Median Vein Research Articles

A new cicada species of the genus Kosemia Matsumura (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae) from Xinjiang, China

Kosemia brevis sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) is described from Xinjiang, China. This species is morphologically closest to Kosemia yezoensis (Matsumura, 1898) as its forewing median vein and cubitus anterior vein are fused at the base. However, the new species can be distinguished from K. yezoensis by the size and color of the anal styles. Its body is much smaller but plump, and its forewing is comparatively short, compared to K. yezoensis.

Cardiac Output Directly Influences Intracardiac Air After Venous Air Embolism: An Echocardiographic Model Comparing Position Change on Intracardiac Air Bubble Clearance.

Venous air embolism (VAE) can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Prevention and management of VAE include cessation of air entrainment, positioning changes, and hemodynamic support. The degree to which position change and cardiac output (CO) moderate resolution of intracardiac air has not been rigorously studied using contemporary transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). This observational cohort-type study aimed to identify the effect of supine vs sitting positioning on the movement and resolution of intracardiac air. In 20 patients undergoing seated neurosurgery, central venous air aspiration catheters were placed through the median basilic vein. TEE was used to estimate the time required for clearance of agitated microbubbles from the right atrium and ventricle in both the supine and sitting position. Estimates of CO were also obtained echocardiographically in each position. Average clearance time was faster in the sitting vs the supine position with no significant difference in CO. A negative correlation between CO and right atrial clearance time across all patients was demonstrated with a Pearson coefficient of -0.4 (95% CI -0.07, -0.65) with P = .02. During VAE, both patient position and CO can significantly affect how bubbles move through intracardiac chambers. However, augmenting CO during VAE may be clinically more feasible, efficient, and productive than changing positioning-especially during crises unless the changing in position is intended to halt the entrainment of air. Further TEE studies of intravascular air movement affected by other position changes (lateral, reverse Trendelenburg) and vasopressors should be considered.

An unilateral double fenestration of the right external jugular vein: a rare variant.

This report presents a rare anatomical variation, double fenestration of the External jugular vein on the right side. During the routine dissection of a male cadaver aged 60 years, we observed a unilateral large double fenestration of the External jugular vein on the right side. After its formation from the posterior division of the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins, External jugular vein descended in the posterior triangle of neck. Here, it divided into medial, intermediate, and lateral veins that united again before draining into the subclavian vein. Lateral vein was the largest (7.2cm) and intermediate and medial veins were measuring 6.4cm each. Two large fenestrations, measuring 5.8cm each, arranged like a "double bubble" were seen in the External jugular vein extending from fourth to sixth cervical (C4 to C6) vertebrae. The medial branch of supraclavicular nerve was seen passing superficial to the distal part of External jugular vein. On the left side, the course of External jugular vein showed a standard pattern. Surgeons must be acquainted with the varied anatomy of the superficial neck veins to prevent major bleeding during operative procedures, including carotid endarterectomy, flap operations, & central venous catheterisation.

Outcomes of balloon-assisted maturation with large-diameter balloons.

Balloon-assisted maturation (BAM) is a well-established technique for maturation of inadequate arteriovenous fistulas (AVF). The objective of this study was to evaluate outcomes of initial BAM using large-diameter angioplasty balloons. Charts of patients who underwent BAM between 2018 and 2021 at a single academic institution were reviewed. AVF maturation rate was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included procedural complications, re-intervention rates, post-procedure vein diameter, and time to catheter-free hemodialysis (HD). Outcomes of patients that underwent initial BAM with ⩾7 mm diameter balloons (Group I) were compared to those of patients that had initial BAM with <7 mm balloons (Group II). Group I (n = 149) was a significantly younger cohort and had more men compared to Group II (n = 90). There were no significant differences associated with procedural details and complication rates. Median vein diameter was larger (5.9 mm, IQR: 5-6.4) in Group I compared to Group II (5.1 mm, IQR: 4.2-5.9; p = 0.03) on post-procedure Duplex ultrasound. There was also a higher incidence of vein stenosis in Group II. The overall maturation rate was higher in Group I (97% vs 88%, p = 0.003), and a larger proportion of patients in Group II required more than one BAM to achieve maturation (33% vs 16%, p = 0.002). The median time to catheter-free HD after first BAM was 29 days (IQR: 19-47) in Group I and 42 days (IQR: 24-75) in Group II (p = 0.002). At 60 days after first BAM, the incidence of catheter-free HD was 83% in Group I versus 67% in Group II (p = 0.001). Our study demonstrates that the ability to utilize large angioplasty balloons during initial BAM is associated with higher rates of AVF maturation with fewer re-interventions and shorter time to catheter-free dialysis. AVFs that can tolerate this procedure often have more favorable baseline characteristics.

Superficial Veins in the Cubital Fossa Regions among the Nepalese and Indian Medical Students of a Medical College in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Background The veins in the upper limb are classified as superficial or deep, with deep veins, such as the venae comitantes and axillary vein, coming after the major arteries. The subcutaneous tissue contains the superficial veins, which link to the deep veins. These veins include the basilic, cephalic, median cubital, and median antebrachial veins. These superficial veins are clinically significant for phlebotomy, transfusion, and cardiac catheterization, and it joins the median cubital vein at the elbow. It is essential to comprehend the structure and patterns of cubital superficial veins in order to design dialysis access and minimise hazards. Materials and Methods Studying the superficial venous organisation in the cubital fossa of 192 MBBS preclinical sciences students, ages 18 to 24, was a cross-sectional observational study carried out at the Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital in Nepal. A tourniquet and skin marker/tailor's chalk were used in the study to examine 384 anterior aspects of the arms. Six sets of veins were distinguished from the skin's veins. Tiny veins, cubital wounds, or thick tissue layers disqualified students. Results A study of 192 preclinical sciences students at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital in Biratnagar found that type II variant was the most common venous pattern in the cubital fossa region, followed by type I in 24.75%, and the lowest being the type VI pattern in 3.35%. Conclusion It was discovered that the patterns of superficial veins at the cubital fossa did not significantly alter based on the gender or nationality of the individual. Overall, the most common venous pattern was type II, though type I was more frequently seen in female subjects but the difference was statistically insignificant.

Association between left-sided varicocele and epididymo-orchitis with sonographic findings.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between left-sided varicocele and epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis. The study included 72 patients with left side epididymitis (EP) or epididymo-orchitis (EPO) (Group 1) and a control group of 72 patients without EP or EPO (Group 2). Those with right EP-EPO were excluded due to possible other underlying retroperitoneal pathologies causing varicocele. Groups were evaluated for presence of left side varicocele, varicocele grade and pampiniform plexus vein diameter. The average age was 38 ± 8.4 years (range, 18-50 years) in Group 1, and 36 ± 9.1 years (range, 16-47 years) in Group 2. Varicocele was significantly more common in patients with EP or EPO (p < 0.001). The rate of varicocele was 66.7% (48/72) in Group 1, and 22.3% (16/72) in Group 2. The median grade of varicocele was 2 in Group 1, and 0 in Group 2. Pampiniform plexus vein diameters were found to be significantly larger in patients with EP or EPO compare to patients without EP and EPO. The median vein diameter was 3.3 mm with the 25th and 75th percentiles at 2.7 and 3.8 mm, and was 1.9 mm with the 25th and 75th percentiles at 1.7 and 2.3 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). Left-sided varicocele was significantly more common in patients with EP or EPO and it is an important cause for the development of EP/EPO because of chronic venous stasis.

A Twisted Tale of Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation

AbstractThis illustration presents a three-dimensional representation of the vascular structure of the vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM), which is a rare congenital brain vascular abnormality characterized by the enlargement of the embryonic precursor of the vein of Galen—specifically, the median prosencephalic vein of Markowski. VGAM constitutes an arteriovenous fistula formed between the deep choroidal arteries and the embryonic median prosencephalic vein. Its development initiates early but is typically detectable via sonography only during the second- or third-trimester of gestation. The comprehensive assessment of the vascular anatomy of VGAM necessitates the examination of both the incoming (afferent) and outgoing (efferent) vessels.

Case Report: Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) on Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Primary or Secondary Cause?

This is the case of a 63-year-old female patient admitted for management of a liver mass discovered incidentally on imaging. The patient presented with weight loss and prutitus, and on clinical examination had collateral venous circulation and scraping lesions. Abdominal ultrasound coupled with Doppler showed a hepatic tissue mass with left-sided portal thrombosis. Hepatic MRI confirmed the diagnosis and also revealed SBC with infiltration of the left and median hepatic veins. Liver biopsy confirmed diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)in cirrhotic liver. Etiological work-up for prothrombotic factors and cirrhosis was negative. The patient was a candidate for palliative treatment. But our dilemma: is this a case of primary or secondary BCS? Scholars Middle East Publishers

Cryptotermespugnus (Blattodea, Isoptera, Kalotermitidae), a new drywood termite species from the Brazilian Caatinga dry forest and key to South American Cryptotermes Banks, 1909.

A new termite species, Cryptotermespugnussp. nov., is described from northeastern Brazil. The winged imago of C.pugnus is distinguished from most congeners by the lack of arolia and the multiple branches connecting the median vein to the radial sector. The soldier is unique among South American Cryptotermes by its cuboidal head capsule and very rugose postclypeus. The new species constitutes the fourteenth Cryptotermes species on the continent for which we provide a key to soldiers.

Saphenophemoral Junction and its Related Anatomical Variation in Black Bengal Goat

Blood circulation especially venous distribution is an important subject in any kind of surgical procedure. In the case of the hind leg from the ankle to the groin blood is supplied by the saphenous vein. For venous drainage in hind limbs saphenous vein has a significant role that extends from the ankle to the groin. Basically median and lateral saphenous veins join together as great saphenous veins and enter into gastrocnemius muscle. The ventral to the muscle layer of the tensor fascia lata saphenous vein joins with the femoral vein and forms a junction, which is known as the saphenofemoral junction. It’s also known as the great saphenous vein. Between the deep and aponeurotic fascia of the tensor fascia lata saphenous vein has been found. Many tributaries such as the circumflex iliac vein, external pudendal, and deep pudendal vein were examined in this case. Four cadaveric lower limbs were dissected to examine anatomical variations of these veins and describe their relation to the deep fascia of the thigh. A saphenous compartment is actually a triangular structure. This triangular space is formed by the adductor muscle, fascia lata, and Sartorius muscle. The range of saphenous veins in the saphenous compartment ranged from 5.7-8.1 (7±1.3) cm.

Anatomical considerations for the surgical approach to the canine accessory lung lobe.

To describe (1) the surgical anatomy of the accessory lung lobe (ALL) including vasculature and pulmonary ligamentous attachments and (2) lobectomy through a right thoracotomy and median sternotomy. Cadaveric anatomical study. Nine adult canine cadavers, free of disease affecting the thoracic cavity and lung parenchyma. Median sternotomy and right and left lateral thoracotomies were performed to describe and image relevant variations in anatomy using accompanying photographs and thorough voice notes. Consideration for ALL removal via right thoracotomy at the fifth through seventh intercostal spaces and median sternotomy were documented and compared. The median weight of the cadavers was 20.85 kg (6.9-45.5 kg). Variation in the configuration of venous drainage of the ALL was identified. The lateral vein varied in its location and was also observed to combine with the medial vein in one cadaver. The pulmonary ligament attached to the ALL in a caudally pointing apex on the dorsal process of the lobe. Medial and lateral extensions of the ALL parenchyma were found. The ALL was most easily accessed by a right lateral thoracotomy at the sixth intercostal space. Although not optimal, removal of this lung lobe via median sternotomy was feasible. Significant variations were found in the blood supply to the ALL. A right lateral thoracotomy at the sixth intercostal space was preferred for a surgical approach to the ALL. Surgeons should be aware of several anatomical particularities including the venous drainage, ligamentous attachments, and parenchymal extensions of the ALL.

The venous bed of the shoulder and forearm area of the fruits of blackand-white cows

Embryonic development and formation of the bloodstream, namely the venous outflow highways of the shoulder and forearm area in the fetuses of black-and-white cows, in our opinion, are an urgent topic for study. Unfortunately, despite active measures to prevent limb injuries in animals, modern veterinary agricultural complexes continue to face periodic non-contagious diseases associated with limb injury. The cascade of reactions occurring in the body after an injury is inextricably linked with the venous system of fluid outflow from the limbs of animals. The corpses of fetuses of black-and-white cows aborted at the fifth month of pregnancy with no signs of infectious diseases were used as the studied material. In total, five fruits were examined, delivered from private farms of the Leningrad region. The following research methods were used: fine anatomical dissection, vasorentgenography, morphometry using an electronic caliper, measuring ruler and the RadiAnt DICOM Viewer program. As a result of the study, we found that in the fetuses of black-and–white cows at the fifth month of pregnancy, the outflow of venous blood from the shoulder and forearm area is carried out through the following vessels: the superficial venous trunk in the forearm area is formed by the additional subcutaneous vein and the subcutaneous vein of the forearm; the deep venous trunk is formed by the median radial vein, as well as the initial sections of the shoulder veins and median vein of the elbow. The largest diameter in the forearm area are the veins of the superficial trunk. This is due to the fact that it takes the bulk of the blood from the brush area. Venous valves are located more often in the vessels of the deep trunk than in the superficial trunk. This is due to their location and hemodynamic functions, as they contract more strongly than the surface ones. An extensive venous bed is necessary for the passage of a large amount of blood, so the diameter of the vessels of the deep trunk of the shoulder area is larger than the surface.

Unexpected CT Scan Discovery of a Giant Galen Vein Aneurysm in An Infant: A Rare Case Report

Aneurysmal malformation of the Galen vein is an uncommon abnormality, comprising less than 1% of all congenital cerebral vascular malformations. However, it accounts for approximately 30% of such malformations in the pediatric population. This condition represents a cerebral arteriovenous malformation that develops prenatally, initiating prior to ten weeks of gestation. It arises from the formation of arteriovenous fistulas connecting the choroidal circulation and the median prosencephalic vein, an embryonic precursor of the Galen vein, which subsequently undergoes dilation. Here, we present an exceptional case of this malformation that was incidentally detected during a Brain CT scan.

Neurointerventional Treatment of Vein of Galen Malformation (VGM): A Structured Review with a Proposal for the Comparison of Outcome Quality

Background: Vein of Galen malformation (VGM) is a congenital intracranial vascular anomaly consisting of arteriovenous fistulas and/or malformations between various arterial feeders and the median prosencephalic vein of Markowski (MPV). Despite its rare occurrence, VGM is of particular clinical relevance, as the excessive intracranial shunt volume leads to high mortality without appropriate treatment. Methods: The objective of this article is to review the published data on neurointerventional treatment and compare outcome quality in the included studies. Eight studies were included and synthesized. One study was multicentric and the rest were retrospective monocentric (level 4 evidence studies according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine). Results: The total number of included patients was 480 and patient age ranged from 1 day to 18 years. Mild or severe heart failure, hydrocephalus, and other reasons led to the indication for neurointerventional treatment, which was performed in all studies in the form of embolization. Under consideration of the introduced semiquantitative multidimensional scoring system, the highest total score, i.e., the best outcome quality, was found for the study “Houston” 2002–2018 (19 points) and the study “Duisburg” 2001–2010 (19 points). Conclusions: Neurointerventional treatment represents the essential pillar in the interdisciplinary management of patients with VGM, although standardization is lacking—based on the results of the structured review. As complementary treatments, pediatric critical care is mandatory and includes medical hemodynamic stabilization.

A VEIN OF GALEN MALFORMATION - A RARE CAUSE OF CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE IN NEONATE

Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is a rare congenital vascular malformation caused by the maldevelopment of its embryonic precursor, the median prosencephalic vein of Markowski. Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is a rare cause of congestive heart failure in the neonatal period and carries a high mortality rate. It is a difcult diagnosis because the clinical picture often presents with symptoms suggesting that the patient has a congenital cardiac malformation.1,2 Patients are subjected to high-risk procedures such as cardiac catheterization to establish a diagnosis. These investigations often have negative ndings and can delay correct diagnosis. Here we report a case of Four days old neonate with c/o Increased respiratory activity since 2 days with tachycardia, tachypnea and oliguria. Continuous murmur was noted with features suggestive of Congestive cardiac failure i.e. Tachycardia, tachypnoea, hepatomegaly. Bruit + over Anterior Fontanelle. USG skull revealed the presence of Vein of Gallen Aneurysmal Malformation. 2D ECHO was done which suggestive of Congenital Heart Disease; moderate OS ASD with left to right shunt Dilated cardiac chambers; No PAH; Normal biventricular function .CECT Brain showed the presence of Aneurysmal deep venous structure measuring 20 x 25 mm noted in the supratentorial region of posterior fossa (in quadrigeminal cistern) which drained to vein of galen (VGAM) and the vessel feeding the aneurysm was arising from basilar artery.Hence diagnosis was made.Child initially treated symptomatically for cardiac failure then Endovascular treatment i.e. embolization was performed on 30th day of life.The VGAM was partially occluded.Then symptoms got relieved after Embolization

Galen's Ampulla Aneurysm: A Case Report

Introduction: Galen's vein aneurysm is a rare complex intracranial arteriovenous malformation, associating pseudo-aneurysmal dilation of Galen's ampulla with one or more arteriovenous fistulas. The prognosis is often poor, with high mortality and a risk of neurological sequelae. Objective: To support the role of imaging in the diagnosis, with illustration by two observations collected within our Radiopediatrics department of the CHU Mohammed VI of Marrakech, having benefited from a cerebral angio-scanner. Case Report: 1st case:is an 18-month-old infant with no particular history presenting macrocrania with generalized seizures.2nd case:is also a 2-year-old infant, with the appearance of a vein in the suborbital groove for 6 months, with no other associated signs.3rd patientis a 1-year-old infant with macrocrania with signs of HTIC. 4th case6-month-old boy, presents with HTIC syndrome. Objective cerebral CT in the first three patients: a rounded median mass, in the pineal region behind the 3rd ventricle, slightly hyperdense in spontaneous contrast; CT angiography proves the vascular nature of the lesion by showing intense and homogeneous enhancement after injection of PDC, associated with dilation of the venous sinuses, and moderate passive triventricular hydrocephalus by compression of the aqueduct of Sylvius. The fourth patient benefited from a transfontanellar ultrasound which objectified an anechoic interhemispheric fusiform structure presenting a vascular flow to the color Doppler. Conclusion: The aneurysmal malformation of the Vein of Galen (AVGM) is a rare vascular malformation, specific to children, discovered ante or post natally, in fact only corresponds to a venous dilation draining an arterio-venous malformation, whose system afferent arterial comes from the carotid system or the vertebro-basilar axis; it results from the absence of differentiation in the mature arterio-venous system, between 7 and 12 SA, of a primitive, median embryonic vein which ......

Is Every Vein a Real Vein? Cross-Section of the Wing of Matsucoccus Pini (Insecta, Hemiptera, Coccoidea: Matsucoccidae)

Wings of Matsucoccus pini males were studied. Using light and scanning electron microscopes, both sides of the wing membrane, dorsal and ventral, were examined. The presence of only one vein in the common stem was confirmed by the cross-section, namely the radius. The elements regarded as subcostal and medial veins were not confirmed as veins. On the dorsal side of the wings, a cluster of campaniform sensilla is shown for the first time in the family Matsucoccidae, through SEM, and two additional sensilla were found on the ventral side. There was a lack of alar setae, microtrichia as well as pterostigma. This is the second cross-section of the wing among scale insects. We propose the following nomenclature for the wings in the family Matsucoccidae: subcostal thickening (sct), radius (R), median fold (med) and anal fold (af).

Efferent blood supply to the right hepatic lobe regarding its transplantation from a living donor: variant anatomy, classification. Part 1

Aim. To describe new data and to complement the existing information about the anatomic features of the hepatic vein structure in the donor of the right hepatic lobe, to formulate the principles of donor selection proceeding from vascular anatomy.Materials and methods. 306 liver transplantations from living related donors were performed at A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia from 2009 to 2021. The vascular anatomy of 518 potential donors was analyzed. The prevalence of different vein structures of the right hepatic lobe was assessed.Results. The authors identified 14 subtypes of anatomy of efferent vessels. They were classified into 3 types depending on the contribution of the median vein to the blood outflow from the right hepatic lobe: caval (67.3%), cava medial (semi-separate, 29%), and separate (3.6%).Conclusion. The anatomy of the efferent vessels of the right lobe graft is characterized by variability and complexity. It requires accurate assessment at the preoperative stage (CT scanning) to be ready for reconstruction of any complexity.

Left common iliac vein diameter in patients referred for lower limb venous duplex ultrasound.

Evidence regarding ultrasound assessment of left common iliac vein diameter (LCIV) is limited. Extensive work is currently being undertaken worldwide on non-thrombotic iliac vein lesions to identify patients who may benefit from intervention to alleviate symptoms of chronic venous obstruction. Interventions include long-term stent implantation to improve vein diameter stenosis. This study aimed to assess a cohort of symptomatic venous patients and the diameter of the LCIV in these patients. : Retrospective medical records review of all patients attending a tertiary vascular surgery centre who underwent a venous duplex ultrasound assessment between April 2017 and February 2018 were analysed for assessment of LCIV. Medical records of those patients with documented LCIV diameter were assessed over 18 months of follow-up. : A total of 672 (271 males, 401 females) LCIV diameter measurements were collected. The age of the patients ranged from 21 to 95years (mean = 56.38). Median LCIV diameter overall was 7.64mm (IQR 5.80mm-9.00mm). 40 patients (6%) were reported to have a LCIV diameter measurement of < 4mm, 8 (20%) male and 32 female (80%). 17 of these 40 patients (47.5%) were treated conservatively. Median LCIV diameter was 3.4mm (IQR 2.5-3.7). 21 of these 40 patients (52.5%) underwent superficial venous intervention only, with a median LCIV diameter of 3.5mm (IQR 3.2-3.7) and 2 out of these 40 patients (5%) underwent deep venous stenting (2/2 female - 100%), with a median LCIV diameter of 2.9 (IQR 2.9-2.9). No patients underwent both superficial and deep venous treatment in this 40 patient cohort. In those undergoing superficial venous intervention, 4 (19%) underwent repeat treatment. The two deep venous stenting patients underwent magnetic resonance venogram and venogram with intravascular ultrasound to allow stent placement, which confirmed a narrowed left common iliac vein. Primary stent patency at 18 months was 100%. In this large study cohort of venous duplex assessments the median vein diameter was 7.64mm and 40 patients out of 672 had a vein diameter smaller than 4mm. 2 patients underwent deep venous stenting with primary patency of 100%.

Patterns of superficial antecubital veins observed by near-infrared light technique: A community-based study

&lt;b&gt;Background: &lt;/b&gt;The area of the cubital fossa contains the main superficial veins, including the basilic, cephalic, median cubital, and median antebrachial veins, and their innominate small tributaries. For this reason, it is the area most preferred by medical practitioners to access the circulatory system for various clinical applications.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Objective:&lt;/b&gt; The aim of this study was to address the prevalence of different types of antecubital fossa superficial vein patterns observable among Saudi subjects by applying a tourniquet and using a VeinViewer®.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Materials and methods:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Over the period from September 2020 to April 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The 151 study subjects were randomly chosen from the emergency department of King Fahad University Hospital. A total of 302 venous patterns were obtained; 55 were excluded due to the presence of scar tissues over the antecubital fossa, obesity, or thick subcutaneous tissue. Four classes of cubital venous patterns were established according to other studies, and a VeinViewer® and a tourniquet were used to visualize the venous patterns.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results: &lt;/b&gt;Of the 151 people, 21 were female and 130 were male. Among the included 247 venous patterns, the predominant type was type 2 (52.2%), characterized by a branching off the median cubital vein from the cephalic vein and an upward progression to join the basilic vein.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/b&gt;Type 2 appears to be the dominant pattern, with no significant relation to the origins of the parents, in the Saudi population. Gender does not influence the venous patterns. Further studies are needed outside the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic to obtain a larger sample.