Media Usage Research Articles

Unveiling the Factors Influencing Social Media Usage Among A'Sharqiyah University Students: Exploring Impacts and Pathways to Optimization

Unveiling the Factors Influencing Social Media Usage Among A'Sharqiyah University Students: Exploring Impacts and Pathways to Optimization

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DISORDERED EATING BEHAVIOURS AND SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE IN YOUNG ADULTS A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: Disordered eating behaviours(DEB) have increased significantly in recent times, especially among young adults. These behaviours are the result of several variables, including conventional beauty ideals. Social media plays a significant role by popularizing unrealistic beauty standards. The correlation between DEB and the use of social media has not been adequately explored in young adults. Methodology: Data from engineering students (n = 690 mean age = 19.5) was collected. Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used to determine DEB and social media disorder (SMD) scale was used to determine disordered social media usage. Chi-square test was applied to find the association between DEB and problematic usage of social media. Results: Out of 690 sample size, 53.6 % of the sample were female and 46.4% were male. DEB were reported by 44.2% of which 15.2% were female and 29.0% were male with dieting being the most common disordered eating behavior. A total of 31.9% reported problematic or disordered social media usage of which 15.2% were female and 16.7% were male. A Significant association was found between DEB and disordered social media usage with p value=0.000 and ᵡ² value= 15.06. A Significant association was also found between DEB and male sex with p value=0.000 and ᵡ² value= 16.2. Conclusion: The results of this study point to a correlation between DEB and problematic usage of social media in young adults.

Impact of the Usage of Cell Phones and Social Media Among the Rural College Girl Students

The main problems of the study deal with prevalent in Government Colleges, every year 25% of college girls drop out of their higher education, and 10% of the girls are coerced into marriage by parents and continuing education. The study was conducted at the Government Arts and Science College for Women, Alangulam of Tenkasi District. It was purely an empirical study. This College offers 5 Degree Courses in Arts and Science, comprising 896 girls. One-eighth of the samples were taken for the present study. The main objectives of the study include studying how many hours cell phones are spent per day by female students on social media. ii, to examine whether it has been used for either academic purpose or personal purpose. iii.To provide effective supportive mechanisms to solve socialmedia addiction. The present study covers 100 college girlsstudents in art science. 80% of students have said that daily onehour using 2GP (Rs.250/- per month) for online courses incollege and more than one and a half hours using houses forpersonal uses. 60% of the of girl's students have reported thatapart from studying, they cell phones for chatting with friends,WhatsApp status, and reels. 25% of the girls students haveescaped from college education and eloped with lovers throughcell phone chatting.15% of the cell phones were snatched byparents and stopped their education.

Credible, Competent Contributors: Children and Young People as Postdigital Citizen Social Scientists

AbstractI argue that participatory action research (PAR) is a valuable means by which to advance citizen social science, not by researching with and on adults, but with children and young people (CYP). Given the right opportunities, using child-friendly and child-centred research methods, CYP can be credible, competent contributors to social science, including the digital environment. The foundational goals of PAR are empowerment, transformation, and enfranchisement of the traditionally marginalised, and none are more universally and structurally marginalised than CYP. Using a child rights argument, I explain why CYP continue to be excluded from research and why there is still so much scepticism that CYP are credible contributors. One reason is childism, a system of oppression, prejudice, and discrimination against CYP on account of their perceived status as not yet human and not fully rational beings. Childism entails the belief that adults are automatically superior to children. I argue further that CYP’s participation in postdigital social science research enacts the entitlements in Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), even though state parties, having ratified this landmark convention, find it very challenging to do more than simply laud its aims. Using three case studies of CYP’s contribution to research and human rights activism, I make the case that they are expert knowers of their own social and digital experiences and have the skills and insights to examine their social worlds in ways that adult researchers too easily overlook, downplay, or simply ignore. As importantly is that CYP are expert users of digital and social media. Their epistemic and ontological experiences as users, creators, contributors, and disseminators of content, and as targets of malign actors, must be included in any research, policy, or law.

Evaluating the psychological antecedents of vaccination in applicants to primary health care centers

Abstract Background Vaccine acceptance can be enhanced by understanding the psychological antecedents of vaccination. The 5C model identifies relevant factors: confidence, complacency, constraints, calculation, and collective responsibility. This study aims to evaluate these factors among primary health care center applicants in Ankara. Methods A total of 1712 individuals aged 18 and over, who visited primary health care centers, participated in the study. The face-to-face survey included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, Vaccination Psychological Antecedents Scale, individuals’ attitudes and behaviors towards vaccination, and internet usage. Factors with a significance level of p < 0.20 from previous analyses were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The factors influencing the decision to get vaccinated without hesitation when necessary were investigated. Results The likelihood of getting vaccinated without hesitation in necessary situations is higher among those with higher income than expenditure(OR:1,517, 95%CI=1,094-2,104), those without chronic diseases in their family(OR:1,411, 95%CI=1,109-1,795), and those who do not actively use social media(OR:1,380, 95%CI=1,051-1,813). Additionally, an increase in the confidence score(OR:1,276, 95%CI=1,239-1,315) and the collective responsibility score(OR:1,096, 95%CI=1,058-1,134), was associated with an increased likelihood, while an increase in the calculation dimension(OR:0,928, 95%CI=0,895-0,962) was associated with a decreased likelihood. Conclusions Income status, presence of chronic illness in the family, active social media usage, confidence, collective responsibility, and calculation are factors influencing vaccine acceptance without hesitation. Communication strategies based on trust and collective responsibility should be developed to improve vaccine acceptance. The risk factors causing vaccine hesitancy among social media users should be investigated, and measures should be taken. Key messages • Develop trust-based, collective responsibility-focused communication to boost vaccine acceptance. • Investigate and address social media-driven vaccine hesitancy.

Health behaviour and well-being in the Faroe Islands prior to and during the first COVID-19 lockdown

Abstract Detrimental effects on health and well-being were reported during the COVID-19-induced lockdown periods in several countries, but these associations have not been studied in small-scale island societies. This study aimed to examine the lockdown period’s impact on health behaviour, social media use and measures of well-being in the Faroe Islands. We used cross-sectional data from two extensive population-based surveys of public health conducted in November 2019, the pre-COVID survey (n = 2906), and 4-6 weeks into the first national lockdown, the lockdown survey (n = 1204). A larger proportion of participants in the lockdown vs. pre-COVID survey people reported high physical activity levels (42.1 vs 30.7% p < 0.001), while nutritional habits were rated worse and social media usage increased. Furthermore, the proportion displaying excellent/very good self-rated health was larger in the lockdown vs. pre-COVID survey (68.1 vs 62.0% p < 0.001), and the same pattern was observed for reporting good quality of life (85.7 vs 82.7% p < 0.05). These associations remained statistically significant in a logistic regression model after adjusting for characteristics for which varying impact of the pandemic has been shown. Indicators of health behaviour showed that larger proportions of participants kept active during the lockdown vs pre-COVID survey, and these differences were statistically significant for physical, mental, and spiritual activities (p < 0.001). On the other hand, similar stress levels in the pre-COVID/lockdown periods were observed, but stratified analysis showed that participants with a high-stress level displayed better self-rated health in the lockdown period compared to the pre-COVID period (p = 0.001). Conclusions Findings indicate that self-reported health and quality of life improved during the early phase of the COVID lockdown, and individuals reported higher activity levels associated with good mental health during the COVID-19-induced lockdown period. Key messages • Physical activity improved, but dietary habits worsened during initial COVID-19 lockdown in the Faroe Islands. • Measures of wellbeing and quality of life improved during initial COVID-19 lockdown in the Faroe Islands, while there was no overall difference regarding stress levels.

Screen time and social media exposure in children and adolescents - the landscape

Abstract Dr. Cecilia Elias is a Public Health Consultant, collaborating with the Infant, Youth, Sexual and Reproductive Health Division at the Health Directorate General, in Lisbon, Portugal. Following on from John’s introduction, Cecilia will dig deeper into the impacts of the omnipresence of social media and phones in modern society. She will provide an overview of the harms and benefits for today’s youth. She will highlight data for example on impaired development of language, cognitive and social skills from screen exposure at young ages, and increased rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, and school refusal among adolescents with problematic social media usage, including examples of significant outcomes. Exposure to disturbing and harmful content on social media platforms like TikTok and Instagram will be covered also.

From Social Media to Public Health: The Role of Identity Recognition in Post-Pandemic Information Dissemination

With social media becoming an essential platform for public health information communication, the impact of identity on the effectiveness of information dissemination in social media has received increasing attention. This study aimed to explore the relationship between identity factors in social media and the effectiveness of public health news dissemination. Different social media user identities have different effects and concerns on public information communication, and the identity backgrounds of bloggers have different perspectives on public health information communication. The findings help to identify the effects of different identities in public health communication and provide possible research ideas and perspectives for future researchers.

Characteristics predisposing to the utilization of Internet websites offering e-prescriptions

Abstract Background The introduction of e-prescriptions in the Polish healthcare system was accompanied by the emergence of websites offering easy access to medication without adequate medical assessment. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of Polish users of such services. Methods The analysis presented here is based on the online survey conducted in June 2023 among 1661 adult Internet users. The multivariable logistic regression model (MLRM) was developed for the variable reflecting the use of e-prescribing web services (EPWS). Sociodemographic variables, self-assessed health status, the presence of chronic disease (CHR) and disabilities (DIS), the frequency of Internet (IU) and social media use (SMU), and finally, digital health literacy (DHL) were included in MLRM as independent variables. Results The percentage of respondents who used EPWS was equal to 18.2% (n = 303). MLRM revealed that age, vocational and income status, CHR, SMU, and DHL were significant predictors of EPWS use. Older respondents were less likely than younger ones to use EPWS (odds ratio (OR), 95% confidentiality interval (95%CI): 0.97, 0.97-0.99. Persons suffering from the chronic disease, when compared to those without such disease, used EPWS less frequently (OR, 95CI: 0.59, 0.43-0.80) and unemployed when compared to employees (OR, 95%CI: 0.53, 0.32-0.88). A higher likelihood of using EPWS was observed among respondents with the highest income in comparison to those from the group with the lowest income (OR, 95%CI: 1.52, 1.02-2.52) and among more frequent social media users (OR, 95%CI: 3.88, 1.90-7.93). Finally, the increase of DHL score by 1 unit was associated with the increase of the likelihood of EPWS use by 9% (OR, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.05-1.12). Conclusions A significant number of adult Internet users utilize EPWS in Poland. Lower age, unemployment, and chronic diseases are negative predictors of EPWS use. More intense SMU and unexpectedly higher DHL predispose to the use of such services. Key messages • Even persons with high e health literacy are inclined to use web portals offering e-prescriptions. • The high prevalence of the utilization of e-prescribing websites requires awareness campaigns warning about related potential risks.

Tobacco smoking during COVID-19 pandemic among social media users in Russia

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has forced countries to take various restrictive measures, including “lockdowns”, which may have affected tobacco smoking. The study explored associations between an increase in smoking, sociodemographic, and related to pandemic factors during pandemic among social media users in Russia. Methods Between June-September 2020, 1518 users of the most popular in Russia social media networks participated in online survey investigating changes in alcohol, tobacco, and substance use during pandemic. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with an increase in tobacco smoking. The analysis was adjusted for sex, level of education, perception of the severity of public life restrictions, negative work/financial consequences of the pandemic, stress, changes in the frequency of drinking, heavy episodic drinking (6 or more standard drinks at a time), and the volume of alcohol consumed on a typical occasion. Results 46.8% of the surveyed population were current smokers. 17.0% of them reduced, 37.9% increased, and 45.1% didn’t change their smoking during the pandemic. Relative to those whose smoking reduced or didn’t change, those who increased their smoking were more likely to be: 18-29 years old (OR = 1.906; 95% CI = 1.109-3.277), residents of medium to big cities (up to 1 mln inhabitants) (1.519; 1.017-2.270), had their income reduced (1.508; 1.024-2.222), faced severe restrictions in everyday life as a result of measures taken to contain SARS-CoV-2 (2.398; 1.440-3.758). After introducing alcohol consumption variables to the model, only two factors were associated with an increase in smoking: severe restrictions in everyday life (2.147; 1.227-3.993) and increased frequency of heavy episodic drinking during pandemic (2.338; 1.167-4.685). Conclusions Increase in tobacco smoking during pandemic was associated with severe restrictions in everyday life and increased frequency of heavy episodic drinking among social media users in Russia. Key messages • More than a third of social media users increased tobacco smoking during pandemic, which was associated with severe restrictions in everyday life and increased frequency of heavy episodic drinking. • During pandemics and similar public health crises, it is advisable to expand remote counseling services for alcohol and tobacco cessation, which can be delivered through social media.

The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health of Young Adults: A Literature Review

This concept paper explores the complex relationship between social media usage and the mental health of young adults. The paper introduces the notion of social media and its significance in the lives of young adult, emphasizing the importance of studying its effects on their mental health and psychological well-being. Social media platforms have become an integral part of daily activities in the lives of young people. It has also become an invasive element in the lives of youth, shaping their social interactions, self-perception, and access to lots of information. Even though these platforms offer opportunities for social connection, creative expression, and educational engagement, they also present significant mental health challenges, including anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem, which are often driven by social comparison, cyberbullying, and the pressure to maintain an idealized online image. The paper investigates key areas of concern, including the rise of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem linked to social comparison, cyberbullying, and the relentless pursuit of online validation. It also examines the addictive nature of social media, its impact on sleep, and the destruction of face-to-face social skills. By analysing existing literature and identifying research gaps, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the two-edged nature of social media's influence on mental health. It advocates for the development of digital literacy programs, mental health support systems, and balanced usage strategies to help young people navigate the challenges posed by social media while maximizing its potential benefits.

Customer Satisfaction Towards Social Media with Special Reference to Uthangarai Taluk

Social media is an essential component of today's world. It allows people to stay connected and share their ideas, thoughts, and opinions with others in a safe and secure setting. It can also be used to promote companies, organizations, and causes, as well as to keep up with current events and trends. Social media can help us develop relationships with others by allowing us to communicate with people from all over the world and form meaningful connections. Finally, it can serve as a platform for self-expression, allowing us to be creative while also sharing our thoughts and experiences with others. The goal of this study is to assess customer satisfaction with social media usage in Uthangarai Taluk. It seeks to uncover critical elements influencing client perceptions and prospects while collaborating with local companies online. Method: This study used both primary and secondary data to assess customer satisfaction with social media in Uthangarai Taluk. A sample size of 100 respondents was chosen to capture information about their experiences and expectations, ensuring a thorough investigation of the local context. This combination strategy is intended to improve the reliability and depth of the findings. According to the study, the majority of customers in Uthangarai Taluk are active on social media, with a preference for platforms such as Facebook and WhatsApp. Prompt responses and appropriate local material are key drivers of happiness, yet delayed customer service can cause dissatisfaction as well. Overall, social media has a substantial influence on purchasing decisions and customer trust.

Dimensional Interaction, Intimacy Building: Roles of Perceived Intimacy and Parasocial Effects on Fans Relations with Virtual Idols

Abstract: The appearance of virtual idols has introduced discussions about the connection with fans, even though their idols are always disembodied and fictitious. To some degree, the theory of parasocial interaction can have academic value in the virtual characters, extending beyond the impact on the real stars and fans. This study emphasizes particularly on exploring the role of intimacy in the parasocial relationship, which contains the perspective of fan psychology and youth subculture. By exerting structured interview, the survey collects records from 7 college students who are fans of popular virtual idols including A-SOUL, Luxiem, LASER, etc. The results provide insights into how fans perceive the presence of intimacy and what factors influence the levels of intimacy based on the behaviors of online media usage. Compared with the real idols and life, there are some findings showcasing characteristics of virtual idol-fan intimacy when fans have developed the parasocial interaction.

Enhancing Cross-Cultural Understanding: The Role of Digital Platforms in Cultural Exchange for Chinese Graduate Students at Northwestern University

The rapid growth of digital platforms has reshaped the educational-rich landscape, introducing dynamic ways of cultural exchange that transcend traditional boundaries. This paper explores the unique potential of online cultural exchange to promote cross-cultural understanding and community building for students, with a special focus on Chinese graduate students in Northwestern University during their short spring break. As global connectivity increases, it becomes increasingly important to leverage these digital tools to facilitate meaningful cultural interactions. This study argues that social media platforms play a key role in this effort, enabling students to engage in cultural exchange activities that are both convenient and impactful (Abbas et al., 2019). Integrating digital tools into educational and cultural environments has revolutionized the way students interact with different cultural experiences. Social media platforms, in particular, offer unparalleled opportunities for students to connect with peers from different cultures, share knowledge and engage in collaborative activities. These platforms provide a flexible and accessible means for students to immerse themselves in cultural learning outside of geographical constraints. Moreover, the interactivity of social media fosters a sense of community and common purpose, which is essential for successful cultural exchange programs. While there are many advantages to using social media for cultural communication, there are also significant challenges that need to be addressed. The potential for distraction, information overload, and reduced face-to-face interaction could undermine the effectiveness of these platforms in educational Settings. In addition, given the differences in social media usage patterns among different demographic groups, such as gender differences, it is critical to ensure that programs are inclusive and effective. This article aims to explore these complexities and offer solutions to maximize the benefits of social media while mitigating its drawbacks.

Perceptions of Senior Citizens Regarding the Social Media Impact on Relationship between Parents and Teenagers: A Sociological Case Study in Dera Ghazi Khan

The utilization of social media can have both advantageous and detrimental effects on families, regardless of whether they are in their household or traveling. Elderly individuals in households often observe the impact of social media on their interactions with adults, experiencing a combination of concern and fascination. They express apprehension about the potential harm to family connections caused by the various risks linked with teenagers' use of social media, including cyberbullying, harassment, and fraud. The study aims to understand the sociological implications of social media on family dynamics with objective of, (i) to find out the socioeconomic characteristics of the study participants; (ii) to explore the main cause the social media platforms impact on the relationship between parents and teenagers; (iii) to explore the negative consequences of social media sites on the activities of teenagers; and (iv) how to overcome the negative effect of social media. For this study, a sample of 160 study participants (senior citizens) selected through multistage sampling technique. At first stage 1 Tehsil will be selected randomly, at second stage 4 union councils selected randomly from each tehsil, at third stage 2 villages selected from each union council randomly, at fourth stage 20 study participants selected from each village through convenient sampling technique. Majority more than eighty percent (80.7%) of the teenagers due to excessive usage of social media apps make them aggressive. Majority more than eighty-two percent (82.5%) of the teenagers face depression due social loneliness. Majority more than ninety-one percent (91.9%) of the senior citizens’ availability of internet making them addictive of social media app. Majority more than ninety-two percent (92.5%) of the teenagers after the use of social media app they feel headache, back pain and eyesight problems. Majority more than seventy-one percent (71.9%) of the senior citizens said that usage of social media apps teenagers faced mood swings. Strain relationship between parent’s teenagers was associated with teenager isolation. The time for parents was associated with the feeling of pleasant with social media apps. Habitual of social media app usage was associated with depression in teenagers.

INSTAGRAM @ INDONESIABAIK.ID ACCOUNT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY AS A MEDIUM FOR DISSEMINATING PUBLIC INFORMATION

Social media is a platform that allows users to engage in interaction, collaboration, and the formation of virtual social communities. Social media plays an important role in the dissemination of information. This research aims to study how to manage Instagram accounts owned by the Indonesian government, namely, Indonesian accounts belonging to Kominfo. The research uses a qualitative approach to gather in-depth narratives and detailed accounts from informants. The data was collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies. Finally, the data was interpreted to answer the research questions and provide meaningful insights. This study contributes to understanding the effective management of social media platforms, specifically Instagram, as a tool for disseminating public information. The study provides insights into strategies and practices that can optimize social media usage for public communication, enhancing engagement, information accessibility, and public awareness. This could provide further insights into optimizing social media strategies for public information dissemination.

Mediating Role Of Brand Image In Digital Marketing And E-WOM On Islamic Bank Customer Decisions

The present study aims to analyze the effects of digital marketing and Electronic Word of Mouth (E-WOM) on brand image, then examine the effects of digital marketing and Electronic Word of Mouth on the decision to be an Islamic bank customer and analyze the effects of digital marketing and Electronic Word of Mouth on the decision to be an Islamic bank customer through brand image as a mediating variable. The research type used in the present study was quantitative, using primary data obtained by distributing questionnaires. By distributing questionnaires, 100 respondent data was found and analyzed using SPSS version 26. The sampling techniques used by the author were the snowball sampling technique and nonprobability sampling. The criteria for the research sample were Islamic bank customers and social media users. Because the size of the research population was unknown, the present study used Lemeshow’s formula. The research results showed that digital marketing had a significant effect on brand image, Electronic Word of Mouth had a considerable effect on brand image, and digital marketing significantly affected the decision to become an Islamic bank customer. In contrast, Electronic Word of Mouth did not significantly affect the decision to be an Islamic bank customer. Brand image positively and significantly affects the decision to become a customer.

A Study on the Reliability and Validity of the Social Media Leadership Scale in Education Organizations Sample

Purpose: In this study, it is aimed to develop a Likert-type scale that can measure the status of managers and employees working in organizations in the context of social media leadership in a sample of educational organizations. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was conducted on teachers working in schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education during the 2022–2023 academic year. Expert opinions were sought to ensure the construct validity of the scale. The content validity rates of the items were determined, and the content validity index of the scale was calculated as 0.88. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted to test the validity of the scale. KMO and Bartlett tests were used to determine the suitability of the obtained data for factor analysis. The EFA revealed that the scale had a 5-factor structure, which was then confirmed by the CFA. The CFA results were supported by acceptable and excellent fit values. The conformity and validity of the scale and the correlation between the factors were calculated. The internal consistency reliability coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the scale. After the aforementioned procedures, the Social Media Leadership Scale (SMLLS) was developed. The SMLLS consists of 24 items with 5 factors: guidance, innovation, ethical principles, sensitivity, and awareness. The lowest score on the scale is 24, and the highest score is 120. Findings: The SMLS is a measurement tool developed to determine the leadership levels of social media users. The findings regarding the validity and reliability of the scale indicate that it has sufficient psychometric properties to determine the leadership levels of social media users. Highlights: This scale can be used to assess the current status of teachers and administrators working at various levels within educational institutions in the context of social media leadership.

Social Media Preferences and Usage Behaviour among Indonesians Insights and Implications for Business Strategies

This study explores social media preferences and behaviors among Indonesian users aged 18 to 64, surveyed between August and September 2024. Utilizing a sample of 156 respondents, the research aims to uncover patterns in platform usage, content preferences, and receptivity to advertisements. The results reveal that Instagram is the most used and preferred social media platform among respondents, positioning it as a crucial channel for businesses targeting the Indonesian market. These findings offer valuable insights into the social media habits of Indonesian users, providing practical implications for businesses looking to optimize their digital marketing strategies. By identifying key trends in platform popularity, user behavior, and engagement with specific types of content, businesses can better tailor their digital outreach and advertising efforts. The study also highlights that users are most engaged during particular times of the day and show a strong preference for content related to entertainment, education, and career development. These insights allow businesses to strategically target users with personalized content that aligns with their interests and maximizes engagement. Furthermore, the importance of understanding consumer preferences in shaping effective advertising campaigns is emphasized, particularly in the rapidly evolving digital landscape of Indonesia. This study shows the dominance of Instagram platform among social users.

Transcending failure: A study on the “failed domestication” of online news for young visually impaired people in China

Drawing on the triple articulation framework, this study explores the “failed domestication” of online news consumption among young visually impaired people (YVIP), focusing on technological objects, symbolic environments, and individual texts. The findings suggest that “failed domestication” is not merely a consequence of limitations in technical design or social contexts but rather the result of “negotiation” between individuals and media. YVIP develop unique media usage strategies by simplifying operational procedures, foregoing updates, filtering out news irrelevant to their daily lives, and personalizing their interpretation of texts. In contrast to the notion of “failure” rooted in ableism, these behaviors reflect a deep understanding by the visually impaired of their capabilities and specific needs, constituting a form of “alternative success.” The use of digital media by people with disabilities is a process of autonomous choice rather than the “enforcing normalcy.” Therefore, this study advocates for creating a more flexible and human-centric media ecosystem that enables people with disabilities to choose appropriate media usage patterns based on their individual needs and preferences, thus promoting genuine digital inclusivity.