Children's Media Research Articles

Associations between screen media use and young children's inhibitory control: Evidence from behavioral and fNIRS study

In the “digital age”, children have widespread access to electronic devices, potentially impacting inhibitory control (IC) development. We examined this association at both the behavioral and neural levels with two experiments. In Experiment 1, we assessed 188 participants (91 girls), averaging 37.74 months old, using maternal self-report questionnaire for screen time and Day-Night Task for IC measurement. In experiment 2, we evaluated 42 participants (24 girls), averaging 41.24 months old, using maternal self-report questionnaires for screen time, a modified version Flanker task for IC, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure neural activity during IC task. Results from Experiment 1 indicated a negative correlation between young children's screen media use time and IC, with high users performing worse IC performance than low users. Experiment 2 confirmed these findings and revealed marginally reduced activation in the left PFC among high users compared to low users, with a moderate effect size and weak supporting evidence. These preliminary results underscore a detrimental association between screen media use and IC, emphasizing the significance of restricting screen exposure in young children to prevent overexposure. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these results and draw causal conclusions.

The Utility of Pneumatic Cavity Volume in the Treatment of Exudative Otitis Media in Children with Cleft Palate.

Measure the volume of air-containing space in children with cleft palate and assess age-related changes, recurrence rate of otitis media with effusion (OME) after tube removal, and temporal bone development trend based on time of tube placement. Interventional prospective study. Cleft Lip and Palate Center at a Tertiary-level institution. One hundred sixty-eight ears of 86 patients who visited our center from January 2018 to December 2019. We performed tympanometry (impedance audiometry) after tube placement. Recurrence (at least one episode of OME after tympanic membrane closure), tympanic cavity volumes, and timing of tube placement. The mean air-containing cavity volume was 1.62 mL, 2.99 mL, and 3.29 mL in patients aged 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. A rapid increase in volume was observed around 2 years of age. Twenty-two (42.3%) of the 52 ears with pneumatic cavity volumes <3 mL, and four (14.3%) of the 28 ears with pneumatic cavity volumes ≥3 mL had recurrence. Tubes were placed at ages <1 year and ≥1 year in 28 and 62 ears, respectively. The pneumatic cavity volume tended to be greater in the ears with tube placement at age <1 year. This study provided insights into using pneumatic cavity volume measurements to determine the appropriate timing for tube removal. Tubes should be placed as early as possible (before the age of 2 years) for prolonged OME associated with children with cleft palate.

Streptococcus salivarius Probiotics to Prevent Acute Otitis Media in Children

New approaches for the prevention of acute otitis media (AOM), the most common reason for antibiotic use in children, are needed. To assess the efficacy of the Streptococcus salivarius K12 oral probiotics in the primary prevention of AOM. This double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted from August 1, 2020, to May 31, 2021, at 50 day care centers in the Oulu region of Finland. A total of 827 children aged 1 to 6 years attending day care were included. The exclusion criteria consisted of ongoing antimicrobial prophylaxis or immunodeficiency. The follow-up time was 6 months and was completed on May 31, 2021. Data were analyzed from October 24, 2022, to September 16, 2023, based on intention to treat. Eligible participants were randomly allocated to receive 1 daily dose of a S salivarius K12 product or placebo every evening for 6 months. A daily dose was defined as 1 sachet of soluble oral powder for children younger than 3 years or 1 chewable tablet for children 3 years or older containing 1 × 109 colony-forming units of S salivarius K12. The primary outcome was the proportion of children with at least 1 episode of AOM requiring antimicrobial therapy within 6 months of randomization. All physician visits and purchases of antimicrobial drugs were retrieved from the electronic national medical record and prescription register. The primary outcome was met if the legal guardian had purchased an antimicrobial prescription for AOM. A total of 827 children with a mean (SD) age of 4.1 (1.6) years (433 boys [52.4%]) were randomized to S salivarius K12 oral products (n = 413) or placebo (n = 414). Thirty-four children (8.2%) in the S salivarius group and 24 children (5.8%) in the placebo group experienced at least 1 episode of AOM requiring antimicrobial therapy during the 6-month follow-up period (relative risk, 1.42 [95% CI, 0.86-2.34]; proportion difference, -2.44% [95% CI, -5.94% to 1.09%]; P = .17). Time to first AOM episode did not differ between the groups (174 [95% CI, 171-177] days in the S salivarius group vs 176 [95% CI, 173-179] days in the placebo group; P = .18). In this randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, the daily use of the S salivarius K12 products for 6 months did not reduce the occurrence of AOM. New approaches for primary prevention of AOM among children are needed. ClinicalTrialsRegister.eu Identifier: 2020-001076-14.

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF MALAYSIAN MUSLIM MOTHERS IN MEDIATING THEIR CHILDREN'S YOUTUBE USAGE

Abstract: In this digital era, YouTube has become prominent in children's lives as a source of entertainment and education. Nonetheless, parents face conundrum in controlling or monitoring their children activities on YouTube. This research explores the significant role that Malaysian Muslim mothers play in mediating their children's engagement with YouTube. We aim to gain insights into the mothers' mediation strategies through in-depth interviews with three informants. Using a purposive sampling technique, we selected three Malaysian Muslim mothers of children aged 3-8 years old who actively viewed YouTube. We conducted semi-structured interviews, which allowed the informants to share their strategies, challenges, and perspectives regarding their children's YouTube usage. A thematic analysis based on mediation strategies theories was conducted to extract critical insights, including - 1) rules and guidelines, 2) mothers' roles, and 3) Islamic influences. The findings of this study suggest the used of restrictive and instructive mediation strategies to manage children's media consumption. These strategies aim to strike a balance between allowing children some autonomy in their media choices and ensuring the content aligns with the family's values and educational goals. They actively set time limits, verify the content, recommend Islamic content and explain the significance of good and bad content. Their commitment reflects a dynamic relationship between religious faith and digital parenting practices within the Malaysian Muslim context.&#x0D; Keywords: Children; Mediating; Muslim mothers; Parenting; YouTube

Construction of AR and VR Children's Film and Television Education Curriculum System Based on 5G

Film and television (including digital media art) will be explicitly included in the Chinese Compulsory Education Curriculum Plan and Curriculum Standards in 2022, according to the Chinas Ministry of Education. With the advancement of science and technology, significant changes in film and television production and communication have occurred.5G, AR, and VR technologies are reshaping film and television language expression techniques, presentation forms, and viewing methods. As a result, it is necessary to combine the current development trend of film and television technology, comprehend the science and technology of film and television, master the new expression of film and television language, cultivate children's media literacy as the goal, and build the curriculum system of contemporary children's film and television education, in order to promote the implementation of the curriculum plan and curriculum standards of film and television education.

Nurturing Healthy Media Consumption Habits in Early Childhood: A Social Campaign Approach

In contemporary society, the pervasive presence of digital devices has profoundly influenced the media consumption patterns of young children, presenting challenges and opportunities for their development. This study explores the impact of media content on early childhood and the urgent need for informed parental supervision. Utilizing a Research and Development (R&amp;D) methodology, a comprehensive social campaign titled "Healthy Watching" was developed and implemented in Pontianak, Indonesia. The campaign aimed to empower parents, particularly mothers, with the knowledge and skills necessary to guide their children's media interactions effectively. Through educational seminars, videos, stickers, and social media platforms, the campaign fostered awareness about age-appropriate content, screen time limits, and the importance of active parental engagement. The campaign's efficacy was evaluated through stakeholder engagement and behavioral assessments of eight target mothers. The results indicate significant improvements in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, emphasizing the campaign's success in promoting healthy media consumption habits. This study provides valuable insights into the design and implementation of social campaigns to address the challenges of digital media in early childhood.

Food and Beverage Placement in Child Focused YouTube Channels: A Content Analysis Study

Abstract Background High exposure to food content encourages unhealthy dietary practices among children. Nowadays, children are exposed to many food products through social media, which influence their eating behaviors. Due to the growing social media use, the number of food advertisements via YouTube has increased. Therefore, regulatory agencies worldwide are investigating social media content to implement appropriate restrictions on unhealthy food marketing. Methods This quantitative content analysis descriptive study aimed to analyze all food content in the child-centric channels of Arabic speakers’ vloggers on YouTube in Saudi Arabia. The authors measured the food presentation, promotional techniques, and food product/type by quantifying the appearances of each variable in each video. The variables were analyzed as frequencies and percentages. Results Four of the top subscribed channels in Saudi Arabia were selected; 96 videos were analyzed by watching 17 hours. Food placements appeared in 65 videos (67.7%), with a cumulative duration of 304 minutes. Among videos that featured food and beverages, 87.7% of the vloggers consumed the food that appeared. The most commonly employed persuasive marketing techniques were emotional and taste appeals, with a percentage of 90%. Unhealthy foods comprised 66.8% of the total number of products that appeared in the analyzed videos. Conclusions This study highlights the high prevalence of low-nutrient food products on child-centric YouTube channels in Saudi Arabia, which may negatively impact children's food choices and eating habits. To protect children from harmful content on social media, it is recommended to develop comprehensive policies that consider the different challenges of regulating media content. Parents and caregivers should also actively monitor children's social media use and educate them on making healthy food choices. Key messages • Children might get exposed to a high prevalence of unhealthy food products through social media, which might have a negative impact on their food preferences. • Comprehensive policies are needed to regulate food marketing on social media in order to protect children from harmful content and promote healthy eating habits.

Взаимосвязь детско-родительских отношений и использования цифровых устройств старшими дошкольниками

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective. &lt;/strong&gt;The study of the relationship between the position of parents in relation to the mental development of the child, attitudes in relation to the influence of digital devices, parenting style and screen (active and passive) time of the child. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background. &lt;/strong&gt;Modern digital devices are becoming an integral part of the life of a modern child. An adult, primarily parents, becomes an intermediary between a digital device and a child. In this connection, the study of child-parent relationships, parental position, attitudes and time that the child spends interacting with digital devices (screen time) becomes relevant. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study design. &lt;/strong&gt;The study is of a correlational nature. The presence and nature of the relationship is checked using a path analysis (structural equation modeling) performed in the IMB Statistics v. 23 AMOS. &lt;strong&gt;Participants. &lt;/strong&gt;The study involved 318 parents of older preschool children attending kindergartens in Moscow and the Moscow Region (237 women and 81 men, mean age 28,5 years). &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Measurements&lt;/strong&gt;. To study the screen time of children and the attitudes of parents regarding the impact of digital devices on the development of the child, a modified methodology &amp;ldquo;Regulations for the use of gadgets&amp;rdquo; by M.V. Bortsova and S.D. Nekrasov. To study parent-child relationships, the questionnaire &amp;ldquo;Analysis of family relationships&amp;rdquo; by E.G. Eidemiller and V.V. Yustickis in the children's version (3-10 years old). To study the parental position, the questionnaire &amp;ldquo;Position of parents in relation to the mental development of children&amp;rdquo; by E.L. Porotskaya and V.F. Spiridonov. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results.&lt;/strong&gt; The parents did not demonstrate any pronounced tendency to one parenting style. However, such styles as "Hyperprotection" and "Indulgence" are most common. Parents are aimed at accelerating children's development and take a moderately active position in relation to the development of preschoolers. Most parents are ambivalent about the impact of digital technologies on children, but they talk about them more often with negative connotations. Children's media activity ranges from 5,2 to 8,9 hours per week. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusions. &lt;/strong&gt;The study shows that the time an older preschooler spends in front of a screen of digital devices is associated with such characteristics of parent-child relationships as parenting style, attitudes towards the influence of digital devices, and position on the acceleration of child development. At the same time, different ways of using digital devices are associated with different characteristics of the parent-child relationship. Watching cartoons and videos (passive screen time) is associated with indulgent hyperprotection and the desire of parents to satisfy the needs of the child as much as possible. The use of applications and video games (active screen time) by a child is associated with positive expectations of parents from digital devices in the field of development and a position on the acceleration of child development.&lt;/p&gt;

Risk Factors for Chronic and Recurrent Otitis Media in Children: A Review Article.

Otitis media is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the middle ear, which includes mastoid air cells, the middle ear cavity, the Eustachian tube, and the mastoid antrum. Otitis media can be either acute, less than six weeks, or chronic, which lasts for more than six weeks. Recurrent otitis media refers to three episodes of the disease occurring within six months or four episodes within one year. There are many risk factors for otitis media among children; however, some of such factors may vary based on the type of otitis media. To highlight the risk factors of chronic and recurrent otitis media in pediatrics. Scientific databases were used to search for articles related to our objective. Various terms were used for the search process. The types of articles included in our review were original articles, review articles, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews written in the English language and concerned with our subject. The topic was discussed under four main titles; the first overviewed the prevalence and risk factors of otitis media, the second title discussed chronic otitis media and its risk factors, the third title discussed recurrent otitis media and its risk factors, and the last title discussed the risk factors of both chronic and recurrent otitis media. There are various risk factors for chronic and recurrent otitis media, and they include allergy, passive smoking, male gender, and snoring. Also, genetics may have a common role, but this needs further investigation.

The Role of Social Media in Students’ Social Perception and Interaction: Implications for Learning and Education

In today's digital age, the role of social media in education has become a subject of increasing attention. Social media, such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, have changed students' social interaction patterns, influenced perceptions of self and others, and have significant psychological impacts. This research discusses the role of social media in shaping students' perceptions and social interactions and its implications in learning and education. This research is a literature review that uses a qualitative method approach, which means it will analyse and interpret data by relying on information and text from various sources. The study results show that social media has brought about changes in the way students interact. They not only communicate in person but also through online platforms, creating new dynamics in social relationships. Students' exposure to social media content can affect their self-image and social norms. In addition, social media use can also result in social pressure and psychological impact on students. The implication of the role of social media is the need for social media literacy education, wise use of social media in learning, and necessary psychological support for students. Parents also need to be involved in their children's social media literacy education. With cooperation between educational institutions, social-media platforms, and parents, a safe educational environment that supports students' social, intellectual, and emotional development can be created.

어머니의 양육스트레스와 아동의 집행기능 곤란과의 관계에서 아동의 미디어 사용의 매개효과

The purpose of this study is to verify the controlled mediating effect of social support perceived by mothers on the relationship between mothers' parenting stress and their children's executive functions, mediated through media use. To accomplish this, data were collected from 1,087 mothers and 6th-grade elementary school children (12 years old) as part of the 13th wave of the Korean Children's Panel. SPSS 27.0 and PROCESS Macro for SPSS 4.3, models 1, 4, and 7 were employed for data analysis. The results of the analysis are as follows: First, children's media use was found to mediate the impact of mothers' parenting stress on their children's difficulties in execution. Second, it was confirmed that the social support perceived by mothers controlled the effect of mothers' parenting stress on their children's media use. Third, it was observed that the social support perceived by the mother had a controlled mediating effect on the relationship between the mother's parenting stress and the child's difficulty in executing, by controlling for the child's media use. Based on these results, implications and suggestions are presented.

ANDROID-BASED DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA LEARNING APPLICATION SYSTEMS FOR CHILDREN

&lt;em&gt;Technological developments have progressed very rapidly, marked by progress in the field of technology and information. Information technology has now spread to almost all aspects of life, one of which is that it has entered the educational aspect which is used as an interesting learning medium, because it is able to provide new colors in the learning process, and can use a learning while playing approach so that the learning process can feel happy, so that later students are able to express themselves maximally in the learning process. In education there are many things that need to be considered in child development so as to avoid various obstacles in the learning process, such as color blindness, speech delays, and other pre-school abilities by introducing cognitive education to children such as recognition of numbers, letters, colors. And according to IDAI this cognitive recognition period is recommended for children aged 2 -5 years. Researchers developed an Android-based interactive multimedia learning system for children with the aim of providing facilities to parents for children in introducing cognitive aspects with new colors, namely in the form of interactive multimedia applications. The development method used is MDLC (Multimedia Development Life Cycle), because the application being developed involves various media such as sound, images and text. The development of this application also applies quiz content to maximize children's learning media. Through testing using Black Box Testing, the WARUKA Education application that was developed managed to achieve good results. All the features contained in the application run well and as expected. In the User Acceptance Testing test using a questionnaire, the WARUKA Education application gets positive results, with a user satisfaction percentage of 94.167%. Based on this percentage, the WARUKA Education application can be categorized as very good, indicating very high acceptability for users.&lt;/em&gt;

Evaluation of Parental Perspectives and Concerns about Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: A Social Media Analysis.

Parents often experience uncertainty during decision-making for their child's cochlear implantation (CI) surgery, and online forums provide insight on parental opinions that might not be expressed in clinic. This study aims to evaluate parental perspectives and concerns about pediatric CI using social media analysis. Qualitative study. Three online forums involving parental posts about pediatric CI. Forums were queried using keywords (e.g., "cochlear implant") to gather all U.S. parent-initiated posts about pediatric CI from 2006 to 2021. Thematic content analysis was performed to classify posts by overarching domain, themes, and subthemes. Posts were reviewed for thematic synthesis and double coded. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each theme by unique users. A total of 79 posts by 41 unique users were analyzed. Themes relating to decision for CI included facilitators, inhibitors, resources, and feelings. Parents posted about lack of benefit from hearing aids promoting decision for CI and high cost as an inhibitor. Some expressed concern about making a major decision for a minor. Parents often mentioned their child's healthcare providers and social media as resources. Through social media posts, parental priorities and concerns for decision-making of CI surgery were identified. Findings may guide discussions between physicians and parents and facilitate shared decision-making about CI.

Адаптация опросника родительского посредничества детской медиа-активности Г. Нимрод, Д. Лемиш, Н. Элиас на российской выборке родителей старших дошкольников

&lt;p&gt;The issue of digitization of modern childhood is attracting increasing attention from researchers. In most cases, we obtain information about how preschoolers use various gadgets from parents. Literature analysis has shown that many authors consider the strategies through which adults regulate and mediate the influence of digital devices and various media products on children as the most adequate parameter for studying parental mediation of children's media activity. However, there are not many tools available for studying this phenomenon. Such questionnaires are more common in English-language literature. The task was to adapt the questionnaire "Parental Mediation of Children's Media Activity" by G. Nimrod, D. Lemish, and N. Elias, which has proven itself well, for the Russian-speaking sample. The study involved 322 parents of children in the upper preschool age group attending kindergartens in large and small cities (average age of parents was 28.5 years, including 237 women and 85 men). The study showed that the adapted Russian-language questionnaire differs from the original in its factor structure and consists of 12 statements and three scales: restrictive mediation strategy, instructive mediation strategy, and co-use. The Russian-language questionnaire demonstrates test-retest reliability, internal consistency, construct, and convergent validity, and can be used to study parental mediation and assess children's media activity for the Russian-speaking sample.&lt;/p&gt;

Relationship Between Speech Delay and Smart Media in Children: A Systematic Review.

The increasing prevalence of smart media usage among children has raised concerns about its potential impact on various aspects of child development. One such area of worry is speech delay, as early language acquisition is critical for cognitive, social, and educational development. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate and synthesize available research data in order to determine the association between speech delay and the usage of smart media in children. To perform this systematic review, a thorough literature search was conducted using relevant keywords in electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Embase. We included studies published during the last 10 years investigating the impact of smart media on children's speech delay using various research designs. The findings showed that extended exposure to electronic media for children was negatively associated with expressive vocabulary and language skills in children, in addition to decreased language scores and speech delays. Educational apps and shared media engagement with parents correlated with stronger language skills.The introduction of smart devices at a later stage of development (24 months of age and older) was associated with positive language development, whereas early introductionwas associated with speech delay. However, six-month abstinence from devices led to speech improvement in the affected children. These findings highlight the need to balance interactive screen time and other forms of interaction to enhance speech development.

Storgi Media as an effort to Improve Dental Health Behavior in Orphanage Children

Background: Orphanage children can also be classified as one of the groups that are vulnerable to dental disease, this is due to a lack of dental health maintenance behavior due to low socioeconomic status. To improve dental and oral health maintenance behavior, dental health promotion can be done with interesting and appropriate media. Storgi media is one of the outreach media that is integrated with tooth brushing facilities in the form of toothbrush lockers. Objective: The research aims to analyze the effectiveness of Storgi Media as an effort to Improve Dental Health Behavior in Orphanage Children. Method: This research used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest and posttest control group design. The research sample was 50 children from orphanages taken using purposive sampling technique. The intervention group was given dental health education using storgi media, while the control group was given dental health education using flipcharts. The data was tested using paired sample t-test/Wilcoxon analysis, namely a pre-post design, while to compare the means of the treatment and control groups, the independent t-test/Mann Whitney test was used. Results: The results of the test of differences in knowledge, attitudes and actions of brushing teeth show that the p-value between the intervention group and the control group is 0.000 (p &lt;0.05), meaning that there is a difference between the values of knowledge, attitudes and actions of brushing teeth after dental health education with children's storgi media and dental health education with filpchart. Conclusion: dental health education using storgi media is more effective in increasing the knowledge, attitudes and actions of brushing teeth in in orphanage children Keywords: Storgi, media, dental health education, behavior, orphanage

Stair poster media as an effort to improve the dental health behavior of elementary school children

The prevalence rate of dental caries has experienced an increasing trend from year to year, so that the condition of dental and oral health problems in Indonesia is still worrying, especially for elementary school children. The high number of dental health problems is caused by many factors, one of which is the low level of dental health maintenance behavior. Promotive and preventive measures are needed to prevent dental and oral health problems, namely by providing dental and oral health education. Poster media is a medium or prop/tool that can be used to convey messages from communicators to the audience. Staircase poster media is a development of general poster media, this media is designed for the sequence/stages of maintaining dental health which are attached to the school steps. Objective: This research is to analyze the effectiveness of stair poster media in improving the dental health behavior of elementary school children. Method: This research used a non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design. The research sample was 125 people taken using purposive sampling technique. The intervention group was given dental health education using posters, while the control group was given dental health education using filpchart. Data were tested using Wilcoxon test analysis, namely a pre-post design, while to compare the means of the treatment and control groups, the Mann Whitney test was used. Results: The results of the test of differences in knowledge, attitudes and actions of brushing teeth show that the p-value between the intervention group and the control group is 0.000 (p &lt;0.05), meaning that there is a difference between the values of knowledge, attitudes and actions of brushing teeth after dental health education with children's poster media. steps and dental health education with filpchart. Conclusion: dental health education using stair poster media is more effective in increasing the knowledge, attitudes and actions of brushing teeth in elementary school children compared to dental health education using flipcharts Keywords: Stair poster, media, dental health, behavior

Reimagining the Past to Construct the Future: Nostalgia and Netflix’s She-Ra

Abstract Netflix’s She-Ra (2018) is an example of how nostalgia-based children’s culture uses speculative fiction to reimagine the past while commenting on the present. The new She-Ra papers over shortcomings in the original show, rewriting adults’ memories of the character. She-Ra, and shows like it, allow adults to experience nostalgia for childhood media and toys by rewriting potentially unpleasant aspects of these thirty-year-old narratives. Though She-Ra uses characters and imagery familiar to parents, the show changes fundamental elements of the original to reflect contemporary social justice concerns, using its science-fiction elements to access political commentary including environmental degradation and coalition building. I will read the television show alongside recently released merchandise which depicts both the new and the 1985 versions of the character. Accessing the new and original versions of the character allows parents to both connect to contemporary children’s programming and reimagine their own childhoods through a contemporary social justice lens. As major producers of children’s culture such as Disney and Netflix embrace the nostalgia trend, scholars should pay careful attention to how these remakes as well as their marketing campaigns treat the source material. Even if the updated films and television shows are more self-aware, nostalgia-based marketing may allow adults to uncritically embrace and endorse the original content of works created in the 1980s that treat issues of race, gender, and sexuality in ways that are inconsistent with current cultural norms. She-Ra and the Princesses of Power argues against this embrace of nostalgic forms, even while using nostalgia to draw in a millennial audience.

Media in the Moment: An Observational Assessment of the Digital Media Context in Early Childhood.

The majority of research on media use in the digital age during early childhood has consisted of parental reports or experimental lab research, however, little research has captured media use in the home. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to capture early childhood media use in the moment it occurs. Participants included 231 parent-child dyads (M child age = 41.17 months) who completed a one-week study. Parents were contacted multiple times per day via text. If children happened to be using media (or be in a room where media was present) when parents received the notification, parents were asked to take a 10-15 second video of their child. Most families submitted at least one video over the course of the week. These videos were coded in the current study using a coding scheme to capture the context around media use in early childhood (including the environment, child behavior, and media characteristics). Results revealed that children were most likely to view media on a television or tablet. Although most children were paying attention to media, about half were also physically active while consuming media. Another person was present in the majority of videos with children, most frequently siblings or peers. Most children showed a very flat and calm affect while viewing media. These findings were generally consistent across gender and family income. Overall, this study adds to the literature on children and media that uses other methods, but provides additional insight into the importance of the specific context during early childhood media use in the digital age.

아동의 미디어 이용 연구

Objectives The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of parent’s media education experience on children’s media use and the variables that affect children’s ability to control media use.&#x0D; Methods For this purpose, data from the &lt;2020 Children's Media Usage Survey&gt; of the Korea Press Foundation, which conducted a survey on 2161 parents aged 3 to 9 years in August 2020, was used. To solve the research questions, Reliability analysis, T-test, and hierarchical regression analysis were used.&#x0D; Results Children of parents who received media education tended to use digital media such as computer, smartphone, and tablet PC, and various platforms and services such as portals, messengers, SNS, and games more often. On the other hand, children of parents without media education used television and online video platforms more often. Parents who received media education tended to be more actively involved in their children's media use process and positively evaluated the media's influence. Parents' media use restriction and control, parents' media use guidance, and children's media education experience were identified as predictive variables that had a positive effect on increasing children's media control ability.&#x0D; Conclusions It was empirically verified that parents' media education experiences had various effects on children's media use. In addition, in order to increase children's ability to actively use media, it was effective for parents to limit, control, and guide children's media use at home, and to educate children to use media properly. These results are significant in that they have presented a solution to help children develop the ability to appropriately control their media use in the era of multi-media digital media.