents a theoretical review of research on the phenomenon of nostalgia — its essential characteristics, behavioural patterns; and identifies situational contexts that are most relevant to nostalgic experiences and approaches to the categorisation of nostalgia as a state and as a trait (proneness); considers the links and relations of nostalgia with various psychological constructs. Based on previous studies, a generalization of the functions of nostalgia has been carried out, among which we can emphasise both the functions common to mental states — integration, reflection, energetic, development, and specific ones — protective, anticipatory and, complementing reality. The approaches to the study of the place of nostalgia in the system of mental phenomena are analyzed: in a number of personal characteristics, in connections and relationships with cognitive functions. The article emphasizes the importance of situational context for the study of nostalgia, since the parameters of the situation can be triggers of nostalgia, actualizing its energy, protective and resource functions. The article emphasizes the importance of situational context for the study of nostalgia, since the parameters of the situation can be triggers of nostalgia, actualising its energetic, protective and resource functions. Factors mediating the effectiveness of nostalgia interventions are considered, such as personality traits (the Big Five and the Dark Triad). The specific nature of situations that evoke nostalgic experiences — the situation of isolation associated with physical, territorial or social limitations — has been identified. The conducted analysis allows us to define nostalgia as an integrative mental state, situationally determined, associated with changes in the individual’s life space, with internal experiences reflected in the person’s perception of the situation, influencing resilience and subjective well-being through a mediated relationship with individual characteristics. Despite a relatively large number of studies, the effects of nostalgia on individuals’ psychological well-being and resilience remain insufficiently understood and require further research using observational (including longitudinal) and experimental designs, and samples selected according to different criteria, particularly those in situations of isolation.

The effect of social media and electronic word of mouth on trust and loyalty: Evidence from generation Z in coffee industry

Coffee shops have now evolved into an integral part of the modern lifestyle embraced by today's youth, especially by Generation Z. This study aims to understand the role of technology, specifically through Social Media Usage (SMU) and Electronic Word-Of Mouth (eWOM), and how trust as a mediator affects purchase intention and subsequently impacts customer loyalty. This study involved 282 respondents from diverse backgrounds. The sampling technique employed both snowballing and random sampling methods. For analysis, the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was utilized. In the study, several relationships were tested for their significance. The relationship between SMU and Trust was found to be significant. However, the relationship between eWOM and Trust was not significant. Trust significantly influenced Purchase Intention and Customer Loyalty. The direct relationship between Purchase Intention and Customer Loyalty was not significant. Moreover, the mediated relationships of SMU through Trust to Purchase Intention were significant, while the mediated relationship of eWOM through Trust to Purchase Intention was found to be non-significant. This investigation illuminates the distinct confluence of age-old values and contemporary digital interactions in sculpting consumer behavior within Indonesia. It accentuates the imperative for coffee shop enterprises to discern and synergize with these trends to guarantee enduring prosperity.

Financial Bootstrapping and Financial Literacy: The Moderating Role of Government Support on SME Performance

SMEs can support long-term, stable, and sustainable economic development. However, funding, limited information, and lengthy credit administration procedures constantly severed their expansion. Potential solutions may emerge from external funding in creative and unconventional ways through financial bootstrapping. This study analyzes the influence of financial bootstrapping and financial literacy on SME performance using P2P lending in Makassar, Indonesia, with government support as mediation. Government support as mediation is expected to provide policies that facilitate SMEs obtaining external funding through fintech P2P lending to improve SMEs' business performance. This study employs a partial-least-squared structural-equation model (PLS-SEM) for data analysis of 220 businesses. The result shows that financial literacy significantly affects SME performance. This positive effect emerges in direct or mediated relationships. Financial bootstrapping does not substantially affect SME performance. This finding signifies the lack of information regarding the myriad of funding opportunities.

군 병사의 지각된 도박접근성, 도박인지가 도박행동에 미치는 영향

The purpose of study is to verify soldiers’ psychological pathways of gambling behaviors andthe protective factor role of parental attachment. Data from 193 active duty soldiers wereanalyzed to determine the moderated mediation effect of parental attachment. Study results areas follows. First, the mediation effect of gambling cognitions was found between perceivedgambling availability and gambling behaviors. Second, moderation effect of parental attachmentwas appeared between perceived gambling availability and gambling behaviors. Third, themoderated mediation effect of parental attachment was verified in the mediation relationship ofgambling cognitions between perceived gambling availability and gambling behaviors forsoldiers. Implications of the study and related directions of interventions were discussed.

Knowledge-Oriented Leadership and Tacit and Explicit Knowledge-Sharing Behaviors: A Moderated Mediation Model of Emotional Intelligence and Self-Efficacy

Purpose - Drawing from social cognitive theory, the present study examines the impact of knowledge-oriented leadership on knowledge sharing behaviors (tacit and explicit). Moreover, this study examines the intervening effect of self-efficacy between the relationship of knowledge-oriented leadership and knowledge sharing behaviors (tacit and explicit). Furthermore, this study investigates the moderating role of emotional intelligence between the relationship of knowledge-oriented leadership and self-efficacy. Study Design/Methodology/Approach - Two hundred and ninety-five permanent employees of service sector organizations (i.e., banking, telecommunication, and media) voluntarily participated in a data collection survey which was conducted using a three-week temporal separation method. Data was analyzed using statistical software, i.e., SPSS and Smart-PLS to assess the reliability and validity of the constructs and test the direct, indirect, moderation, and moderated mediation relationships of the variables. Findings - The findings showed that knowledge-oriented leadership strongly predicts tacit and explicit knowledge-sharing behaviors, and self-efficacy mediated this relationship. Moreover, results support the moderation of emotional intelligence between knowledge-oriented leadership and self-efficacy. Research Limitations- To bring a deeper understanding of how organizational and personal factors influence the knowledge-sharing behaviors of the employees, future research should investigate the potential mediating mechanisms, i.e., trust in leadership and learning goal orientation and the moderating role of psychosocial safety climate using the specific leadership style, i.e., adaptive, and humble leadership. Originality/Novelty- The findings of this study suggest that organizations focus on the enhancement of knowledge-related skills of the management which encourages the subordinates for higher self-efficacy regarding the sharing of tacit and explicit knowledge. Moreover, this study highlighted the importance of emotional intelligence for the enhancement of self-efficacy; also, emotional intelligence indirectly helps individuals demonstrate knowledge-sharing behaviors (tacit and explicit).

Experience sampling methodology study of anxiety and depression in adolescents with epilepsy: The role of metacognitive beliefs and perseverative thinking

Emotional distress is common in young people with epilepsy (YPwE). According to the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model, maladaptive metacognitive beliefs and perseverative thinking are fundamental in the development and maintenance of emotional distress. As emotional distress and perseverative thinking can highly fluctuate over short intervals in YPwE, it is important to account for this variability when testing the utility of psychological models. Experience sampling methodology (ESM) was therefore used to explore the momentary relationship between metacognitive beliefs, perseverative thinking, and emotional distress in YPwE. Eighteen participants diagnosed with epilepsy (aged 12–17 years) completed the 10-day ESM period. Participants were prompted to complete the ESM assessment five times daily. The ESM assessment assessed participant’s momentary levels of metacognitive beliefs, perseverative thinking (i.e., worry and rumination), and emotional distress (i.e., anxiety and depression). A series of multilevel regression analyses indicated that metacognitive beliefs were significantly positively associated with worry, rumination, anxiety and depression. After controlling for worry and rumination, respectively, metacognitive beliefs did not account for additional variance in anxiety or depression. Findings provide preliminary support for the utility of the S-REF model for emotional distress in YPwE. Metacognitive therapy, which is underpinned by the S-REF model, may be an appropriate intervention for emotional distress in YPwE. Future studies should assess the mediational relationship between metacognitive beliefs, perseverative thinking, and emotional distress using time-lagged models.

Linking paternalistic leadership to employee creativity: a meaning-based perspective

PurposeIntegrating the pathway model of meaningful work and the intrinsic motivation principle of creativity, the authors investigate why, when and how paternalistic leadership relates to employee creativity in the Chinese organizational context. The authors suggest that the meaning of work (MOW) mediates the relationship between paternalistic leadership and employee creativity. The authors further identify perspective taking as a moderator in the mediated relationship for the path from MOW to creativity.Design/methodology/approachThe authors relied on a sample of 340 employee-supervisor dyads collected from multiple organizations located in Eastern China to test the study hypotheses.FindingsResults indicated that MOW mediated the positive relationships between the benevolence and morality dimensions of paternalistic leadership and employee creativity, and the negative relationship between the authoritarianism dimension of paternalistic leadership and employee creativity. Further, the indirect relationships between the three dimensions of paternalistic leadership (i.e. authoritarianism, benevolence and morality) and employee creativity through MOW were more pronounced when perspective taking was higher rather than lower.Originality/valueThrough a meaning-based perspective, the authors demonstrate that a culture-specific managerial philosophy (i.e. paternalistic leadership) shapes Chinese employees' perceptions of meaningful work and their subsequent creative performance. This paper complements the dominant focus on Western leadership in the creativity literature and denotes that paternalistic leadership matters for employee creativity in Chinese organizations.

The Effect of Employer Branding and Electronic Word of Mouth (E-WOM) on Intention to Apply Mediated by Corporate Reputation with Social Media as a moderation Variable in E-Commerce Companies in Indonesia

Competition between companies is not only to win the market, but also in getting the best employees. Potential employees tend to be more selective in choosing which company to apply to. This study was conducted to see how the effect of the application of employer branding, and electronic word of mouth communication that occurs on the desire of potential employees to apply for jobs in e-commerce companies which are also seen as mediation and moderation relationships. Respondents of this study amounted to 398 consisting of FEB students from 3 universities that have a high level of employability in their graduates. The data analysis method used in this study is using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with SMART-PLS software. In this study, it was found that there was a positive influence of the application of employer branding on the desire of potential employees to apply to e-commerce companies. So that the application of employer branding in e-commerce companies is important to attract potential applicants.