Regeneration Medium Research Articles

The Right to be forgotten in the Digital Age: A Pakistani Perspective on Balancing Data Protection & Privacy, Freedom of Expression, and Cyber Security

Right to be forgotten also known as data de-listing or de-identification is legal and ethical right providing individuals the right to request the search engine to remove the link to the information that is found when the person's name is searched online. Though its concept has been practiced in the developed countries like the members of European Union, its implementation in the developing country like Pakistan is still in bloom. This paper explores the plausibility, likelihood and consequences of imposing the RTBF within the Pakistani context with spec emphasis to its compatibility with privacy, freedom of speech and cyber security. Lack of proper Data protection laws in Pakistan put the individuals at risk of cyber harassment, and misuse of personal data; tarnishing one's reputation. The Constitution of Pakistan acknowledges the right to privacy to the citizens in article 14 and freedom of speech and expression in article 19 but these rights are not well realized while operating in digital platform. The RTBF could allow people to take back control of their online persona but freedom comes with crucial issues of censorship, transparency and the ability of the regulatory bodies. The study employs doctrinal research strategy that involves empirical and comparative methodology to explore the legal, social, and pragmatic implications of RTBF in social media regulations of Pakistan. The study further reveals that there are legal loopholes that need to be addressed in order to enhance the privacy laws relating to Pakistan particularly in the context of digital environment as there is lack of comprehensive legal protection, overlapping of the regulation and legislation and legal culture, freedom of speech and finally institutional framework. Suggestions include passage of a competently drafted Data Protection Act, better staff and structures, better implementing criteria for RTBF requests, creation of awareness among the citizens regarding their digital rights, involving international organizations in an effort to frame a suitable RTBF framework.

Study on the Establishment of Efficient Leaf Regeneration System in ‘Yuluxiang’ Pear

The ‘Yuluxiang’ pear is a key cultivated variety in China, celebrated for its high quality. However, it exhibits a low leaf regeneration frequency of only 35.0%, which hinders its transgenic breeding process. To establish an efficient regeneration system, we utilized tissue culture seedlings of the ‘Yuluxiang’ pear and investigated various factors influencing leaf regeneration: plant growth regulators, natural organic materials, leaf wounding and positioning methods, duration of dark culture, ages and lines of plantlets, as well as culture containers. Our results indicated that the optimal medium for leaf regeneration consisted of MS supplemented with 6-BA (6-Benzyl Aminopurine) 1.5 mg/L, NAA (α-Naphthalene acetic acid) 0.4 mg/L along with 10% (v/v) coconut water. Suitable wounding involved ensuring no damage to leaves while placing the abaxial side facing down on the medium; the ideal duration for dark culture was determined to be 21 days; optimal plantlet age was found to be 20 days; both plantlet line 1 and line 2 demonstrated effectiveness; triangle bottles were identified as appropriate culture containers. In summary, we successfully established an efficient leaf regeneration system for the ‘Yuluxiang’ pear that achieved a maximum regeneration frequency of 96.70% with an average bud number of 5.15 per explant. This system also proved effective for the ‘Qiuyue’ pear, yielding a regeneration frequency of 88.89% and an average bud number of 3.44 per explant. After investigating the germination methods of 200 leaves from this screened leaf regeneration system of ‘Yuluxiang’, it was found that there were both direct and indirect regeneration methods, and the germination rate of direct and indirect regeneration was 68.00% and 70.50%, respectively. Therefore, this study also laid a solid foundation for the future genetic transformation of ‘Yuluxiang’ pear.

Social Media, Informed Consent, and the Harm Principle

This article examines whether social media users can validly consent to their own use of social media. It argues that, whether or not social media use is analogous to public health interventions, there is an obligation to provide users with information about risks and benefits, and absent that provision, there is no valid consent. Many or most users, in any event, do not have the capacity to consent, according to the criteria for capacity articulated in the ‘four abilities’ model: the ability to express a choice, the ability to understand the facts pertinent to the decision in question, the ability of a subject to believe that the information applies to them, and the ability to reason—in the sense of being able to consider and weigh (with reference to the patient’s own concerns, circumstances, and values) the main possible outcomes of the decision to opt for the intervention and the decision to opt not to undergo it. Even if an individual social media user is capacitous according to these criteria, many will fail to be judged capacitous if (as it is argued should be the case), a further criterion, identified by Jennifer Hawkins must be satisfied, namely that the individual can look after their own interests at least as well as most other people can. It follows from this consideration that not only can regulation of social media (in the form of a ban) be justified under Mill’s harm principle, but that non-regulation cannot be justified.

Media regulations in India: A study of journalistic freedom and ownership patterns

Media regulations in India: A study of journalistic freedom and ownership patterns

AdversaFlow: Visual Red Teaming for Large Language Models with Multi-Level Adversarial Flow.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful but also raise significant security concerns, particularly regarding the harm they can cause, such as generating fake news that manipulates public opinion on social media and providing responses to unethical activities. Traditional red teaming approaches for identifying AI vulnerabilities rely on manual prompt construction and expertise. This paper introduces AdversaFlow, a novel visual analytics system designed to enhance LLM security against adversarial attacks through human-AI collaboration. AdversaFlow involves adversarial training between a target model and a red model, featuring unique multi-level adversarial flow and fluctuation path visualizations. These features provide insights into adversarial dynamics and LLM robustness, enabling experts to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities effectively. We present quantitative evaluations and case studies validating our system's utility and offering insights for future AI security solutions. Our method can enhance LLM security, supporting downstream scenarios like social media regulation by enabling more effective detection, monitoring, and mitigation of harmful content and behaviors.

NEW AND TRADITIONAL MEDIA AS TOOLS OF INFLUENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ELECTION PROCESS

The article demonstrates the role of traditional and new media, as well as other forms of Internet communications as means of influencing the course of the election process in Ukraine and the formation of public opinion. We focused attention on the fact that in the conditions of transformational processes and political shifts, the level of trust in the latest online means of information dissemination, as well as the intensity of their influence on public opinion, are steadily growing. In this context, the main means and varieties of online communication are characterized, the reasons for their social attractiveness for the politically active part of society are highlighted. The study considered both: positive and negative consequences of the influence of mass media on political processes. The study proved that the positive aspect correlates with the role of communication media, especially online media, as an effective platform for political discussions, active discussion of issues relevant to society, and prompt dissemination of information. The negative aspect is related to the fact that a high level of trust in social networks and messengers can intensify the mechanisms of manipulation and the spread of disinformation.Using the example of the presidential and parliamentary elections in the USA and in Ukraine, we found that the influence of manipulative tools in the media on the course of the election process and the opinion of the electorate has recently been decisive. The study established that further in-depth research on this topic will have significant scientific and practical value, as it will contribute to the effective regulation of mass media activities during elections, as well as make it possible to minimize the risks of media manipulation and engaged coverage of political processes in mass media.Normative and legal regulation of media (in particular, new media and social networks) during elections will create favorable conditions for the development of effective strategies of state-public communication and improvement of interaction between authorities and institutions of civil society.

IMPLIKASI HUKUM TATA NEGARA TERHADAP PENGATURAN MEDIA SOSIAL DI ERA DIGITAL: PERSPEKTIF KEBEBASAN BERPENDAPAT

In the increasingly developing digital era, social media has become the main platform for communication and interaction between citizens. The presence of social media, which includes various platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok, not only facilitates information sharing, but also creates a space for individuals to express opinions and participate in public discussions. However, this phenomenon brings significant challenges to constitutional law, especially in the context of freedom of expression. This journal examines the implications of constitutional law for the regulation of social media, highlighting how the regulations implemented can affect individuals' rights to express opinions. This research uses a qualitative approach with analysis of relevant regulations as well as case studies from various countries facing similar situations. The research results show that although the state has the right to regulate social media in the public interest, these regulations must be balanced and not curb freedom of expression.

What Did We Learn About Political Communication from the Meta2020 Partnership?

ABSTRACT What did we learn from the Meta2020 research studies? Despite the ambition of this project, tensions emerge between producing precise statistical estimates and generating broadly applicable knowledge about social media’s societal impacts. There are crucial challenges in translating theoretical concepts into measurable interventions on social media platforms exacerbated by the difficulties in conducting big, consensus-based science. While the Meta2020 studies represent the pinnacle of social science research on social media, they also expose the limitations of empirical social science in understanding and regulating rapidly evolving digital platforms. I argue that proactive regulation of social media is necessary, given the demonstrated lack of understanding of these platforms’ effects, even by the platforms themselves. This analysis contributes to ongoing discussions about the role of academic-industry partnerships in studying and governing social media platforms.

The Role of Self-regulation in Media Concentration in Mongolia: Based on The Network Theory

Free, fair, and independent media are essential for a democracy to function effectively. Media interact with politicians and other powerful members of society, play a significant role as a public watchdog, and serve the public. However, in a free democracy, the media must be held accountable and must be transparent. Journalists must follow specific legal and ethical regulations. Regulations for the media industry are generally divided into three categories: state regulation, independent self-regulation, and co-regulation with participation from civil society. Media Councils make ethical decisions on news coverage and journalistic behaviors by applying the Code of Ethics consisting of professional journalistic standards. It is important to point out that they are independent institutions set up by the media industry. An effective media self-regulation system is essential to promote the pluralism of journalism, diversity, and independent media, as well as to ensure citizens’ rights to seek and receive reliable and credible information. Consequently, they are neither authorities nor courts.This study focuses on the above three kinds of media regulation and their advantages and disadvantages in media concentration. It will also explain the relationship between network theory and media development. Furthermore, it will discuss the advantages of and opportunities for a media self-regulation mechanism in the current media development in Mongolia, based on resolved journalistic cases by the Media Council’s Ethics Committees.

Effect of explant type and growth regulators on in vitro regeneration of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Al-Amar rootstock

Apricot is a highly recalcitrant species for shoot regeneration in addition the plant regeneration capacity is strongly genotype – dependent. Thus, this study aimed to establish in vitro regeneration of the Egyptian Al-Amar apricot rootstock. Two explant types (Cotyledon and hypocotyl) were cultured on woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with three concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) in combination with eight concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The cotyledons showed direct somatic organogenesis as the explants formed buds directly on regeneration media. The highest percentage of cotyledons producing buds was 78.00% when cultured on WPM containing 13.62 µM TDZ and 2.46 µM IBA. In contrast hypocotyls expressed indirect somatic organogenesis, as the explants produced callus first before bud formation. The highest percentage was 96.87% in hypocotyls cultured on WPM fortified with 15.89 µM TDZ and 1.61 µM NAA. The shoot proliferation was achieved when buds from cotyledons and hypocotyls were cultured on Soot Regeneration Medium (SRM) supplemented with 8.87 µM 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.54 µM NAA. The highest shoot formation with an average of 6.4 shoots per explant was obtained from hypocotyls, while an average of 2.0 shoots per explants was achieved from cotyledons. The regenerated shoots were rooted on WPM including 9.80 µM IBA. The results revealed that the regeneration of Al-Amar rootstock was more successful through hypocotyls and could therefore facilitate its genetic manipulation.

Press supervision of local election (Pilkada) transparency in South Sulawesi

This study analyzes the role of press supervision in encouraging transparency and accountability in the implementation of the local elections in South Sulawesi. With a qualitative approach based on literature studies, this study explores how the press contributes to uncovering potential violations, supporting information disclosure, and improving people's political literacy. South Sulawesi, with its complex political dynamics, faces significant challenges in press scrutiny, including political pressure, low media literacy, and the rise of hoaxes. The results show that the press plays an important role as an external supervisor that bridges the government and society, although its effectiveness is often constrained by various factors. Strategic recommendations include strengthening media regulation, increasing public literacy, and cross-sector collaboration to ensure better integrity of the local elections. This research emphasizes the importance of independent media in maintaining the quality of democracy at the local level. This highlights the need for continuous efforts to empower the press as a pillar of democracy, ensuring it remains a reliable watchdog against electoral malpractices and a promoter of informed civic engagement.

Optimization of tissue culture and Cas9 transgene expression in tomato: A step towards CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic improvement

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an essential source of antioxidants and a prime candidate for bioengineering experiments. Many studies have aimed to improve tomatoes using CRISPR/Cas9 technology; however, the success rate is limited due to the lack of efficient regeneration and genetic modification techniques. Here, we report an efficient regeneration and transformation procedure focused on developing efficient Cas9 gene transgenic tomato plants using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring pCRISPR/Cas9TK2-NIC binary vector. We optimized the concentrations and combinations of growth hormones to promote direct shoot and root regeneration via hypocotyl explants. We found that MS medium 2.0 mg/l Zeatin (Zn) + 1.5 mg/l Indole −3- acetic acid (IAA) + 0.3 mg/l Benzyl amino purine (BAP) was preeminent for shoot regeneration medium, and 0.5 mg/l BAP+ 0.1 mg/l IAA was appropriate for root regeneration. Cas9 transgenes in the tomato genome of putative tomato plants were validated using various methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and confirmed via Southern blotting. The developed protocol showed improved regeneration and transformation efficiencies in tomatoes of 88 % and 54 %, respectively. In this study, we successfully established a gene delivery platform for tomatoes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system.

Role of dry media in influencing performance during processing by centrifugal superfinishing

ABSTRACT To achieve better surface quality and higher efficient finishing of AISI 52,100 steel cylindrical roller surfaces, a novel dry medium was prepared, which is composed of millimeter-sized adsorptive medium matrix and polishing paste containing micron-sized abrasives. The study utilized centrifugal superfinishing to examine the effects of dry media with various abrasive types, sizes, and polishing paste ratios. The influence of these dry media on the processing performance was comprehensively evaluated, covering parameters including material removal rate, roughness decrease rate constant (K r ), roughness limit (Ra lim ) value, surface morphology, and profile. In addition, the processing mechanism was revealed. This study provides valuable insights into the development and performance regulation of new media for nano-level superfinishing of complex surfaces.

Optimizing Vegetative Growth and Flowering in Fuchsia x hybrida: The Role of Media, Pinching, and Growth Regulators

The present investigation was carried out at the experimental farms of Horticultural Regional training station and Krishi Vigyan Kendra at Kandaghat (Solan) Himachal Pradesh, India under polyhouse conditions. It was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 24 combinations of growing media M1: Soil+ Sand+ FYM (1:1:1v/v), M2:Cocopeat+Soil+Sand+ Leafmould+FYM (2:1:1:1v/v), M3:Cocopeat+Perlite+Vermiculite+Vermicompost (2:1:1:1 v/v), M4:Cocopeat + Vermicompost + Leafmould (2:1:1 v/v), growth regulator [G1: Control (0 ppm), G2:Benzyl adenine (150 ppm),G3: CPPU (10 ppm)] and pinching methods [P1:Single pinch and P2:Double pinch] which were replicated thrice each having 10 pots accommodating one plant per pot. Plants were raised through terminal cutting and were planted in 6-inch size pots. Study revealed that maximum plant height (33.13 cm), plant spread (33.37 cm), length of side shoots (24.67 cm) and minimum number of days taken for visible bud formation (92.40 days), number of days taken for peak flowering (160.60 days) was recorded when the single pinched plants were grown in media consisting cocopeat + Vermicompost + Leafmould (2:1:1 v/v) and sprayed with 150 ppm of benzyl adenine. However, maximum number of side shoots (27.33), number of flowers per plant (55.67), number of flowers per plant open at a time (42.93), duration of flowering (24.67days) was recorded when double pinched plants were grown in growing media consisting of cocopeat + vermicompost + Leafmould (2:1:1 v/v) and were sprayed with 150 ppm of benzyl adenine. The maximum flower diameter (4.61 cm) was recorded when single pinched plants were grown in medium consisting cocopeat + vermicompost + leafmould (2:1:1 v/v) and sprayed with 10 ppm of CPPU. Based on the present investigation findings, double pinched plants of Fuchsia x hybrida grown in pots consisting of growing media i.e., cocopeat + vermicompost+ leafmould (2:1:1 v/v), sprayed with 150 ppm of benzyl adenine is recommended to obtain quantitative and attractive pot plants of Fuchsia x hybrida.

Dental Pulp Stem Cell Conditioned Medium Enhance Osteoblastic Differentiation and Bone Regeneration.

Cell-free approaches, utilizing mesenchymal stem cell secretome, have promising prospects in various fields of regenerative medicine. In this study, we examined in vitro and in vivo the potential of dental pulp stem cell-conditioned medium (DPSC-CM) for bone regeneration. The secretome of undifferentiated stem cells from dental pulp were collected, and the effects of this DPSC-CM were assessed for osteodifferentiation of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) and osteoblasts deriving from DPSC. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, gene expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), Bone Sialoprotein (BSP), Osteocalcin (OCN), and extracellular matrix mineralization were evaluated. The rat caudal vertebrae critical size defect model was to investigate the effect of DPSC-CM in vivo. Results showed that DPSC-CM induced cell growth, and increased ALP activity and the expression of key marker genes at an early stage of osteoblastic differentiation compared to control. A rat bone defect model was used to illustrate the effect of DPSC-CM in vivo. The bone density within the defects were improved using conditioned medium, even though there was no significant difference between the control and DPSC-CM groups. The analysis of DPSC-CM by human growth factor antibody array revealed the presence of several factors involved in osteogenesis. Taken together, these findings indicate that DPSC-CM is a promising therapeutic candidate for bone regenerative therapy, accelerating the maturation of osteoblastic cells. And even though safety and efficiency of DPSC-CM have to be confirmed in preclinical studies, these results represent a first step toward clinical application.

The Influence of Media on Adolescent Mental Health: A Case Study of Fandom Couple Pairing Culture

Abstract: Adolescence is a critical period for the development of an individual's mental health and an important stage for personal growth and knowledge accumulation. During this period, adolescents often show a keen interest in various things, information, or knowledge. In an era of information explosion, the media, as one of the main channels for information dissemination, has an important impact on the mental health of adolescents. As one of the current niche cultures with a relatively wide range of communication, CP culture helps social and emotional communication, but also raises concerns about mistrust in real-life intimate relationships. Therefore, it is crucial to raise awareness of CP culture and promote healthy communication strategies among adolescents. This paper explores the psychological impact of the widespread popularity of CP culture among adolescents. Through a literature review and case study, this paper examines the positive and negative effects of CP culture on adolescents' social and emotional development. This paper uses the widespread CP (Coupling/Character Pairing) culture as an example to discuss its impact on adolescents' mental health. This paper examines the research findings through case studies and comparative analysis, revealing that while the television media and other media promote the social, emotional and cognitive development of adolescents, they also bring potential risks, such as the negative effects of promoting violence, pornography and abuse. Therefore, effective intervention and management strategies must be developed to strengthen cooperation between families and schools, or strengthen media regulation to mitigate potential harm.

Establishment and application of highly efficient regeneration, genetic transformation and genome editing system for cucurbitacins biosynthesis in Hemsleya chinensis

Background Hemsleya Chinensis is a perennial plant in the Cucurbitaceae family containing antibacterial and anti-inflammatory compounds. The lack of genetic transformation systems makes it difficult to verify the functions of genes controlling important traits and conduct molecular breeding in H. chinensis.ResultsHighly efficient calli were induced on MS medium added 1.5 mg·L− 1 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.02 mg·L− 1 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) with high efficiency (> 95%). The frequency of shoot induction was increased to 90% with a plant growth regulator combination of 1.5 mg·L− 1 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L− 1 NAA. Our results also showed that 100% of shoot regeneration was achieved in a shoot regeneration medium. Additionally, more than 92% of kanamycin-resistant plants were confirmed. Furthermore, we achieved 42% genome editing efficiency by applying this transformation method to HcOSC6, a gene that catalyzes the formation of cucurbitadienol. HPLC analysis showed OE-HcOSC6 lines exhibited significantly higher cucurbitadienol levels than the genome-edited lines. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that some downstream genes related to cucurbitadienol biosynthesis, such as HcCYP87D20, HcCYP81Q58, and HcSDR34, were up-regulated in OE lines and down-regulated in mutants.ConclusionsHere, we established a process for regeneration, transformation, and genome editing of H. chinensis using stem segments. This provides valuable insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of medicinal compound production. By combining high-efficiency tissue culture, transformation, and genome editing systems, we provide a powerful platform that supports functional research on molecular mechanisms of secondary metabolism.

Civil society coalitions in the EU media regulation: when field theory meets network analysis

ABSTRACT The field of Eurocracy has increasingly been shaped by the emergence of actors lobbying on the area of digital regulation, which has heavily increased during the Von der Leyen Commission. We study the extra-institutional actor networks that have been involved in the EU digital policy formulation, and hypothesise that beyond clearly visible networks of opposition, the subjacent social structure of discourse networks was dominated by Big Tech. We do so by analysing the role of actor coalitions that have emerged to channel specific demands and pressures in relation to the ongoing regulatory struggle, as well as the dominant discourse coalitions. Specifically, we use Social Network Analysis to examine the cooperation and competition patterns among the actors involved. Our work is relevant for the study of EU personnel in two ways. First, digital regulation is a pertinent example of dynamics in emerging fields, where dominating policy entrepreneurs establish discursive dominance over a long time. Second, our innovative methodological approach indicates why analysing organisational discourses are relevant to understand the networks that contribute to the structure of the EU field.

The Spillover Effects of Public Attention and Real Estate Market: A Case Study from Shanghai, China

The real estate industry is closely linked to the national economy, and fluctuations in house prices have long been a major focus of public attention. This study explores the relationship between public attention and the real estate market, using public attention as a focal point. It systematically explains how public attention affects investment decisions in real estate. Taking Shanghai as a case, this study empirically examines the dynamic time-varying relationship between public attention and house prices, sales, investment and floor space completed by building a Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR) model with data from 2011 to 2024.The research shows that the spillover index of house prices on public attention is positive and house prices acting as the sender of the shock, with rising house prices boost public attention. Conversely, the spillover index of public attention on house prices is negative, with public attention acting as the receiver of the shock. Based on the empirical results, it is recommended to incorporate public attention into the real estate market monitoring system, observe the real estate industry using multiple indicators, and enhance the regulation of online media to ensure policy transparency.

Social media as an emerging threat to national security

This paper explores in depth the growing impact of social media on national security across the globe while highlighting the risks posed by the rapid dissemination of information, the organization of unauthorized protests, and the spread of disinformation. It has been demonstrated that social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Telegram and TikTok have been utilized by various actors, including activists, radical groups, and foreign states, in order to influence public opinion, incite violence, and destabilize governments. A comparative analysis of global events like the Arab Spring, the 2016 U.S. elections, Hamas attack against Israel, and protests in Hong Kong demonstrates how such platforms can serve dual purposes: fostering democratic values while simultaneously being exploited to undermine national stability. The research also addresses the specific issue of separatism, where social media is used to disseminate ideologies that threaten territorial integrity and constitutional order. The proposed study also examines the potential of cyberattacks coordinated via social media, thus highlighting the vulnerability of state institutions and critical infrastructure. The research concludes by stressing the urgent need for a balanced regulation of social media, offering insights into international legal frameworks, enhanced cybersecurity measures, and also various challenges in maintaining both freedom of expression and national security. An elaborated set of research methods (comparative, historical, method of systemic analyses) has been actively used in the course of this research, thus enabling the authors to combine theoretical observations with comprehensive data analyses. Existing legislative approaches to regulating social media in the context of protecting national security interests in various jurisdictions, including Israel, China, Pakistan, the United States, and Ukraine, have been covered in the paper.