Civil Mediation Research Articles

An Empirical Study on the Effective Operation of the Civil Mediation Committee to Settle Disputes over Real Estates - Primarily Based on the Mediation Committee of Busan High Court -

An Empirical Study on the Effective Operation of the Civil Mediation Committee to Settle Disputes over Real Estates - Primarily Based on the Mediation Committee of Busan High Court -

Regulating civil mediation in England and Wales

Civil mediation in Britain has rapidly moved away from being an option, for private choice, to becoming increasingly a compulsory or near-compulsory part of the public justice system. But regulation of the mediation industry remains minimal, and undertaken on an essentially private, self-regulatory basis. This raises a perception or actuality of risk that mediation and its regulation may better serve the interests of stakeholders in the mediation industry than the individual citizen who may come to mediation as a one-off player with no available alternative dispute resolution mechanism. This article argues that there are ‘public interest’ values and expectations of a constitutional and democratic nature at stake here which require recognition and protection via an effective and credible regulatory regime. It concludes that such a solution may in reality serve the interests both of the mediation industry and those individuals who may come into contact with it, offering a ‘win–win’ outcome.

Poklic mediatorja kot strokovnega nosilca postopka mediacije

Sodišču pridružena mediacija se kot alternativna metoda reševanja sporov vse bolj uveljavlja kot področje dela z lastnim teoretičnim in praktičnim znanjem, lastnimi načeli in osnovnimi pravili. Mediacija je vzpostavila lastno znanje, ki temelji na študijah, razvrstitvi primerov in analizi rezultatov. V prispevku bomo preverili, ali lahko glede na razvoj mediacije v Sloveniji govorimo o poklicu mediatorja in ga opredelimo kot strokovnega nosilca postopka mediacije. Najprej bomo sodišču pridruženo mediacijo in mediatorje, ki mediirajo v sodišču pridruženi mediaciji, teoretsko opredeliti ter s pomočjo intervjujev s strokovnjaki za mediacijo in mediatorji v nadaljevanju preverili, kakšno je njihovo mnenje o mediatorjih in sodišču pridruženi mediaciji. Proučili bomo tudi pravno podlago sodišču pridružene mediacije tako v Sloveniji kot Evropski uniji. Glede na ugotovitve bomo sklenili, da je pravna ureditev sodišču pridružene mediacije v Sloveniji dobra in da lahko o mediatorjih sodišču pridružene mediacije govorimo kot o strokovnih nosilcih mediacijskega postopka.

Sue for Disputes Resolution of Land Conflict in South Sumatera

This paper aims to examine the roots, dynamics, and resolutions of land conflict between Rengas farmers and Limbang Jaya farmers with PTPN VII Cinta Manis in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra. Authors use qualitative method through deepening data from depth interviews, observation and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The results showed that the roots of the conflict are different foundation claims, lack of transparency in the mechanism of compensation, land grabbing by companies. The key findings of the conflict dynamics study was that conflict between farmers of Rengas with PTPN VII Cinta Manis led to reclaiming action by farmers which was regarded as a victory for the resistance of farmers in conflict. This reclaiming action attracted more regions into the conflict contestation, including farmers of Limbang Jaya. Rengas conflict and Limbang Jaya conflict was different: Rengas conflict had history of resistance since the beginning, while the conflict of Limbang Jaya was an escalation of the Rengas conflict. Conflict resolution was taken through advocating by civil society element and mediation by stakeholders. Both resolutions approaches have not been able to provide a sustainable resolution, due to advocacy efforts tend to be a massive confrontation, while mediation was only a procedural matter not a substantive matter.

Mediation and the Social Work profession: particularly in the community context

In 2008, the European Union published its Directive on mediation in civil and commercial matters, offering general regulation of this conflict resolution system, its principles, and its objectives. Social workers have for some time defended their role as mediators, but this reality has changed and mediation appears to have taken shape as an independent profession due to existing regulation, its introduction to universities and the implementation of training courses. This article analyses the differences between the two professions: mediator and social worker. It also considers the mediation that is carried out in the community context. Community mediation is a perfect tool for achieving a changed understanding of public social services, seeking to encourage citizens to participate in and take responsibility for community life and thereby to become active citizens as envisaged by the 2012 Global Agenda for Social Work. However, mediation in this context has certain peculiarities, and at times confusion may arise between the figures of social worker and mediator.

An Inflection Attempt of the Civil Mediation Case to the Criminal Trial

An Inflection Attempt of the Civil Mediation Case to the Criminal Trial

Th e Challenges of Court Mediation from the Brazilian Perspective

For some time Brazil has been suffering from the systemic inefficiency of its courts, which has had a significant impact on the guarantee of access to justice for the citizens. Alternative dispute resolution was welcomed in the recent Brazilian civil procedure reform bringing mediation to the courts. Mediation is known for giving disputants the opportunity to discuss and resolve their dispute themselves; beyond that, the role of the mediator is to facilitate the disputants’ negotiations, not to dictate an outcome. Indeed, the Brazilian civil procedure reform captured the mediation process in a procedural justice paradigm which serves some of the courts’ most important goals: delivering justice and conflict resolution in less time than a judicial outcome. Therewith, the judiciary branch expects to recover citizen unbelievers’ respect for the judiciary. This article argues that mediation and procedural justice can co-exist; however this yearning to improve the efficiency of the judicial process should be associated with the perception that the role of mediation should be enhanced by the institution that is sponsoring the process. This article also discusses the fundamental changes in the Civil Procedure Code, approved on 16 March 2015 and in force from 17 March 2016, with regard to mediation, as well as the required adjustments intended to deliver court-connected mediation along procedural justice lines envisaged in the civil mediation bill, recently sanctioned.

Kofi Annan’s Multilateral Strategy of Mediation and the Syrian Crisis: The Future of Peacemaking in a Multipolar World?

This article examines the multilateral mediation strategy attempted by Kofi Annan in Syria in 2012. In a world of fragmenting power, can international mediation in civil wars be effective at the new fault-lines of great power rivalries? If so, how? As territorial fault-lines between rival great power interests deepen with increasing multipolarity, this is set to become a growing minefield for civil war mediators. Addressing this question requires analysis of recent examples that are indicative of crises to come. Was the failure of the Annan mission in Syria inevitable because of the depth of international polarization? Or, did it fail for other reasons? This detailed examination reveals that the mission was fatally wounded most of all by a Western “illusion of unipolarity” over and above any inherent obstacles posed by geopolitical polarization. This suggests greater, not fewer, possibilities for peacemaking in the future in similar contexts – that is, if Western policy can be better calibrated for the emerging multipolar international system.

La aplicación de la mediación en la indignidad de suceder en España.

Tras la promulgación de la Ley de mediación en asuntos civiles y mercantiles (Ley 5/2012-jul-6), en nuestro Derecho interno se desarrolló la figura jurídica del mediador. Aunque no es tema del presente estudio, debemos saber que España es un Estado plurilegislativo que, a raíz de la promulgación de la norma en ciertas comunidades autónomas, existe una legislación de mediación determinada. Este trabajo se enfoca en la aplicación de la mediación en la indignidad de suceder, puesto que el causante en vida y los herederos testados e intestados pueden llegar a un acuerdo con la mediación y evitar disputas familiares con los demás coherederos o legitimarios. La mediación es una herramienta para que tanto el causante como los herederos testados e intestados alcancen un acuerdo final, obteniendo el causante las ?atenciones debidas? en vida y sus legitimarios o herederos no sean indignos de suceder, ni crearles así, un estigma social. Primero se estudia el concepto de la indignidad de suceder en el Código Civil español, pues para comprender la mediación debe desarrollarse este concepto legal. Segundo, cómo acuden las partes en la indignidad de suceder. Tercero, la indignidad de suceder cuando la persona está en condición de discapacidad intelectual. Cuarto, la posibilidad de que una persona que participa en la mediación sufra un trastorno mental y, por último, se revisa la actuación del mediador en la indignidad de suceder, la extinción de la mediación y el acuerdo final, como elementos indispensables para que surja o no un acuerdo final entre las partes en conflicto.

The Role of Endurance Contests in the Construction of Authority and Social Order in Rural China: Cases in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

By investigating four cases from the Qing Dynasty (1622–1911) and from the Republic of China (1911–1949), it was found that inter-village disputes normally arose because of uneven distribution of public resources in China's rural society. To settle the disputes, villagers tended to apply civil mediation, normally conducting endurance contests, rather than seek governmental arbitration. The authority and social order was thereby based on endurance contests. Conducting such contests was certainly advantageous to larger villages in their quest for more public resources. However, it simultaneously restricted their privatization of public resources, as the smaller villagers were able to equally raise their voices to resist them and to obtain their own public resources by proposing and participating in endurance contests. Although originally it was an unfair way of settling the disputes over uneven distribution of public resources in rural China, it gave hope to the disadvantaged to protect their own rights and interests at a time when governmental arbitration could not be relied upon.

Incorporating unarmed civilian peacekeeping into Canadian foreign policy: what do Canadians think?

Although opinion polls have consistently demonstrated Canadian support of their country's peacekeeping missions, recent surveys have demonstrated decreasing public support for Canada's involvement in military combat interventions in other parts of the world. However, awareness and understanding of nonviolent alternatives to military intervention and conventional peacekeeping appear to be lacking. This survey examines Canadian public's awareness and understanding of unarmed civilian peacekeeping as an alternative to sending armed troops, and whether the public would support Canada in utilizing unarmed civilian peacekeepers (focusing on reducing direct violence through protective accompaniment, building capacity of local civil society organizations, mediation and other nonviolent communication strategies) as part of its response to violent global conflicts. The results reveal that Canadians believe unarmed civilian peacekeeping would be more effective in tasks such as reducing human rights abuses, preventing further armed conflict and promoting lasting peace. Respondents also believe the practice would benefit Canada's reputation as a peacemaker and leader. This paper concludes with recommendations for proponents of the incorporation of unarmed civilian peacekeeping into the official policy of the Canadian government.

Review of the 1st Conference on Civil, Commercial and Bankruptcy Mediation

Review of the 1st Conference on Civil, Commercial and Bankruptcy Mediation

Enforceability of the agreements reached in the European Union. Some reflections

The legal system in Spain is undergoing a process of convergence with our neighboring countries in the European Union. Directive 52/2008 on mediation in civil and commercial matters has been recently transposed by the Law 5/2012, of July 6th. This is the first rule about civil and commercial mediation in the state level and it happens when mediation begin to be considered as an alternative to prosecution or via arbitration, as it involves a system of conflict resolution, that can help to get the right to judicial protection, keeping the Courts as a last resort andturning the citizen into active protagonist of the solution of their own conflict.This paper aims to analyze the questions about the mediation agreement in European Union, their enforceability and binding effects, the procedure to be followed or the effectiveness of the agreements reached therein.The gradual consolidation of mediation between legal operators involves reflection on the model adopted in our system, because this method has meant a great improvement in all Member States legal system. It is necessary to promote the culture of mediation to bring this institution to all sectors of society involved.

The Role of Court and Lawyers in the Change of Legal Culture- The Revitalization of Court-Annexed Civil Mediation -

The Role of Court and Lawyers in the Change of Legal Culture- The Revitalization of Court-Annexed Civil Mediation -

Belgian Mediation Report 2013

This draft report is written for the XIX International Congress of Comparative Law that will take place in July 2014 in Vienna. The report gives an overview of the current status of mediation in civil and commercial matters in Belgium. The framework is the Belgian Act of February 21, 2005 on Mediation, that dates from before the 2008 European Mediation Directive. The report describes in detail the voluntary (or out-of-court) and judicial (or court-connected) mediation procedures, the mediation agreement and the voluntariness of mediation, the accreditation process of Belgian mediators, the confidentiality of mediation, and the costs of mediation. Finally, some brief conclusions are made regarding the modest success of (judicial) mediation in Belgium.

Access to Justice or Access to States Courtss Justice in Europe? The Directive 2008/52/EC on Civil and Commercial Mediation

Modern societies are very much linked to the idea of litigation. A hidden rule seems to exist in the sense that the more advanced a society is the highest level of litigation it suffers. This increase in the level of litigation amounts to a sort of “litigation explosion” that has traditionally been linked to State courts. This explosion is said to put the whole judiciary system under pressure in so far the volume of disputes brought before State courts increases, the proceedings become more and more lengthy and the costs incurred in such proceedings also augment. The goal to tackle this explosion underpins most of the reforms that modern national civil procedure laws have suffered in many countries for the last two decades and fuels the growing support of ADR devices in many parts of the world in an effort to make the procedure system more efficient and affordable for the parties. This explosion was first reported in USA and now is fully ascertainable in many parts of the world where litigation grows steadily. In Europe it actually entails growing concerns about the maintenance of the level of quality of the judiciary system despite the budgetary efforts done for many years by the several European Governments in their judicial system, and consequently therewith of the full preservation of the principle of access to justice in the continent. This situation raises the issue of ascertaining to what extent the current situation of considering the principle of access to justice solely referred to access to State courts justice may be maintained or a move towards a broader understanding of this principle in the sense of embodying a joint reference to State courts and ADR devices is under way. The solution provided to this question will tailor the notion of justice in the XXI Century.

La configuración de los Colegios Profesionales como entidades de mediación

De conformidad con la última Ley estatal de mediación en materia civil y mercantil, los Colegios Profesionales han adquirido la condición de entidades de mediación.
 La mediación es un sistema alternativo de resolución de conflictos que, en relación a la vía judicial, presenta numerosos beneficios, entre los que se encuentran un menor coste, la rapidez o un mayor cumplimiento de los acuerdos adoptados. Estas ventajas que plantea la mediación han provocado un aumento significativo de las personas que acuden a la mediación, así como de las normas que la regulan. Entre los aspectos más importantes de esta nueva regulación, se encuentra la preparación y formación de los mediadores. Además, la nueva normativa también persigue el fomento y desarrollo de la mediación, lo cual es posible gracias a la colaboración de diferentes entidades, como los Colegios Profesionales.
 En este trabajo, intentaremos clarificar cuál es el papel de los Colegios Profesionales en el ámbito de la mediación institucional y las reglas que les resultan de aplicación cuando éstos actúan como entidades de mediación.

La mediación civil en España: Luces y sombras de un marco normativo

Directive 52/2008 on mediation in civil and commercial matters has been recently transposed in Spain by the Law 5/2012, of July 6, of Mediation in Civil and Mercantile Matters. The normative text is mostly based on the unsuccessful Project of the previous Legislature. On the other hand, in different autonomous territories have implemented numerous and various legislative initiatives in the field of mediation that show the strong expansion of this institution. Finally, noting the situation of current practice, we see the gradual consolidation of mediation between legal operators, being reflected in decisions of judges and courts. All these elements invite reflection on the model adopted in our brand new rules of mediation in civil and commercial matters

La mediación en asuntos civiles y mercantiles (breves notas a la Ley 5/2012, de 6 de julio)

The promulgation of state regulations on mediation in civil and mercantile affairs has been an important milestone in Spanish legislation, regulating in the ambit of the state, for the first time, some general aspects of this means of dispute settlement by the parties involved, and connecting it to the courts, introducing modifications into the rules of the ordinary civil legal system. Up to now, regulation has been embodied in the regulations promulgated by autonomous communities, with some mention in civil and procedural legislation, but with no state legal regime. The new legislation, motivated by the European mandate to transpose Directive 52/2008/CE, establishes a concept of mediation and the principles informing it; it sets the target scope of the regulation, not just trans-border, as required by the Directive, but also internal, introducing the person of the mediator by statute, as well as a basic procedure. An important innovation is that the latter indicates the executive nature of agreements resulting from the procedure when converted into a notarised public deed.

The machinery of criminal justice

Author Biography Acknowledgements Introduction: The Divergence of Theory, Reality, and Morality Overview of the Book Themes of the Book Chapter I: The Long Drift from Morality Play to Assembly Line A. Criminal Justice in the Early American Colonies 1. Small-Town Morality 2. Lay Justice 3. Room for Mercy 4. Reintegrative Punishment B. Criminal Justice Since the American Revolution 1. The Changing Aims of Criminal Justice 2. Professionalization 3. The Birth of Plea Bargaining 4. The Hiding of Punishment Behind Prison Walls 5. The Decline of Mercy Chapter II: Opaque, Unresponsive Criminal Justice A. The Players 1. Dominant Insiders, Savvy and Self-Interested 2. Excluded Outsiders, Yearning for Justice B. The Play of the Game 1. Round One: Insiders' Procedural Discretion Shapes the Rules in Action 2. Round Two: Outsiders Try to Check Insiders 3. Round Three: Insiders' Procedural Discretion Undercuts Reforms 4. Round Four: Outsiders, Egged on by Politicians, Take Matters into Their Own Hands 5. Round Five: Insiders Circumvent Even Reforms C. Costs of the Game 1. Clouding the Criminal Law's Substantive Message and Effectiveness 2. Undermining Legitimacy and Trust 3. Hindering Public Monitoring and Preferences D. Defense Lawyers and Defendants' Distrust 1. Insider Defense Counsel's Interests and Pressures 2. Defendants' Overoptimism and Risk-Taking 3. Miscommunication, Mistrust, and Timing Chapter III: Denial, Remorse, Apology, and Forgiveness A. Denial and Equivocation 1. The Use of Pleas by Defendants in Denial 2. The Danger of Convicting the Innocent 3. The Costs of False Denial and the Value of Confession 4. The Value of Trials as Morality Plays B. Remorse, Apology, and Forgiveness 1. The Irrelevance of Remorse and Apology in Contemporary Criminal Justice 2. Crime as a Relational Concept 3. Lessons from Noncriminal Contexts: Civil Mediation Chapter IV: Whose Voices Belong in Criminal Justice? A. The State's Monopoly on Criminal Justice B. Incomplete Alternatives to the State's Assembly Line 1. Victims' Rights 2. Restorative Justice 3. Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Problem-Solving Courts Chapter V: Popular Moral Discourse Versus Assembly-Line Efficiency A. Efficiency Instead of Moral Judgment B. Why Not Address Substantive Moral Goals? Chapter VI: Returning Power to the Public in a Lawyer-Driven System A. Macro-Level Reforms 1. From Idle Imprisonment to Work, Accountability, and Reform 2. Collateral Consequences and Reentry B. Mid-Level Reforms to Include the Public 1. Greater Transparency 2. Increasing Public Participation C. Micro-Level Solutions 1. Victim Information and Consultation 2. Defendants' Information and Participation 3. Restorative Sentencing Juries