Media Routines Research Articles

Of Disputes and Petitions: Exploring Media Framing of the 2012 Presidential Election Petition In Ghana

ABSTRACT This exploratory study investigates how the media in Ghana framed the 2012 presidential Election Petition case. Using quantitative content analysis of stories from the digital platforms of an elite and a popular commercial radio station in Ghana, I found that both digital platforms relied mainly on game and conflict frames and the use of official sources in presenting stories. The use of the game frame was associated with the presence of official sources, and the use of conflict and responsibility frames. The study extends the theory of media coverage of Supreme Courts by showing that the political antecedents of a case holds a heavy sway in how the media covers the Supreme Court. It further shows that frames employed are influenced by a confluence of media routines, source needs, and judicial ramifications for journalists.

Contrast media routines in Norwegian hospitals – a mapping study

Introduction Optimal contrast enhancement in the organ of interest is crucial for the image quality of a CT examination. Potential side effects of contrast media range from mild to potentially severe. The use of the smallest possible amount, without compromising the image quality, is therefore preferable considering patient safety. Different methods of calculations, that consider different factors, are used to calculate the relevant amount. Our project focuses on the contrast media used in a "CT liver" examination among the public hospitals in Norway, and we wish to present the differences in contrast media routines.Methods Inquiries were sent to every public hospital that have a CT-lab in Norway, asking for their liver protocol, also including a short questionnaire. Eight example patients with different characteristics (sex, weight and body composition) were created. Information from the protocols and the questionnaires were used to calculate the amount of contrast media each of the hospitals would give to each example patient. Previous studies were used to calculate the recommended amounts of contrast media based on patient safety and optimal image quality. ResultsCalculations show differences between 66% and 117% (from lowest to highest amount) of contrast media given to the example patients. Out of the 30 participating hospitals, 6 use software, 17 use weight tables, 2 use fixed amounts and 5 use weight tables that takes body composition into consideration as their methods of calculating the amount of contrast media. None would have given more than the recommended amounts, considering patient safety, while between 6,7% and 36,7% would have given less than the recommended amounts, considering image quality. Conclusion The results show significant differences in contrast media usage among Norwegian hospitals. In conclusion, there is room for improvement and standardization of contrast media routines. Optimization of contrast media routines will benefit both patient safety, image quality and cost.

Ephemeral Journalism: News Distribution Through Instagram Stories

Social media are increasingly integrated into media routines as channels to gain access, verify and spread information. Likewise, as mobile news consumption is standardized, the media experiment with native formats for these platforms. This study analyzes how the media use Instagram Stories, to identify the strategies that they apply, as well as the adaptation and innovation features on this platform. A content analysis was conducted from a sample of 17 online media that use Instagram Stories, both legacy and digital native. The results show an upward potential in ephemeral news production, one that is increasingly developed and unique.

Journalistic memory work and transitional justice in Chile: The case of the declassification of the Colonia Dignidad archives in Berlin

Transitional justice measures – implemented by states to deal with the aftermaths of past wrongdoings – are covered by the media as news events. As such, they provide a suitable platform for studying interactions between the news media and the past. Nevertheless, journalism’s role as agents of memory in the midst of such processes has often been neglected. This study offers an analysis of how Chilean journalists perceived their roles when covering the declassification of Colonia Dignidad archives, a reparation measure carried out by the German government in 2016. The main results show that the interviewed journalists were aware of their role as agents of memory while also feeling this role being constrained by media routines, which made their coverage constrained and more superficial than they had wanted. This study provides a preliminary analysis of the factors intervening in the practices of news media and past human rights abuses and as such, illuminates the role of journalists into the construction of collective memory within transitional justice scenarios.

Understanding WeChat Users’ Behavior of Sharing Social Crisis Information

ABSTRACT Owing to the rapid development of social media technologies and the prevalence of mobile devices, social media have introduced to modern society a brand new communication platform, where various types of information are created and shared. Here, we explored the motivations of people sharing social crisis information through WeChat, one of the world’s most popular social media platforms, and identified the motivating factors that influence their sharing behavior. We proposed and examined a research model based on the theory of planned behavior, the theory of use and gratification, and the theory of prosocial behavior to better analyze and understand the WeChat users’ social crisis information sharing behavior. To test this model, we developed a study using a sample of 365 surveys collected from WeChat users. We found that in general, they share social crisis information not for entertainment, but for obtaining information from others’ comments, socializing with others, or simply completing their social media routines. Moreover, we found that habit, status seeking and reciprocity positively affect WeChat users’ attitudes towards the behavior. We also found status seeking, socializing, and reciprocity positively affect their perceived subjective norm about the behavior. In addition, it was found that consistent with the framework of the planned behavior theory, the attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control affect WeChat users’ behavioral intention significantly within the context of social crisis information sharing. This article presents a new conceptual model to explain WeChat users’ sharing behavior with regards to social crisis information, and illustrates multiple variables that affect their motivations. Our findings contribute overall to a better understanding of WeChat users’ social crisis information sharing behavior and provide important practical implications for the scientific and reasonable management of crisis information dissemination.

This Reporter is so Ugly, How can She Appear on TV?

In Taiwan, 25 professional female journalists were interviewed, to understand how they negotiate gender and professional identities online and offline through the lens of Shoemaker and Reese’s media routines and the socialization theory as articulated by Rodgers and Thorson. The findings suggest that while Taiwanese women journalists found that gender in some aspects of reporting is an asset, gendered harassment online and incivility in the digital sphere are important issues with which they have to contend. Comments on stories and professional identities online primarily focused on their looks and physical attributes. They were openly uncivil and abusive. Such incivility affected normal journalistic routines and prevented them from being impartial conveyors of information. Not just online abuse but cultural norms that expect women to be subservient deterred them from promoting stories on personal social media and negatively affected their coverage of controversial issues. In some cases, though gender provided certain advantages, the participants were aware that these gains were limited and ultimately patriarchal in nature. Although the study’s primary focus is on Taiwan, the analysis is applicable beyond national boundaries.

Labors In The Media: Detik Finance Report On Batam 2015 Labor Strikes

The impressive economic growth along with its strategic location have made the city of Batam as one of the best economic performer in Indonesia. For years, Batam has attracted foreign investors from countries such as Singapore, China, Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia. However, there was a significant decline in the period of 2013-2015. DetikFinance, an online media, reported and highlighted the fact that frequent labors demonstration and strikes were the main reasons as to why many multinational companies left Batam as well as the FDI decline. Utilizing Norman Fairclough’s model for Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this paper finds that DetikFinance’s reports are biased and the labors are painted in a non-favorable fashion: their demands are unreasonable and therefore counterproductive to the economy. In its reporting process as well as in the report texts, DetikFinance also dismisses the fact that during that period, the world economy, including Indonesia, is slowing down. Study reveals that DetikFinance media routines and ideology are in fact serving its own business interests and affect the way they construct and present their reports. In doing so, DetikFinance has violated the very principles of journalism by reporting imbalanced, unverified news and prevent them from serving the public, including business community, a comprehensive explanation of the matter.

Labors In The Media: Detik Finance Report On Batam 2015 Labor Strikes

The impressive economic growth along with its strategic location have made the city of Batam as one of the best economic performer in Indonesia. For years, Batam has attracted foreign investors from countries such as Singapore, China, Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia. However, there was a significant decline in the period of 2013-2015. DetikFinance, an online media, reported and highlighted the fact that frequent labors demonstration and strikes were the main reasons as to why many multinational companies left Batam as well as the FDI decline. Utilizing Norman Fairclough’s model for Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this paper finds that DetikFinance’s reports are biased and the labors are painted in a non-favorable fashion: their demands are unreasonable and therefore counterproductive to the economy. In its reporting process as well as in the report texts, DetikFinance also dismisses the fact that during that period, the world economy, including Indonesia, is slowing down. Study reveals that DetikFinance media routines and ideology are in fact serving its own business interests and affect the way they construct and present their reports. In doing so, DetikFinance has violated the very principles of journalism by reporting imbalanced, unverified news and prevent them from serving the public, including business community, a comprehensive explanation of the matter.

Rutinas profesionales de los becarios de Periodismo: el caso de Málaga

Este artículo exploratorio describe las rutinas periodísticas de los becarios —fase crucial en la formación y socialización del profesional— de los principales medios de Málaga. Se suministró un cuestionario a 33 alumnos. Los resultados indican que dedican más de seis horas diarias tanto en la redacción como fuera, pues el teletrabajo está instaurado en la mayoría del colectivo, y elaboran unas tres piezas, generalmente multimedia. Asimismo, el 20% de los becarios no lee diariamente prensa y el 85% utiliza diariamente redes sociales con fines profesionales, lo cual indica una renovada praxis de los jóvenes periodistas con sus fuentes y audiencia.

Building effective relations with social media influencers in Singapore

With the increasing clout of social media influencers (SMIs) in influencing public perceptions toward organizations, organizations should consider building relations with SMIs to maximize positive online media coverage. This study examines how organizations can build effective relations with SMIs using the Mediating the Media model as its theoretical lens. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 Singapore-based SMIs. Findings showed that mindset on content judgment, media routines, economic and social goals and roles, and extra-media forces matter to the SMIs, while media ideology is largely irrelevant. A Social Media Influencer Engagement model that conceptually represents the key influences and proposed strategies is posited, which aims to provide public relations practitioners with an accessible framework for cultivating media relations with SMIs.

Protests on the Front Page: Media Salience, Institutional Dynamics, and Coverage of Collective Action in the New York Times, 1960-1995

Past research has illuminated consistent patterns in the type of protests that receive media attention. Still, we know relatively little about the differential prominence editors assign to events deemed worthy of coverage. We argue that while media routines shape whether events are covered, mass media organizations, social institutions, and systemic changes are important factors in determinations of prominence. To examine patterns of prominence, this study analyzes the factors influencing page placement patterns of protests covered in the New York Times, 1960-1995. We find that (1) protests are less likely to appear prominently over time, but this effect is conditioned by the paper’s editorial and publishing regime; (2) regime effects were especially consequential for civil rights and peace protests; (3) effects of event size and violence weakened over time; and (4) events embedded within larger cycles of protest coverage during less constricted news cycles were more likely to be featured prominently.

Manufacturing Conflict? How Journalists Intervene in the Conflict Frame Building Process

A considerable amount of research is devoted to the presence and effects of conflict frames in the news. However, it is unknown if journalists actively manufacture and inflate conflict in their coverage of politics, or if they merely respond to contentious politics as it happens. This study focuses on the extent to which journalists take an interventionist stance in the conflict frame building process. We conducted expert interviews ( N = 16) among Dutch political journalists. Results show that journalists indeed take an active stance in conflict frame building. They contribute to the emergence of conflict frames by using exaggerating language, by orchestrating, and by amplifying possible consequences of political conflict. However, intervention in conflict framing is not merely a result of individual agency of journalists. Rather, some role conceptions seem to counter an interventionist stance. Media routines that are embedded in organizational practices were found to facilitate this active role in conflict framing. Finally, journalists are mainly found to be active when politicians or parties with political power are involved.

News Media Landscape in a Fragile State: Professional Ethics Perceptions in a Post-Ba'athist Iraq

During the years of Ba'athist dictator Saddam Hussein, media personnel were under tight control and tortured or executed when they strayed from the government line. In the decade following the fall of the Ba'athist regime, thousands of Iraqi journalists were trained in liberal democratic professional norms, and hundreds of news outlets opened even as some of the old patronage practices and violence continued. This study utilized Shoemaker and Reese's hierarchy of influences model to examine factors influencing a proxy indicator for professional ethics, the value of conflict of interest avoidance among a purposive sample of Iraqi journalists (N = 588). We found that the news media routines and ideological levels, though not strong, had the greatest influences on this conflict of interest avoidance perception criterion indicator, the proxy for professional ethics. The findings suggest a tension between liberal democratic journalism training at the routines level and ideological aspects, in some cases, such as ethnic identity and political ideology. Strong influences on perceptions of conflict of interest avoidance were the type of media platform/Western journalism training, Arab ethnicity over Kurdish ethnicity, ideology of “democrat” over Kurdish nationalist or Islamist. No influence was apparent for Internet use frequency or state versus nonstate media.

Theorizing adversarial guests: The resistance to (and restoration of) media routines

AbstractThis article traces ‘difficult guests’ who violate the tacit rules that guide interactions between talk show hosts and their guests, between news anchors and their interviewees. The goal is to theorize the appearance of such guests on television against the background of four case studies. Using the media events and media scandals concepts as well as more recent work on ‘mediatization’, a new category of remarkable media occurrences is developed. Such ‘media incidents’ capture the resistance to media routines as well as the incorporation of resistance into those very routines. I will illustrate how media incidents make visible, for large audiences, the media’s daily habitual construction of reality. Despite their complex, even ambivalent nature, it is argued that media incidents perform a more critical function for citizens in media-saturated societies than both media events and scandals.

Social Media’s Influence on American Sport Journalists’ Perception of Gatekeeping

Using gatekeeping theory as a conceptual framework, this study examines social media’s influence on American sports journalists’ perception of gatekeeping, particularly sports journalists who cover elite sports. Seventy-seven print sports journalists covering professional sports were asked if their definition of gatekeeper has changed since they began using social media for news-gathering purposes. Thirty-six participants did not think their definition of gatekeeper had changed. The 26 respondents who did think it had changed were asked to explain how. Responses were coded into 1 of the 5 categories in Shoemaker and Reese’s Hierarchy of Influences model—individual, media routines, organization, extramedia, and ideological. Results suggest that for practitioners who do believe there has been a change, they see social media as changing their day-in, day-out job routines, as opposed to extramedia influences.

Comparing journalism cultures in Latin America

Based on interviews with 300 journalists in Chile, Brazil and Mexico, this article describes similarities and differences in their professional cultures. Two competing conceptual explanations are tested: the dominance of political structures, levels of press freedom and the size and concentration of media ownership vs the predominance of political cultures and political parallelism. Although the study provides some evidence in favour of the second scenario – overall in terms of the institutional roles supported by the journalists – neither of the two explanations can fully account for the differences between the countries. Meanwhile, the epistemological and ethical views of the journalists seem to be trapped in contesting terrains of ambiguity, where organizational, media routines and individual factors override country differences.

JURNALISTIK ONLINE INDONESIA: ANALISIS FRAMING TIGA PORTAL BERITA ONLINE DI INDONESIA

Journalism has its own problems: declining of revenue from circulations and advertisement; lacking of reading-less audience and authority. Most media institutions seek a new strategy to keep up their business, including convergence their products, institutions, and use the communication technology to serve their audience. Unfortunately, convergence in online news is not enough to solve the problems. Media routines, multimedia skill, and other technical barriers in news productions are more problematic rather than to bring up the news on the net. This research focuses on the media frames on online news, or in other word, how online news being constructed and influenced by culture of production from the media itself. Three online media were analyzed using Teun Van Dijk's framing model and confronted with contextualized journalism as primary element of online journalism.

Women and Visual Depictions of the U.S.-Iraq War in Print and Online Media

Both American and Iraqi women were affected by the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq by coalition forces in March 2003. Yet women were shown in less than one-fifth of the 480 war-related photographs in a sample from 18 U.S. daily newspapers, three U.S. news magazines, and those publications’ websites. In addition, Iraqi women were less likely to appear than U.S. women, partly because of the news media's intense focus on injured American soldier Jessica Lynch during the early weeks of the war. This study suggests that these findings may have been the result of both media routines, as described by Shoemaker and Reese, and the tendency of the U.S. media to engage in Orientalism, as described by Said.

How Online Citizen Journalism Publications and Online Newspapers Utilize the Objectivity Standard and Rely on External Sources

This research utilizes Shoemaker and Reese's Hierarchy of Influences to understand how routines influence online citizen journalism and online newspaper content. Reliance on routines affects the diversity of content publicly available. Overall, online daily newspaper journalists were more likely to rely on routines than online citizen journalists. Newspaper journalists relied more heavily on external sources, while citizen journalists used more unofficial sources and opinion. Thus, publication type is related to the presence of content that reflects media routines.

Making Sense of Different Types of Crises

How did the Swedish media coverage of the terror attacks against the United States and the U.S. attacks in Afghanistan differ when it came to the use of sources, speculations, and anti-American and anti-Muslim reporting? That is the central question in this study. The results show that the Swedish media coverage of the terror attacks and the war in Afghanistan differed in many respects. There are many reasons for this, but one main explanation maybe found in the different categories of the two crises with regard to media preparations and media routines. Another important explanation might be the increasing commercialization and reliance on a particular kind of media logic within Swedish media.