Median Peritoneal Dialysis Duration Research Articles

Effectiveness of additional topical antibiotics for recurrent or refractory exit-site infection: a case series

BackgroundJapanese peritoneal dialysis (PD) guidelines do not suggest applying mupirocin/gentamicin ointment to the exit sites of PD patients to prevent exit-site infection (ESI). The guidelines do not mention topical antimicrobials as a treatment for ESI.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated the additional use of topical antibiotic ointments on patients receiving oral or intravenous antibiotics for recurrent and/or refractory ESI at Aichi Medical University and Nagoya University Hospitals between 2017 and 2022.ResultsA total of 13 patients (11 men, 2 women) were included in this study. Median age was 69.0 years, median duration of PD was 26.0 months, two patients had diabetes as a complication, and ESI incidence was 2.7 episodes per patient-year. Systemic antibacterial treatment had been administered for a median of 27.0 days before application therapy. Mupirocin was used in eight cases and gentamicin in five cases, with complete resolution in all cases. No adverse effects such as skin symptoms, antibiotic resistance, or non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections were observed. Cases were divided into two groups based on the duration of topical antibiotic use: short-term group < 90 days and long-term group ≥ 90 days. All patients in both groups achieved complete resolution, with no significant differences in time to resolution, number of recurrent ESIs, or occurrence of ESIs after discontinuation of application therapy.ConclusionAdditional use of topical antibiotic for recurrent and/or refractory ESI appears safe and effective. This study suggests that future randomized controlled trials are warranted.

Effect of a Management Algorithm for Wet Contamination of Peritoneal Dialysis System on the Prevention of Peritonitis: A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction: Wet contamination was a common problem of peritoneal dialysis (PD) system. We developed a management algorithm for wet contamination of PD system (wet contamination) on the basis of the related research literature and clinical practice experience. The purpose of this study was to observe clinical effect of the management algorithm on the prevention of peritonitis. Methods: Patients treated wet contamination in a single PD center between October 2017 and September 2022 were included. A management algorithm was established to treat wet contamination. It comprised identification of the contamination type, addressing contaminated or aging catheters, prophylactic antibiotics, and retraining. Demographic data and clinical data about wet contamination were collected and compared. Results: One hundred and forty-one cases of wet contamination were included in this study. The mean age was 51.7 ± 14.1 years, and 49.6% were female. The proportion of diabetic nephropathy was 9.9%. The median PD duration was 27.0 (1.7–79.7) months. Eighteen episodes (12.8%) of wet contamination-associated peritonitis developed after wet contamination. The main pathogenic bacteria of peritonitis were Gram-positive bacteria (33.3%) and Gram-negative bacteria (27.8%). The incidence of wet contamination-associated peritonitis in the compliance with the management algorithm group was significantly lower than that in the non-compliance with the management algorithm group (0.9 vs. 48.6%; p < 0.001). Non-compliance with management algorithm (OR = 185.861, p < 0.001) together with advance age (OR = 1.116, p < 0.001) and longer distance from home to hospital (OR = 1.007, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for wet contamination-associated peritonitis. Conclusion: The management algorithm for wet contamination of PD system could reduce the risk of peritonitis.

Resilience and challenges of peritoneal dialysis survivors in the aftermath of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains understudied in disaster nephrology. This retrospective multicenter study explores the experiences of PD survivors following the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş Earthquake. Adult PD patients from 11 affected cities were analyzed to assess challenges faced during and postearthquake, alongside clinical outcomes. Among 101 participants (median age: 45 years, median PD duration: 24 months), 57 were female, with 79 on continuous ambulatory PD. Challenges included power outages and water shortages, with primary shelter in kin's houses (33%) and homes (28%). Twelve patients experienced PD program delays, and three lacked assistance postdisaster. Sixteen patients changed PD modalities, with seven experiencing postearthquake peritonitis. Clinical parameters remained stable, except for a slight decrease in hemoglobin levels. Despite challenges, PD survivors exhibited resilience, highlighting the importance of addressing peritonitis and unusual pathogens in disaster preparedness initiatives.

Risk factors and outcomes in patients who switched from peritoneal dialysis to physician-oriented or patient-oriented kidney replacement therapy

Background We aimed to compare the cardiovascular events and mortality in patients who underwent either physician-oriented or patient-oriented kidney replacement therapy (KRT) conversion due to discontinuation of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods Patients with end-stage kidney disease who were receiving PD and required a switch to an alternative KRT were included. They were divided into physician-oriented group or patient-oriented group based on the decision-making process. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors related to KRT conversion in PD patients. The association of physician-oriented or patient-oriented KRT conversion with outcomes after the conversion was assessed by using Cox proportional hazards models. Results A total of 257 PD patients were included in the study. The median age at catheterization was 35 years. 69.6% of the participants were male. The median duration of PD was 20 months. 162 participants had patient-oriented KRT conversion, while 95 had physician-oriented KRT conversion. Younger patients, those with higher education levels, higher income, and no diabetes were more likely to have patient-oriented KRT conversion. Over a median follow-up of 39 months, 40 patients experienced cardiovascular events and 16 patients died. Physician-oriented KRT conversion increased nearly 3.8-fold and 4.0-fold risk of cardiovascular events and death, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, physician-oriented KRT conversion remained about a 3-fold risk of cardiovascular events. Conclusion Compared to patient-oriented KRT conversion, PD patients who underwent physician-oriented conversion had higher risks of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Factors included age at catheterization, education level, annual household income, and history of diabetes mellitus.

Current status of exercise and its impact on quality of life in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis in the post-COVID-19 period.

The aims of this study were to investigate the current status and the influence factors of exercise, and to explore the impact of exercise on the quality of life (QoL) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients in the post-COVID-19 period. Those PD patients who were followed up between September 2020 and August 2021 were enrolled. The collected data included demographic information, clinical data, exercise data, and QoL. In total, 339 PD patients were included in this cross-sectional study. The mean age was 44.0 ± 13.0 years, with a median PD duration of 6.7 (1.7 - 41.9) months. The primary renal disease was glomerulonephritis (68.4%). 277 (81.7%) PD patients performed exercise, with median exercise time 5.0 (3.5 - 7.8) hours per week. The main type of exercise was slow walking. Pain (odds ratio (OR) = 0.311, p = 0.002) and lower hemoglobin level (OR = 1.016, p = 0.033) were independent risk factors for exercise. Moreover, male sex (B = 2.803, p < 0.001) was an independent protective factor, while advanced age (B = -0.097, p < 0.001), higher body mass index (B = -0.154, p < 0.001), and pain (B = -0.643, p = 0.023) were independent risk factors for exercise intensity. After adjustment for other confounders, exercise (B = 5.787, p = 0.037) was an independent protective factor for total score of QoL in PD patients. In the current study, 81.7% of PD patients performed exercise in the post-COVID-19 period. Pain and anemia were independent risk factors for exercise in PD patients. Advanced age, female sex, higher body mass index, and pain were independently associated with lower exercise capacity in PD patients. PD patients undergoing exercise had better QoL.

#6690 THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SERUM CHEMERIN AND PERITONEAL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT FUNCTION IN INCIDENT PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY

Abstract Background and Aims Some biomarkers in drained dialysate or peritoneal membrane have been found related to the dialysate/plasma ratio of creatinine at 4 h (D/P Cr) in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). But so far, there is no report on serum markers. Some biomarkers are associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Chemerin is a multifunctional chemoattractant adipokine which plays roles in inflammation, adipogenesis and metabolism. In this study, we intended to investigate the role of chemerin in the peritoneal membrane transport function and CVDs in incident PD patients. Method This prospective cohort study was conducted in our PD center. The patients underwent initial standardized peritoneal equilibration test (PET) after PD for 4–6 weeks. Level of serum chemerin was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The patients’ CVDs were recorded during the follow-up period. Results 151 eligible patients with a mean age of 46.59±13.52 years were enrolled. And the median duration of PD was 25.0 months. The median concentration of serum chemerin was 29.09 ng/mL. Baseline D/P Cr was found to be positively correlated with serum chemerin (r = 0.244, p = 0.003). The multivariate analyses revealed that serum chemerin (p = 0.002), age (p = 0.041), albumin (p = 0.000), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.022) were independent factors of D/P Cr. The serum chemerin level was significantly higher in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients than that of patients without DM (36.45 vs 27.37 ng/mL, p = 0.000). And there was a significant statistical difference in CVDs between the high chemerin group (≥29.09 ng/mL) and low chemerin group (&amp;lt;29.09 ng/mL) (42% vs 21%, p = 0.009). Conclusion Serum chemerin has a positive correlation with baseline D/P Cr in incident PD patients. It may be a biomarker that can predict the baseline transport function of peritoneal membrane. And serum chemerin may be a risk factor of CVDs for incident PD patients. Multicenter studies with a larger sample size are warranted in the future.

#3853 THE EFFECT OF PERITONEAL CAVITY FLUSHING ON ACID BASE BALANCE OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS

Abstract Background and Aims Flushing peritoneal cavity with dialysis fluid with short time dwells it is a necessity in some cases for peritoneal dialysis patients. Such cases are overhydration with pulmonary congestion or peritonitis before the initiation of antibiotic treatment as an effort to reduce pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of frequent exchanges with peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid with bicarbonate as a buffer on acid base balance of peritoneal dialysis patients. Method This is a single center cohort study of 18 stable PD patients (m=10.f=8). Their median age was 57 (47, 71) years, their median PD duration was 33 (16, 89) months and they all fulfill the criteria for achieving adequacy targets [median Kt/V 2.17 (1.99, 3.3)] with good nutrition markers [ median albumin levels 3.9 (3.6, 4) gr/dl]. A sample of arterial blood gas (ABG) was taken from the patients before the procedure and after full drainage of the peritoneal cavity . The procedure included 4 times flushing of 1000 ml of dialysis fluid remaining for15 minutes In the peritoneal cavity each time . At the end of the procedure a new blood sample for ABG was taken. We used PD solution with bicarbonate as a buffer (34 mmol/Lt). We estimated the alterations of pH, of bicarbonate (HCO3-), of pCO2, of Base Excess(ΒΕ), of ionized calcium (iCa++) and lactate (Lac) Results Using the non parametric related samples Wilcoxon signed method we found a statistically significant increase in arterial HCO3- concentration between the values before and after the procedure [HCO3-before:25.4 (22, 28), HCO3after:26.5 (24, 29) mEq/lt-P = .023]. Likewise there was a statistically significant increase in BE with median values before the procedure 1 (-1.2,2.9) and after the flushing 2 (-0.6,3,8), P = .018. Even though there was a statistically significant increase in the bases expression of the acid base balance of the patients there wasn't any statistically significant alterations in pH levels- i.e. Alkalemia (pHbefore=7.41,pHafter=7.42 – P = .35) or pCO2 levels i.e. Compensatory Respiratory Acidosis (pCO2προ=40, pCO2μετα=40 – P = .179) nor to the levels of ionized calcium Conclusion Flushing of peritoneal cavity using peritoneal dialysis solution with bicarbonate as a buffer is safe and in this study was not correlated with the development of metabolic alkalosis

Correlation of Serum Asprosin Levels With Normalized Protein Catabolic Rate in Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis Treatment.

Background Peritoneal dialysis patients are malnourished due to loss of protein in the dialysate and inadequate dialysis, although they take additional calories every day during treatment. Many parameters are used to assess nutritional status, with normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) being one of the most common. Asprosin, a novel adipokine secreted by adipose tissue, peaks during fasting and induces hepatic glucose release through the activation of the G-protein-cAMP-PKA pathway, which has been indicated to have a curative effect on chronic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between asprosin levels and nutritional parameters in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis treatment as well as to investigate the applicability of more practical tests. Methodology A total of 70 peritoneal dialysis patients, 35 female (59%) and 24 male (41%), were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 53 ± 14 years (range = 18-80 years), and the median peritoneal dialysis duration was 31.5 months (range = 20-56.2 months). The most common etiologic cause was hypertension(37%). Patients over 18 years of age who had been receiving peritoneal dialysis treatment for at least 24 months were included in the study. The correlation between patients' nPCR levels and serum asprosin, body mass index, and lipids was evaluated. Results The correlation between the level of nPCR and the serum asprosin level, body mass index, and lipids was evaluated. Patients with nPCR <0.815 were considered malnourished, and factors affecting malnutrition were determined by univariate analysis. Among the factors affecting malnutrition according to univariate analysis, those with p-value <0.05 were analyzed by multivariate analysis. Low asprosin level was one of the independent factors affecting malnutrition in patients (Exp(B) = 0.944, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.896-0.994). Other independent factors affecting malnutrition were Kt/V (Exp(B) = 0.018, 95% CI = 0.001-0.550) and residual renal function (Exp(B) = -0.004, 95% CI = 0.993-0.999). Conclusions There is a need for more accessible tests and reliable parameters to evaluate dialysis and nutritional deficiency in peritoneal dialysis patients. One possible hormone that could serve as a guide is asprosin.

Left ventricular hypertrophy, carotid atherosclerosis, and cognitive impairment in peritoneal dialysis patients

BackgroundLeft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) have been identified as factors associated with cognitive impairment (CI) but have not been studied in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). This study investigated the relationship between LVH and CAS and cognitive function in patients undergoing PD.MethodsIn this single-center cross-sectional study, the clinically stable patients who were over 18 years of age and had undergone PD for at least 3 months were enrolled. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), which included seven areas: visuospatial/executive function, naming, attention, language, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation. LVH was defined as LVMI > 46.7 g/m2.7 in women and LVMI > 49.2 g/m2.7 in men. CAS was defined as carotid intima-media thickness ≥ 1.0 mm and/or the presence of plaque.ResultsA total of 207 patients undergoing PD were recruited, with an average age of 52.14 ± 14.93 years and a median PD duration of 8 months (5–19 months). The CI rate was 56%, and the prevalence of CAS was 53.6%. LVH occurred in 110 patients (53.1%). Patients in the LVH group tended to be older, and had a higher body mass index, a higher pulse pressure, a higher male proportion, a lower ejection fraction, a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and CI, and a lower MoCA scores.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the association between LVH and CI (OR, 10.087; 95% confidence interval, 2.966–34.307). And the association between LVH and CI was still supported after propensity matching scores. CAS was not significantly associated with CI.ConclusionLVH is independently associated with CI in patients undergoing PD, while CAS is not significantly associated with CI.

Relationship Between Peritoneal Protein Clearance and Hemoglobin in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

The relationship between higher peritoneal protein clearance (PPCl) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is unknown. We explored this relationship and interaction on all-cause mortality in this prospective cohort study with a large number of PD patients. We enrolled prevalent PD patients in a single PD center. Demographic characteristics and clinical and biochemical data were collected. The total amount of protein loss in the dialysate and PPCl corrected for serum albumin were calculated. The primary study endpoint was all-cause mortality. We examined the relationship between PPCl, Hb, and all-cause mortality in the Cox regression model. We included a total of 487 PD patients (58.3% males, mean age 49.5±14.9years). The median PD duration at enrollment was 30.1 (15.8-48.3) months. Mean Hb level was 11.1±1.9g/dL, and 221 (45.3%) patients had Hb levels <11g/dL. Patients with Hb<11g/dL had lower serum albumin, lower residual renal creatinine clearance, and higher PPCl. In a multilinear regression model, PPCl (β=-0.12, P=.015) had an independent negative linear association with Hb levels. In the logistic regression model, higher PPCl was independently associated with lower Hb (<11g/dL) (odds ratio=1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.03). In the overall cohort, after adjusting for confounders in the Cox regression model, decrease in Hb level was independently associated with increased risk (hazard ratio: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.95) of all-cause mortality. Interaction-effect test showed that PPCl influenced the relationship between Hb level and all-cause mortality (P=.011). After adjusting for confounders, lower Hb level was independently associated with a higher risk (hazard ratio: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.97) of all-cause mortality only in patients with PPCl ≥59.5mL/day and not in patients with lower PPCl. Higher PPCl was an independent predictive factor of lower Hb levels in PD patients. Therefore, PPCl influenced the relationship between Hb level and all-cause mortality in PD patients.

The Association between Serum Chemerin and Peritoneal Membrane Transport Function in Patients Undergoing Incident Peritoneal Dialysis: A Prospective Cohort Study

Introduction: Some biomarkers in drained dialyzate or peritoneal membrane have been found related to the dialyzate/plasma ratio of creatinine at 4 h (D/P Cr) in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). But so far, there is no report on serum markers. Some biomarkers are associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Chemerin is a multifunctional chemoattractant adipokine which plays important roles in inflammation, adipogenesis, and metabolism. We intended to investigate the role of chemerin in the peritoneal membrane transport function and CVDs in incident PD patients. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in our PD center. The patients underwent initial standardized peritoneal equilibration test after PD for 4–6 weeks. Level of serum chemerin was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The patients’ CVDs were recorded during the follow-up period. Results: 151 eligible patients with a mean age of 46.59 ± 13.52 years were enrolled, and the median duration of PD was 25.0 months. The median concentration of serum chemerin was 29.09 ng/mL. Baseline D/P Cr was positively correlated with serum chemerin (r = 0.244, p = 0.003). The multivariate analyses revealed that serum chemerin (p = 0.002), age (p = 0.041), albumin (p = 0.000), and high-density lipoprotein (p = 0.022) were independent factors of D/P Cr. The serum chemerin level was significantly higher in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients than that of patients without DM (36.45 ng/mL vs. 27.37 ng/mL, p = 0.000), and there was a significant statistical difference in CVDs between the high chemerin group (≥29.09 ng/mL) and low chemerin group (<29.09 ng/mL) (42 vs. 21%, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Serum chemerin has a positive correlation with baseline D/P Cr in incident PD patients. It may be a biomarker that can predict the baseline transport function of the peritoneal membrane, and serum chemerin may be a risk factor of CVDs for incident PD patients. Multicenter studies with a larger sample size are warranted in the future.

Mesenteric elasticity assessed by shear wave elastography and its relationship with peritoneal function in peritoneal dialysis patients.

We evaluated the mesenteric elasticity in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) using shear wave elastography (SWE) and investigated its relationships with peritoneal function. Patients were recruited in our peritoneal dialysis (PD) centre between 15 July 2019 and 31 December 2021 and followed up to 31 March 2022. Twelve chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and nineteen healthy people were included as controls. Correlation, linear regression and Cox regression analyses were applied. Of the 218 PD patients, 104 (47.8%) were male. Their mean age was 48.0±13.2years and the median PD duration was 59.0months [interquartile range (IQR) 17.0-105]. The median mesenteric SWE value was 8.15kPa (IQR 5.20-16.1). The mesenteric SWE values of patients with a PD duration of <3months [5.20kPa (IQR 3.10-7.60)] were not significantly different from those of CKD patients [4.35kPa (IQR 2.63-5.20), P=.17] and healthy controls [3.60kPa (IQR 2.90-5.10), P=.13] but were lower than those of patients with a PD duration of 3months-5years [6.40kPa (IQR 4.10-10.5), P<.001], 5-10years [11.9kPa (IQR 7.40-18.2), P<.001] and >10years [19.3kPa (IQR 11.7-27.3), P<.001]. Longer PD duration (β=0.58, P<.001), high effluent interleukin-6 (β=0.61, P=.001) and low effluent cancer antigen 125 (β=-0.34, P=.03) were independently associated with low mesenteric elasticity. The mesenteric SWE value was independently correlated with the dialysate:plasma creatinine ratio (β=0.39, P=.01) and negatively correlated with the total daily fluid volume removed (β=-0.17, P=.03). High mesenteric SWE values were an independent risk factor for death-censored technique failure [adjusted hazard ratio 4.14 (95% confidence interval 1.25-13.7), P=.02). SWE could be used to non-invasively characterize peritoneal textural changes, which were closely associated with changes in peritoneal function.

Peritoneal Protein Clearance Is Associated With Cardiovascular Events but Not Mortality in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.

IntroductionAssociation of peritoneal protein clearance (Pcl) with outcomes in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD) is uncertain. Thus, we aimed to investigate its impact on cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with PD and factors associated with Pcl.MethodsPrevalent patients with PD from January 2014 to April 2015 in the center of Renji Hospital were enrolled. At the time of enrollment, serum and dialysate samples were collected to detect biochemical parameters and Angiopoietin-2-Tie2 system cytokines. Mass transfer area coefficient of creatinine (MTACcr) and Pcl were calculated. Patients were dichotomized into two groups by the median Pcl level (68.5 ml/day) and were followed up prospectively until the end of the study (1 October 2018).ResultsA total of 318 patients with PD [51.2% men, mean age 56.7 ± 14.3 y, median PD duration 31.5 (12.1–57.2) months] were enrolled. Among them, 25.7% were comorbid with diabetes and 28.6% had a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). After being followed up for up to 43.9 (24.2–50.3) months, 63 had developed cardiovascular events, and 81 patients were died. Among them, the high Pcl group had occurred 39 cardiovascular events and 51 deaths, and the low Pcl group had 24 cardiovascular events and 30 deaths. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that both the occurrence of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality were increased in patients with high Pcl. However, after adjusting for important confounders and serum Angiopoietin-2 (Angpt-2) level, Pcl was still an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.006 (1.000–1.012), p = 0.038] but not mortality. On multivariate regression analysis, serum albumin, MTACcr, and body mass index (BMI) were found to be independently associated with Pcl.ConclusionHigh Pcl is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events but not all-cause mortality. The prediction of cardiovascular events by Pcl was independent of serum Angpt-2.

Peritoneal calprotectin level in peritoneal dialysis patients.

Calprotectin is an important molecule in the initiation and progression of the inflammatory process. Systemic and local intraperitoneal inflammation are distinct processes and consequences in peritoneal dialysis (PD). We aimed to evaluate dialysate calprotectin levels and its associations with peritonitis and dialysis adequacy in PD patients. Forty-four PD patients were included in this prospective study. Calprotectin concentration was evaluated in 24-h peritoneal drainage fluid. Patients were followed-up for 1 year, and peritonitis episodes were recorded. Dialysate calprotectin levels were compared to dialysis adequacy parameters and peritonitis frequency. The mean age of patients was 54.9±12.7 years. Median PD duration was 54 (23-76) months. Seventeen patients (38.6%) had previous peritonitis episodes. During follow-up, 15 of 44 patients (34.1%) had peritonitis. The median calprotectin concentration was 79.5 (75.2-86.3) ng/ml. The patients were divided into low and high calprotectin groups according to median value. In the high calprotectin group, BMI was found higher (p = 0.04). There was no significant relationship between calprotectin concentration and peritonitis during follow-up (p = 0.29). However, the patients that have had previous peritonitis had higher calprotectin concentrations (p = 0.02). The patients who had higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels also had higher calprotectin concentrations (p = 0.01). Peritoneal calprotectin concentrations were correlated with higher BMI and ESR, and it was higher in patients with previous peritonitis episodes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the peritoneal calprotectin levels in PD patients. Further studies are needed to determine the use of peritoneal calprotectin as an inflammatory marker in PD.

Patient-reported gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with peritoneal dialysis: the prevalence, influence factors and association with quality of life

BackgroundThe aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and the influence factors of gastrointestinal symptoms, and its association with the quality of life (QOL) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.MethodsContinuous ambulatory PD patients (CAPD) who followed up in our PD center between March 2016 and December 2017 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) was used to evaluate gastrointestinal symptoms. The related clinical data were also collected. Multiple linear regression analysis was test for the influence factors associated with score of GSRS and QOL.ResultsThis study included 471 CAPD patients. The mean age was 48.5±13.9 years, 53.9% were male and 15.1% with diabetic nephropathy. The median duration of PD was 37.3 (17.5~66.5) months. The median score of GSRS was 1.2(1.1~1.3) scores. Totally 82.2% (n=387) CAPD patients had at least one gastrointestinal symptom. Higher glycosylated hemoglobin, higher score of depression, lower diastolic blood pressure, urine output, score of instrumental activities of daily living scale and more amount of pills per day were independently associated with higher score of GSRS (all P<0.05). Score of dyspepsia and eating dysfunction were independently associated with worse score of QOL and physical health (all P<0.05).ConclusionsGastrointestinal symptoms were common but not serious in CAPD patients. Glycemic control, depression, blood pressure, urine output, activity of daily life and amount of pills were all associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Moreover, gastrointestinal symptoms were correlated with QOL of PD patients.

POS-630 DROP-OUT OF CHILDREN WITH ESKD FROM CHRONIC PERITONEAL DIALYSIS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS, A TEN YEAR REVIEW AT RED CROSS WAR MEMORIAL CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL, SOUTH AFRICA

Dialysis is a temporary kidney replacement therapy to keep children who develop end stage kidney disease (ESKD) healthy and alive while work up for kidney transplant, the preferred treatment, proceeds. Kidney transplantation may be preemptive. Chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the preferred modality over hemodialysis (HD) in children because of the convenience of dialysis being performed at home as opposed to hospital visits for HD, avoids problems associated with vascular access and children face fewer school interruptions. Children may drop-out from PD due to complications and permanently switch to HD or die before being transplanted. We sought to investigate the rate of drop-out among children on chronic PD and describe some contributing factors. This was a retrospective descriptive study involving children entered onto the kidney transplant waiting list from 2009 to 2018. We recruited children who were on chronic PD over the 10 year study period. Drop-out was defined as permanent switch to HD or death while on PD. Relevant data was extracted from patient folders following ethical approval. Outcome measures were proportion of children dropping-out, factors associated with drop-out and timing of drop-out. A total of 111 children were listed for transplantation between January 2009 and December 2018, 67 were treated with PD (of whom 18 had previously been treated with HD) and 11 were treated with HD alone. Thirty three (33) children were not on any dialysis modality and either received preemptive kidney transplantation or remained on the waiting list at the end of the study period. Complete data was available for 52 of the 67 children who received PD. There were 25 (48%) females. The median age of all participants was 11 (interquartile range 6.0, 13.1) years. Forty seven (90%) children were cared for by parents. Chronic PD catheters were inserted laparoscopically in 90% of the children. The most frequent causes of ESKD were steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (13%) and posterior urethral valves (12%) (Figure 1).The peritonitis rate was 1.2 episodes per patient year. Twenty two (42.3%) children had no episodes of peritonitis. The median duration of PD overall was 9 (range 1-60) months. The median duration of PD until transplantation was 11 months (interquartile range 6, 24.5), compared with 4 months (interquartile range 2, 14) among those who dropped-out of PD. At the end of the study period, 17/52 children (32.7%) dropped-out of PD before transplantation, with 13 (25%) switches to HD and 4 (7.6 %) deaths, while 29 were transplanted and 6 still on PD (35/52). One or more episodes of bacterial peritonitis was significantly associated with drop-out from PD (p = 0.017) (Table 1). Three deaths were directly related to PD complications and one was a result of pancytopenia. Switch to HD was mostly due to peritonitis complications. Over half of the children dropped-out within the first 12 months of PD (Table 2). Table 1. Factors associated with drop-out from PDView Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Table 2: Description of the cases that dropped-out from PD and the timing of drop-out.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) We observed a high drop-out rate of 32.7% from chronic PD among children awaiting kidney transplantation at RCWMCH. There is a need to improve measures to prevent peritonitis to improve retention rates on chronic PD. Further prospective studies are required to better monitor peritonitis rates.

Association of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity with cognitive impairment in peritoneal dialysis patients

Background The relationship between cognitive impairment (CI) and arterial stiffness in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients has not been clearly clarified. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between CI and arterial stiffness in PD patients. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled PD patients who performed a vascular profiler test at a single PD center in China between January 2014 and June 2016. The cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA). A noninvasive vascular screening device was used to assess arterial stiffness relevant indicators. Results A total of 643 PD patients with median age 45 (37–57.4) years and median duration of PD 27.8 (8.7–56.4) months were enrolled. The rate of CI was 49.9%. The mean brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was 17.2 ± 5.6 m/s. Compared with normal cognitive function group, patients with CI had higher baPWV (18.6 ± 7.0 vs. 15.8 ± 3.2 m/s), systolic blood pressure (150.3 ± 21.5 vs. 144.2 ± 20.2 mmHg), and pulse pressure (59.7 ± 14.7 vs. 52.5 ± 11.6 mmHg), and lower ankle-brachial index (ABI, 1.12 ± 0.12 vs. 1.15 ± 0.09) (all p<.05). Compared with systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and ABI in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, baPWV had better performance in predicting CI (area under curve: 0.68, 95% confidence interval: 0.64–0.72). BaPWV was independently associated with MoCA score (B per SD, −0.42 [95% confidence interval, −0.71 to −0.12]; p = .006) and CI (OR per SD, 1.55 [95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.17]; p = .011) in PD patients after adjustment for confounders. Conclusions Higher baPWV was independently associated with CI in PD patients.

Evaluation of non-infectious complications of peritoneal dialysis in children: a multicenter study.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the most common kidney replacement therapy in children. Complications associated with PD affect treatment success and sustainability. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of PD-related non-infectious complications and the predisposing factors. Retrospective data from 11 centers in Turkey between 1998 and 2018 was collected. Non-infectious complications of peritoneal dialysis (NICPD), except metabolic ones, in pediatric patients with regular follow-up of at least 3months were evaluated. A total of 275 patients were included. The median age at onset of PD and median duration of PD were 9.1 (IQR, 2.5-13.2) and 7.6 (IQR, 2.8-11.9) years, respectively. A total of 159 (57.8%) patients encountered 302 NICPD within the observation period of 862 patient-years. The most common NIPCD was catheter dysfunction (n = 71, 23.5%). At least one catheter revision was performed in 77 patients (28.0%). Longer PD duration and presence of swan neck tunnel were associated with the development of NICPD (OR 1.191; 95% CI 1.079-1.315, p = 0.001 and OR 1.580; 95% CI 0.660-0.883, p = 0.048, respectively). Peritoneal dialysis was discontinued in 145 patients; 46 of whom (16.7%) switched to hemodialysis. The frequency of patients who were transferred to hemodialysis due to NICPD was 15.2%. Peritoneal dialysis-related non-infectious complications may lead to discontinuation of therapy. Presence of swan neck tunnel and long duration of PD increased the rate of NICPD. Careful monitoring of patients is necessary to ensure that PD treatment can be maintained safely.

Relapsing peritonitis and taurolidine peritoneal catheter lock: One center experience.

Relapsing peritonitis due to the development of a biofilm in the catheter's lumen remains an important complication of peritoneal dialysis therapy that endangers technique continuity. Taurolidine catheter lock has proven efficient reducing infection rates in permanent hemodialysis catheters based on its biocidal activity and biofilm detachment effect. Efficacy evidence on its use in peritoneal dialysis catheters is lacking. We retrospectively analyzed all relapsing peritonitis episodes from June 2018 until October 2019 in our center. Patients were identified and data were collected from our electronic renal registry and patient's records. Six patients were identified during the study period. Most patients (66.6%) were on automated peritoneal dialysis and the median duration of peritoneal dialysis before the episode of taurolidine was started was 43.66 ± 29.64 months. Mean taurolidine doses were 10 (range: 9-11) and 83.3% (five patients, with peritonitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium propinquum) had a favorable response and microbial eradication without relapses after taurolidine treatment. Only one patient relapsed by the same organism (Corynebacterium amycolatum) due to non-adherence to the antibiotic treatment prescribed. None of the patients experienced any relevant adverse events, with only two out of six presenting mild transient abdominal discomfort. We believe that peritoneal catheter taurolidine lock could be considered in cases of relapsing or refractory peritonitis, as it could prevent catheter removal and permanent switch to hemodialysis in selected cases, although literature is scarce and further studies are needed.

Acute Peritoneal Dialysis in Premature Infants

This study aimed to investigate the underlying causes and outcomes of less than 1500 g birth weight infants who underwent acute peritoneal dialysis (PD). Case records of infants with birthweight less than 1500 g from January 2015 to June 2018 were reviewed. The median (range) birth weight and gestational age of the patients were 720 g (555-1055) and 26 weeks (23-27.5), respectively. Underlying factors for the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) were patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (15 patients), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (10 patients), sepsis (7 patients), asphyxia (2 patients) and hydrops fetalis (2 patients). Multifunctional 10 F flexible catheter was used for the procedure. Median PD onset time was 7 days (4.5-13.5) and median PD duration was 3 days (1.5-3.5). Overall mortality rate was 81 % (n=17). Despite high overall mortality, PD is technically feasible in very low birthweight (VLBW) and extremely low birthweight (ELBW) neonates using a multifunctional catheter.