Media-based Modulation Research Articles

Low-Complex AI-Empowered Receiver for Spatial Media-Based Modulation MIMO Systems

Low-Complex AI-Empowered Receiver for Spatial Media-Based Modulation MIMO Systems

Code Index Modulation-Aided Spatial Media-Based Modulation System for Future Wireless Networks

Future wireless networks, increment in mobile users, and Internet-connected devices have brought many needs, such as high data rate, low transmission energy, high error performance, and low latency. Index modulation-based systems have been considered as one of the strong candidates for meeting these demands and needs. In this article, a novel wireless communication system that combines code index modulation (CIM)-aided spatial modulation (SM) and media-based modulation (MBM) techniques, briefly called CIM-SMBM, is proposed for future wireless networks. In the CIM-SMBM system, source information bits are carried in transmitted symbols in addition to three indices: active antenna index selected by SM, indices of different channel states that vary depending on the propagation pattern with MBM, and selected spreading code indices determined by CIM. In order to further reduce the complexity of optimal maximum-likelihood (ML) and despreading-based ML detectors for the CIM-SMBM scheme, an enhanced low-complexity detector that can achieve near-ML error performance is proposed. The average bit error rate (ABER), throughput, energy efficiency, and complexity analyses of the CIM-SMBM system are derived over Rayleigh fading channels for the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$</tex-math></inline-formula> -quadrature amplitude modulation technique. It has been observed that the ABER and simulation results are quite close to each other.

Generalized Coordinate Interleaving Media-Based Modulation

In this letter, a new generalized coordinate interleaving media-based modulation (GCI-MBM) scheme for MIMO system is proposed. In this scheme, the coordinate interleaved orthogonal design, precoding matrix, generalized spatial modulation structure are combined with MBM principle. Thus, the proposed scheme not only achieves the second-order transmit diversity but also improves the spectral efficiency. Furthermore, to reduce decoding complexity, a low-complexity ordered fast sphere decoding (OF-SD) algorithm is proposed. Theoretical performance analysis and simulation results show that the GCI-MBM scheme outperforms some existing MBM schemes in terms of the bit error rate (BER) performance.

Mirror activation pattern selection for energy efficient hexagonal QAM aided media‐based modulation

AbstractIn this article, three mirror activation pattern (MAP) selection techniques are used to improve the performance of energy‐efficient hexagonal quadrature amplitude modulation (HQAM) aided media‐based modulation (MBM) system called HMBM. These three MAP selection (MS) aided HQAM techniques: (i) capacity‐optimized MS‐based HMBM (CMS‐HMBM) scheme, (ii) MAP correlation (MC) aided MS‐based HMBM (MMS‐HMBM) scheme, (iii) Euclidean distance (ED) based MS aided HMBM (EMS‐HMBM) scheme. MBM technique, one of the newest and most competitive candidates of the index modulation family, increases spectral efficiency linearly and significantly improves error performance. When MS techniques are integrated into telecommunication techniques, they significantly increase the performance of the system. Extensive computer simulations with Monte Carlo for the considered systems are performed on Rayleigh fading channels. The suggested system offers superior error performance than the conventional MBM scheme since it incorporates CMS, MMS, and EMS techniques. Additionally, the suggested new method offers greater energy efficiency than ‐QAM constellation schemes since HQAM constellation schemes are by their very nature high energy efficiency. It is shown that the proposed CMS‐HMBM, MMS‐HMBM, and EMS‐HMBM systems provide better error performance than capacity‐optimized antenna selection (COAS) aided hexagonal spatial modulation (COAS‐HSM), antenna correlation‐based AS aided HSM (ACAS‐HSM), Euclidean distance optimized AS aided HSM (EDAS‐HSM), SM, and MBM systems for the same spectral efficiency. The suggested systems are envisaged for usage in sixth‐generation and later wireless networks because of their high performance provided by the CMS, MMS, and EMS methods in the proposed system and the high spectral efficiency provided by the HMBM approach.

Genetic Algorithm Aided Compressed Sensing Detector for Differential Space-Time Media-Based Modulation

Differential spatial modulation (DSM) is a multi-antenna technique that does not require channel state information (CSI). However, DSM has a deficiency of low spectral efficiency (SE). In this paper, a differential space-time media-based modulation (DSTMBM) system is proposed. The DSTMBM system equips radio frequency (RF) mirrors to transmit additional bits, which leads to an improvement of SE. Simulation results show that the bit error rate (BER) performance of DSTMBM is about 4dB better than that of DSM under the same parameters. For low-complexity implementation, a genetic algorithm aided compressed sensing (GA-CS) detector is tailored to the DSTMBM system. Compared with the state-of-the-art low-complexity detector with the best performance in differential systems, the GA-CS detector achieves a complexity reduction of 3 orders of magnitude when the transmit matrix dimension is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\times 8$</tex-math></inline-formula> , at the cost of only around 1dB in terms of BER performance. Furthermore, the complexity of GA-CS detector does not grow exponentially with the matrix dimension.

Media-Based Modulation for Next-Generation Wireless: Latest Progress and New Applications

Media-Based Modulation for Next-Generation Wireless: Latest Progress and New Applications

Distributed spatial media-based modulation for relay networks with RF mirrors

A novel distributed spatial media-based modulation scheme is proposed in this paper by cleverly utilizing distributed spatial modulation (DSM) and media-based modulation (MBM) principles. This proposed scheme is referred to as distributed channel modulation (DCM) for relay networks. In this scheme, decode-and-forward relaying protocol is adopted, and the channel states are exploited for transmitting extra information bits by using a number of radio frequency (RF) mirrors that are placed near each relay. To provide a fair comparison with the conventional state-of-the-art schemes, the symbol error rate (SER) performance of DSM scheme is evaluated. Besides, a low complexity detection technique known as iterative maximum ratio combining (i-MRC) is used in order to reduce the receiver complexity of the proposed scheme. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DCM scheme significantly outperforms DSM scheme for the same average rate. It is also shown that there is a negligible degradation in the SER performance of the proposed DCM scheme when i-MRC detection is used as compared to the performance with maximum likelihood (ML) detection. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the receiver complexity is achieved by using i-MRC detection technique in contrast to the results with ML detector. It has been also revealed that the proposed DCM scheme shows a performance drop of about 3 dB when the availability of an imperfect channel state information (CSI) is assumed with the presence of channel estimation errors (CEEs). Finally, simulation results have confirmed the analytical findings.

Digitally Reconfigurable Metasurface Array for a Multipath Based Wireless Link With Media-Based Modulation

Electromagnetic (EM) windows with a digitally reconfigurable metasurface (DRM) are proposed to experimentally demonstrate a multipath based communication technique known as media-based modulation (MBM). In MBM, the magnitude and phase of a transmitted tone from a single RF chain are modulated in space using different switching combinations of DRM. After transmission, superposition of various multipath components helps diversifying the transmitted symbols across the constellation leading to an improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bandwidth, and energy-efficient multiuser system with enhanced security, reduced outage probability in a slow fade channel, and possibility of achieving capacity of a Gaussian channel. Prototype of an <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 8 array of the DRM unit cells with p-i-n diodes for switching and its hardware interface are developed to perform experiments under different scattering environments. Constellations, bit-error-rate (BER) responses, and statistical distributions of the received symbols with the measured data establish the above characteristic features of a wireless link using MBM. A scheme for the data transmission with DRM is also discussed.

On the Performance of UAV Relaying With Reconfigurable Antenna and Media Based Modulation in the Presence of Shadowed Fading

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have attracted significant interest from the academia and industry most recently. Motivated by the wide usage of UAVs, this letter considers UAV communication with reconfigurable antenna (RA) in the presence of fading and shadowing effects, which occur due to tall buildings and skyscrapers in urban areas. More precisely, RA offers to receive information through mirror activation patterns (MAPs) so that it can achieve a receive diversity with decreased error probability by using only one radio frequency chain. Also, media-based modulation (MBM) technique with MAPs can be exploited by using RAs with reduced cost. To quantify the performance of the proposed UAV system, we derive a tight upper bound for the overall error probability by considering approximated channel model based on the standardization studies. The results have shown that RAs can make the overall system more resilient to shadowing and fading effects in terms of error performance, and they are energy efficient.

Research on uplink performance of MIMO terrestrial-satellite laser communication based on OSM-MBM joint modulation

This paper proposes a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) terrestrial-satellite laser communication uplink system based on optical spatial modulation with medium-based modulation (OSM-MBM) joint modulation. The Málaga(M) distribution is used to describe the combined effects of near-ground turbulent light intensity scintillation, beam wander and angle of arrival fluctuation. The closed expression of the bit error rate (BER) of the OSM-MBM joint modulation MIMO terrestrial-satellite laser communication uplink is derived. The simulation analyzes the influence of transmitting radius, receiving aperture, beam divergence, zenith angle and signal-to-noise ratio on the system error performance, and compares it with traditional modulation, media-based modulation and optical space modulation. Finally, the experiment is verified by Monte Carlo. This research provides a theoretical reference for the engineering realization of the modulation technology for the MIMO terrestrial-satellite laser communication uplink system.

Quadrature Spatial Modulation Aided Media-Based Modulation

In this work, we present the concept of quadrature spatial modulation aided media-based modulation (QSM-MBM), which combines QSM and MBM principles. The proposed two QSM-MBM schemes use dispersion matrices to generate QSM matrix and transmit it by designing two different channel state activation methods, which provides improved transmission rate, diversity gain as well as hardware simplicity. Simulations show that the proposed QSM-MBM schemes achieve remarkably better error performance than the existing MBM schemes.

Weighted Alamouti Media-Based Modulation

A weighted Alamouti (WA) media-based modulation (WA-MBM) scheme is presented. In this scheme, the real and imaginary parts of the diagonal and anti-diagonal WA codes are interleaved and transmitted according to a well-designed MBM channel states activation approach, so that the spatial resource units in both diagonal and anti-diagonal directions of WA-MBM signal are fully exploited to achieve higher spectral efficiency. The maximum-likelihood (ML) detection and theoretical average bit error probability (ABEP) for WA-MBM are derived. Simulation results demonstrate obvious performance improvement of WA-MBM over some existing MBM schemes.

Using of Golden Code Orthogonal Super-Symbol in Media-Based Modulation for Single-Input Multiple-Output Schemes

The media-based modulation (MBM) scheme is capable of providing high throughput, increasing spectrum efficiency, and enhancing bit error rate (BER) performance of communication systems. In this paper, an MBM employing radio frequency (RF) mirrors and golden code is investigated in a single-input multiple-output (GC-SIMO) application. The aim is to reduce complexity of the system, maximize linear relationships between RF mirrors and improve spectral efficiency of MBM to in order to obtain a high data rate with the use of less hardware. Orthogonal pairs of the super-symbol in the GC scheme’s encoder are employed, transmitted via different RF mirrors at different time slots in order to achieve the full data rate and high diversity. In the results having BER of 10−5 , the GC-SIMO, MBM exhibits better performance than GD-SIMO, with the gain of approximately 7 dB and 6.5 dB SNR for 4 b/s/Hz and 6 b/s/Hz, respectively. The derived theoretical average error probability of the proposed scheme is validated with the use of the Monte Carlo simulation.

Differential space time media‐based modulation system

Differential spatial modulation (DSM) is a multi-antenna differential technology with low power consumption and no demand of channel estimation. It is suitable for communication systems that have fast migration velocity and high requirements for both power consumption and complexity. However, due to the sparse structure and the requirements of differential coding, the spectral efficiency is limited. Therefore, media-based modulation (MBM) technology is introduced into differential system in this work to improve the spectral. A differential space time media-based modulation (DSTMBM) system is proposed. While retaining the inherent advantages of the DSM, the additional bits are transmitted through the radio frequency (RF) mirrors in DSTMBM. Unlike traditional DSM, the transmit antenna of DSTMBM system can be activated multiple times. In addition, a theoretical performance is derived, and a low-complexity (LC) detection algorithm is adopted. Simulation results show that the DSTMBM system has a performance advantage of about 4.5 dB at a high transmission rate compared to traditional DSM systems. Monte Carlo simulation matches the theoretical performance in a wide range. Meanwhile, the LC detection algorithm reduces the complexity by 2–3 orders of magnitude without the bit error rate (BER) performance loss.

Joint Identification, Detection and Channel Estimation in Industrial IoT

Rapid identification and analysis of faulty or degraded sensors and devices are key challenge in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Wireless communication is emerging as a viable solution to support the massive sensors and devices with sporadic fault due to low construction cost, low latency and high reliability. For future massive machine-type communications, Media-Based Modulation (MBM) is regarded as a promising technique to achieve high data rate with low-complexity hardware implementation. In this paper, only the sensors or devices with fault are activated to transmit data which use MBM to carry more fault information. A compressive sensing (CS)-based joint adaptively fault machine identification, data detection and channel estimation algorithm is proposed by taking full consideration of the prior information such as sparsity structure and physical variables correlation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is superior to the state-of-the-art identification and detection methods.

Reference signal-aided channel estimation in spatial media-based modulation systems

In this work, we propose the reference signal-aided channel estimation approach which is a crucial requirement to address the realistic performance of spatial media-based modulation (SMBM) systems where the digitally controllable radio frequency mirrors are deployed on the multiple transmit antennas. Accordingly, least squares and linear minimum mean square error-based channel estimation schemes are proposed for MBM-based systems for the first time in the literature where former studies mainly assume either perfect channel state information or an error model on channel coefficients. In addition, corresponding symbol detection performance is studied. To measure the efficiency of the proposed channel estimation approaches, the theoretical upper bounds on average bit error rate are derived and shown to be well overlapped with the computer simulations for the medium and high signal-to-noise ratio regions. This study is important due to the implementation of channel estimation as well as the theoretical derivation of detection bounds for SMBM communication systems.

Double spatial media-based modulation with RF mirrors

Double spatial media-based modulation with RF mirrors

MBM-Aided Uplink Cooperative NOMA With Hardware Impairments and Imperfect CSI

In this letter, we propose a media-based modulation (MBM)-aided uplink cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme operating under hardware impairments and imperfect channel state information (CSI). In this scheme, the signal of the far user is transmitted with conventional modulation via the best pattern created from the ON/OFF status of the radio frequency (RF) mirrors. The near user decodes the far user's signal and transmits with the MBM technique by superposing its information. The bit error rate (BER) expressions of the proposed system for both users are derived under hardware impairments and imperfect CSI. Simulation results validate the derived BER expressions. Moreover, the proposed system is compared with systems in which the spatial modulation (SM) aided NOMA, generalized SM aided NOMA, and conventional NOMA applied at the near user. It has been shown that the proposed system is more robust to hardware impairments and imperfect CSI and outperforms these systems.

Coordinate Interleaved Orthogonal Design With Media-Based Modulation

In this work, we propose a new multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) concept, which is called coordinate interleaved orthogonal design with media-based modulation (CIOD-MBM). The proposed two novel CIOD-MBM schemes provide improved data rates as well as diversity gain while enabling hardware simplicity using a single radio frequency (RF) chain. Moreover, using the equivalent channel model, a reduced complexity can be obtained for maximum likelihood (ML) detection of the proposed system. Using computer simulations, it is shown that CIOD-MBM schemes provide remarkably better performance against the conventional MBM and CIOD systems.

Differential Chaos Shift Keying-Assisted Media-Based Modulation

Differential Chaos Shift Keying-Assisted Media-Based Modulation