Mechanical Production System Research Articles

A New Elastoplastic 3D Sand Production Model for Fractured Gas Fields

Reservoirs characterized by high temperature, high-pressure, medium high cementation strength, low porosity, and low permeability, in general, are not affected by sand production issues. Since 2009, however, it is known that cases exists where sand is present and may represent a significant technical problem (e.g., the the Dina II condensate gas field). In the present study, the main factors affecting sand production in this type of reservoir are considered (mechanical properties, stress fields, production system, completion method and gas flow pattern changes during the production process). On this basis, a new liquid-solid coupled porous elasto-plastic 3D sand production model is introduced and validated through comparison with effective sand production data. The related prediction errors are found to be within 15%, which represents the necessary prerequisite for the utilization of such a model for the elaboration of sand prevention measures.

Optimizing strategies to reduce the future carbon footprint of maize under changing climate

Many countries have set ambitious goals to achieve carbon neutrality around 2050. In this context food production systems are of interest, as they contribute one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions. This study assessed the carbon footprint (CF) of maize production under different agricultural management practices and scenarios based on a cradle-to-farm gate life cycle analysis and DNDC model, considering future climate impacts and clean energy use. Maintaining the current energy use strategy, under the management of residue removal, future climate change will lead to a 3.0% increase in the CF of maize, while in the residue returning system, the CF of maize will decrease by 40.9%. In the highly mechanized maize production system, the CF of maize was shown to be mainly determined by the CO2 equivalent emissions (CE) from upstream production and in-field portions, including soil emissions and the use of agricultural machinery. Residue return plays a critical role in establishing maize's CF, making maize fields a carbon sink. The use of clean energy can reduce the CF of maize by 482.9±8.6 kg CO2 eq ha−1. Our study serves as a reference for determining the potential of mitigating the total carbon emissions from maize production by 2050.

Transcriptome Analysis of Citrus Dwarfing Viroid Induced Dwarfing Phenotype of Sweet Orange on Trifoliate Orange Rootstock

Dwarfed citrus trees for high-density plantings or mechanized production systems will be key for future sustainable citrus production. Citrus trees consist of two different species of scion and rootstock. Therefore, any observed phenotype results from gene expression in both species. Dwarfed sweet orange trees on trifoliate rootstock have been produced using citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd). We performed RNA-seq transcriptome analysis of CDVd-infected stems and roots and compared them to non-infected controls. The identified differentially expressed genes validated with RT-qPCR corresponded to various physiological and developmental processes that could be associated with the dwarfing phenotype. For example, the transcription factors MYB13 and MADS-box, which regulate meristem functions and activate stress responses, were upregulated in the stems. Conversely, a calcium-dependent lipid-binding protein that regulates membrane transporters was downregulated in the roots. Most transcriptome reprogramming occurred in the scion rather than in the rootstock; this agrees with previous observations of CDVd affecting the growth of sweet orange stems while not affecting the trifoliate rootstock. Furthermore, the lack of alterations in the pathogen defense transcriptome supports the term “Transmissible small nuclear ribonucleic acid,” which describes CDVd as a modifying agent of tree performance with desirable agronomic traits rather than a disease-causing pathogen.

An end-effector for robotic cotton harvesting

Cotton, a major crop worldwide, is harvested in mechanized production systems once at the end of the growing season. To facilitate harvest and maximize fiber quality, the plants are typically defoliated when about 60% of the cotton bolls are open. Due to non-uniform maturation, the bolls that have opened early expose their fiber to weather until harvest, commonly for weeks, degrading fiber quality. Furthermore, high capacity harvesting machines are heavy, potentially compacting the soil that in turn reduces hydraulic conductivity in the wheel tracks and reducing yield. Robotic harvesting with smaller machines brings about the possibility of multiple harvests during the growing season while enabling them to pick the seed cotton soon after the boll opens, preserving fiber quality. Smaller machines would also be less likely to substantially compact the soil. Therefore, research has been conducted to enumerate and address multiple challenges associated with the design of a robotic cotton harvester. The particular focus of the research reported herein was on the design of a robotic end-effector for picking seed cotton from the open boll of a non-defoliated cotton plant. Various design concepts were considered, and some were built as prototypes and experimentally assessed. The design was selected as optimal was: a three-finger, moving pinned belt, underactuated end-effector. A refined prototype of the end-effector was indoor tested on a robotic platform with a computer-controlled three-degree-of-freedom manipulator. The end-effector could pick 66-85% of the seed cotton from a boll with a picking time of 4 s for a simple and less efficient system to 18 s for a controlled-movement and more efficient system. Further implications of this study will include adding a depth sensor on the robot to detect and localize cotton bolls and manipulate arm autonomously.

Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer increases rice yield and energy production efficiency under different mechanical rice production systems

Increasing energy output and improving energy production efficiency is essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of rice production systems in China. Present study assessed the energy input/output and its production efficiency for manual transplanted rice with manual broadcasting fertilizer (TR-MBF), mechanical pot-seedling transplanted rice synchronized with deep fertilization (MPST-DF), and mechanical hill direct-seeding rice synchronized with deep fertilization (MHDS-DF) in a three-year field experiment. Two rice cultivars i.e., Yuxiangyouzhan (YXYZ, inbred rice) and Wufengyou615 (WFY615, hybrid rice) were used to determine the energy input/output and production efficiency of each system. Results depicted that the MHDS-DF and MPST-DF treatment substantially improved the grain yield by 20.9% and 32.3% for WFY615 and YXYZ owing to enhanced total above-ground biomass (TAB) and leaf area index (LAI), respectively. Means across years and cultivars for energy input in the TR-MBF, MPST-DF, and MHDS-DF were remained 31918.0, 35267.1 and 36036.7 MJ ha−1, respectively. The energy consumed by diesel and fertilizer for energy inputs in the production system exceeds 70% of the total energy input. Moreover, the three rice production systems were highly dependent on non-renewable energy. The highest output energy and net energy were obtained for MHDS-DF and MPST-DF treatments with 221517.2 and 185670.0 MJ ha-1, respectively. Among the three rice production systems, the highest energy use efficiency, energy productivity efficiency, energy profitability efficiency was found in MPST-DF, which was slightly higher than MHDS-DF. However, the human energy profitability efficiency of MHDS-DF treatment was significantly higher than other treatments. Therefore, MHDS-DF and MPST-DF could be best alternative technologies than conventional rice production systems with improved energy input and energy production efficiency in South China. Furthermore, both MHDS-DF and MPST-DF would also be suitable in the regions with lack of labor force for rice production.

A novel locus (Bnsdt2) in a TFL1 homologue sustaining determinate growth in Brassica napus

BackgroundThe determinate growth habits is beneficial for plant architecture modification and the development of crops cultivars suited to mechanized production systems. Which play an important role in the genetic improvement of crops. In Brassica napus, a determinate inflorescence strain (4769) has been discovered among doubled haploid (DH) lines obtained from a spring B. napus × winter B. napus cross, but there are few reports on it. We fine mapped a determinate inflorescence locus, and evaluated the effect of the determinate growth habit on agronomic traits.ResultsIn this study, we assessed the effect of the determinate growth habit on agronomic traits. The results showed that determinacy is beneficial for reducing plant height and flowering time, advancing maturity, enhancing lodging resistance, increasing plant branches and maintaining productivity. Genetic analysis in the determinate (4769) and indeterminate (2982) genotypes revealed that two independently inherited recessive genes (Bnsdt1, Bnsdt2) are responsible for this determinate growth trait. Bnsdt2 was subsequently mapped in BC2 and BC3 populations derived from the combination 2982 × 4769. Bnsdt2 could be delimited to an approximately 122.9 kb region between 68,586.2 kb and 68,709.1 kb on C09. BLAST analysis of these candidate intervals showed that chrC09g006434 (BnaC09.TFL1) is homologous to TFL1 of A. thaliana. Sequence analysis of two alleles identified two non-synonymous SNPs (T136C, G141C) in the first exon of BnaC09.TFL1, resulting in two amino acid substitutions (Phe46Leu, Leu47Phe). Subsequently, qRT-PCR revealed that BnaC09.TFL1 expression in shoot apexes was significantly higher in NIL-4769 than in 4769, suggesting its essential role in sustaining the indeterminate growth habit.ConclusionsIn this study, the novel locus Bnsdt2, a recessive genes for determinate inflorescence in B. napus, was fine-mapped to a 68,586.2 kb - 68,709.1 kb interval on C09. The annotated genes chrC09g006434 (BnaC09.TFL1) that may be responsible for inflorescence traits were found.

Deletion of a cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, CsSMR1, leads to dwarf and determinate growth in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Key messageA 7.9 kb deletion which contains a cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor leads to determinate growth and dwarf phenotype in cucumber.Plant architecture is a composite character which are mainly defined by shoot branching, internode elongation and shoot determinacy. Ideal architecture tends to increase the yield of plants, just like the case of “Green Revolution” increased by the application of semi-dwarf cereal crop varieties in 1960s. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important vegetable cultivated worldwide, and suitable architecture varieties were selected for different production systems. In this study, we obtained a novel dwarf mutant with strikingly shortened plant height and determinate growth habit. By bulked segregant analysis and map-based cloning, we delimited the dw2 locus to a 56.4 kb region which contain five genes. Among all the variations between WT and dw2 within the 56.4 kb region, a 7.9 kb deletion which resulted in complete deletion of CsaV3_5G035790 in dw2 was co-segregated with the dwarf phenotype. Haplotype analysis and gene expression analysis suggest that CsaV3_5G035790 encoding a cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (CsSMR1) be the candidate gene responsible for the dwarf phenotype in dw2. RNA-seq analysis shows that several kinesin-like proteins, cyclins and reported organ size regulators are expressed differentially between WT and dw2, which may account for the reduced organ size in dwarf plants. Additionally, the down-regulation of CsSTM and CsWOX9 in dw2 resulted in premature termination of shoot apical meristem development, which eventually reduces the internode number and plant height. Identification and characterization of the CsSMR1 provide a new insight into cucumber architecture modification to be applied to mechanized production system.

Design and Fabrication of Robotic Arm for the assembly of Phase Selector Switch

This paper explores the robot arm where the ability of human to do a project is restrained however now not with the aid of his mental electricity however through his bodily energy. A humanoid mechanical technology is another difficult field. To co-work with people, humanoid robots not just need to include human like structure and structure, yet more significantly, they should arrange human like conduct with respect to the movement, correspondence and intelligence. In environmental factors where human exchange can't be conceivable to do a specific errand, the robots can do. Robots are used for lean industrial processes and have diversified their contributions to meeting lines inside the production international. The main focus of this project is to design and develop the mechanism for robotic arm for lifting. It is a type of mechanical arm, usually programmable, with similar functions to a human arm. The arm might be a unit system or might be an aspect of a more unpredictable mechanical cycle. The end effectors or mechanical hand can be intended to play out any ideal undertaking, for example, welding, holding, turning etc., depending on the application. The mechanical arm is planned and designed with four degrees of freedom and modified to achieve precisely basic light material lifting undertaking to aid the creation line in any industry. 3D printing strategy is utilized in this undertaking to create the parts of the automated arm. Hence, it gave more exact measurements and gigantic time and cost expensive in creation. The automated arm is furnished with 4 servo engines to interface the parts and bring arm development. A sequential construction mechanical system can improve its efficiency through developing the assembling pace and its consistency. They additionally spare individuals from dreary and tedious mechanical production system employments. Many industries are yet to implement such automation in their meeting traces, as they do no longer have the technical recognize how of the changeover, or the concern of failure of investment. It is proposed to layout and increase a low price assembly robotic which could overcome the above drawbacks. We have also included Design Thinking process before starting to do this experiment. The stages of Design Thinking such as Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype & test, Evolve are performed in the complete fabrication of the robotic arm. Many industries are yet to implement such automation in their assembly lines, as they do not have the technical knowhow of the changeover, or the fear of failure of investment. To proceed in this direction, a case study was conducted at a phase selector switch making company. Presently the company does manual assembly of the switches, which is a hindrance to the growth of the company. This process required a pilot study to explore the possibility as well as the implementations issues of robots in the assembly. The present system uses a belt conveyor system which has no feedback signals and the speed of the conveyor is not synchronized with the rate of assembly. It is generally not advised to transfer small size components in a conveyor since picking, orienting and inserting the components will be cumbersome. When the size of the component is considerably small, manual assembly is not recommended as per the guidelines of DFMA (Design for manufacture and assembly). Manual error is more prone to assembly of the part in a wrong orientation, especially for those components that are symmetrical.The parts to be assembled are both axi-symmetric as well as prismatic in shape. Constraints in loading and unloading of casing were also reported. In this work, the design and development of a low cost assembly robot is done which can overcome the above drawbacks.

Adaptability Analysis and Optimization of Oil Well Energy Saving Motor

Motor is the core energy consumption node of mechanical mining system, and also the key point of energy saving potential of mechanical mining system. At present, there are two main problems in the use of matching motor of mechanical oil production system: one is that the types of oil well motor are complex and the performance index is uneven; the other is that the oil well working conditions are complex and diverse, and there is no basis for motor selection.In view of the above problems, in order to reduce the power consumption of high energy consumption motor, improve the rationality and scientificity of oil well energy-saving motor selection and matching work, effectively improve the operation efficiency of mechanical production system and reduce energy consumption, the adaptability of oil well energy-saving motor is carried out. Taking the energy-saving motor of oil pumping unit as the research object, through no-load, locked rotor, pumping unit simulated load, field calibration and other testing means This paper evaluates the comprehensive quality of the energy-saving motor of oil well from the systematic point of view, and studies the optimization method of the matching between the energy-saving motor and the pumping unit.

A novel mutation in TFL1 homolog sustaining determinate growth in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).

BSA-seq combined with whole-genome resequencing map-based cloning delimited the cucumber det-novel locus into a 44.5kb region in chromosome 6 harboring a putative candidate gene encoding a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (CsCEN). Determinate and indeterminate growth habits of cucumber can affect plant architecture and crop yield. The TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) controls determinate/indeterminate growth in Arabidopsis. In this study, a novel mutation in cucumber TFL1 homolog (CsCEN) has shown to regulate determinate growth and product of terminal flowers in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which is similar to the function of CsTFL1 as previously reported. Genetic analysis in two determinate genotypes (D226 and D082) and indeterminate genotype (CCMC) revealed that a single recessive gene is responsible for this determinate growth trait. With the combination of BSA-seq and whole-genome resequencing, the locus of determinate-novel (det-novel) trait was mapped to a 44.5kb genomic region in chromosome 6. Sequence alignment identified one non-synonymous SNP mutation (A to T) in the third exon of CsCEN, resulting in an amino acid substitution (Thr to Pro), suggesting that determinate growth might be controlled by a novel gene CsCEN (Csa6G152360) which differed from the reported CsTFL1 gene. The CsCEN expression level in shoot apexes and axillary buds was significantly lower in D226 compared to CCMC, suggesting its essential role in sustaining indeterminate growth habit. Identification and characterization of the CsCEN in the present study provide a new insight into plant architecture modification and development of cucumber cultivars suited to mechanized production system.

Factors determining the decision on spatial location of mechanical engineering production forces

The article deals with the search for the optimal spatial location of mechanical engineering production systems at the present stage of economic development of Russia. Spatial location is considered as an important investment issue that requires careful economic justification as part of choosing the appropriate strategy. The search for the most suitable place for spatial placement depends largely on what the mechanical engineering production system itself is. The article presents the approaches of various researchers, which are still relevant and valid in modern Russia, since they are focused on territories with a predominantly rural type of economy and are well correlated with the current system of administrative and territorial management of our country. The article describes a number of factors that affect the choice of spatial location of mechanical engineering production facilities, among which are the natural, historical, social, technical, economical, as well as governmental and political factors. The article concludes that the final decision on the specialization of the Russian Federation subject and the spatial location of machine-building production in the region depends on the requests of the entrepreneurs in a particular industry and the level of development of productive forces.

Hybridized Mechanical and Solar Energy-Driven Self-Powered Hydrogen Production

HighlightsA hybridized mechanical and solar energy-driven hydrogen production system was developed.A rotatory disc-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (RD-TENG) enables to harvest mechanical energy from water flow and functions as a sufficient external power source.WO3/BiVO4 heterojunction is fabricated as photoanodes in the self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell, and the hydrogen production rate reaches to 7.27 μL min−1 under sunlight illumination with the energy conversion efficiency of 2.59%.

Determination of Performance Analysis for an Underground Colliery Utilizing Mechanized Production System

Performance is one of the most important parameters for today’s business organizations. An organizationthat is low on performance, no matter how much high quality products they have, cannot take the share they desirefrom the market. It is the inevitable result for organizations with low performances to lose money and get closed down.Nowadays performance is measured in many ways. In this work; the production performance of Ömerler Colliery,which is the only government controlled mechanized lignite mine authorized under the Western Lignite Corporation(WLC) and the factors that caused performance decrease has been determined. In order to gain performancemeasurements; effectiveness, efficiency and productivity criteria have been used and performance indexes have beenacquired. As the result of the performance analysis, it is understood that there has been malfunctions with; in order; beltconveyor, chain conveyor, shearer and fortification that has been effective in the decrease of performance. Performanceindexes, which are barely derived from the multiplication of performance parameters, are examined and it is deductedthat the highest relation is achieved for the efficiency parameter with a correlation constant (r) of 0.9489 and a certaintyconstant (R²) of 0.9005 while the lowest relation is obtained for the efficiency parameter with a correlation constant (r)of 0.4621 and certainty constant (R²) 0.2135. With this acquired result it has been determined that by only measuringeffectiveness, performance detection cannot be made.

Determination of Performance Analysis for an Underground Colliery Utilizing Mechanized Production System

Performance is one of the most important parameters for today’s business organizations. An organizationthat is low on performance, no matter how much high quality products they have, cannot take the share they desirefrom the market. It is the inevitable result for organizations with low performances to lose money and get closed down.Nowadays performance is measured in many ways. In this work; the production performance of Ömerler Colliery,which is the only government controlled mechanized lignite mine authorized under the Western Lignite Corporation(WLC) and the factors that caused performance decrease has been determined. In order to gain performancemeasurements; effectiveness, efficiency and productivity criteria have been used and performance indexes have beenacquired. As the result of the performance analysis, it is understood that there has been malfunctions with; in order; beltconveyor, chain conveyor, shearer and fortification that has been effective in the decrease of performance. Performanceindexes, which are barely derived from the multiplication of performance parameters, are examined and it is deductedthat the highest relation is achieved for the efficiency parameter with a correlation constant (r) of 0.9489 and a certaintyconstant (R²) of 0.9005 while the lowest relation is obtained for the efficiency parameter with a correlation constant (r)of 0.4621 and certainty constant (R²) 0.2135. With this acquired result it has been determined that by only measuringeffectiveness, performance detection cannot be made.

Assessing the environmental impacts of soil compaction in Life Cycle Assessment

Maintaining biotic capacity is of key importance with regard to global food and biomass provision. One reason for productivity loss is soil compaction. In this paper, we use a statistical empirical model to assess long-term yield losses through soil compaction in a regionalized manner, with global coverage and for different agricultural production systems. To facilitate the application of the model, we provide an extensive dataset including crop production data (with 81 crops and corresponding production systems), related machinery application, as well as regionalized soil texture and soil moisture data. Yield loss is modeled for different levels of soil depth (0–25cm, 25–40cm and >40cm depth). This is of particular relevance since compaction in topsoil is classified as reversible in the short term (approximately four years), while recovery of subsoil layers takes much longer. We derive characterization factors quantifying the future average annual yield loss as a fraction of the current yield for 100years and applicable in Life Cycle Assessment studies of agricultural production. The results show that crops requiring enhanced machinery inputs, such as potatoes, have a major influence on soil compaction and yield losses, while differences between mechanized production systems (organic and integrated production) are small. The spatial variations of soil moisture and clay content are reflected in the results showing global hotspot regions especially susceptible to soil compaction, e.g. the South of Brazil, the Caribbean Islands, Central Africa, and the Maharashtra district of India. The impacts of soil compaction can be substantial, with highest annual yield losses in the range of 0.5% (95% percentile) due to one year of potato production (cumulated over 100y this corresponds to a one-time loss of 50% of the present yield). These modeling results demonstrate the necessity for including soil compaction effects in Life Cycle Impact Assessment.

A web mobile application for agricultural machinery cost analysis

Machinery cost is the major cost item in farm businesses in highly mechanized production systems. Moreover, in the last years, high power machines, advanced technologies, higher cost for spare parts and repairing, and fuel consumption contributed to an even more higher increase of the machinery costs. Many engineering and economic methodological approaches have been implemented to calculate machinery use and cost, but they are almost confined in scientific and technical documentations making it difficult for a farmer to apply these approaches for deciding on buying, leasing, or sharing agricultural machinery.Information and communications technology (ICT) has an increasingly important role on business processes and provides a powerful foundation to address many daily problems. Today users want to be connected to useful information in real time. To that effect, the aim of this work was to develop an easy-to-use mobile application, called “AMACA” (Agricultural Machine App Cost Analysis) for determining the machinery cost in different field operations and making it available via a web mobile application using a cross-platform approach. The customer-driven Quality Function Deployment [QFD] approach was implemented in order to link the user expectations with the design characteristics of the app. The AMACA app is free, readily available, and does not require any installation on the end user’s device. It is a cross-platform application meaning that it operates on any device through a web interface and is supported by various browsers. The user can make subsequent calculations by varying the input parameters (fuel price, interest rate, field capacity, tractor power, etc.) and compare the results in a sensitivity analysis basis. AMACA app can support the decisions on whether to purchase a new equipment/tractor (strategic level), the use of own machinery or to hire a service, and also to select the economical appropriate cultivation system (tactical level).

OPTIMIZATION OF WORKLOAD DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUE TO INCREASE THE LINE EFFICIENCY OF BAKERY OVEN MANUFACTURING UNIT

A sequential construction system is an assembling procedure (more often than not called a dynamic get together) in which parts are included as the semi-completed gathering moves from workstation to workstation where the parts are included arrangement until the last get together is delivered. By mechanically moving the parts to the get together work and moving the semi-completed get together from work station to work station, a completed item can be collected speedier and with less work than by having laborers convey parts to a stationary piece for gathering. A study was completed in ABC Company which makes broilers. It was observed that machines utilized there are using more opportunity for delivering stoves. This generation the truth will surface eventually lessened by utilizing modern designing method called work streamlining in the mechanical production system which takes care of the genuine issue, the undertaking time information and sitting tight time information was gathered for all the nine phases of the get together and further the outcomes were gotten. The line productivity subsequent to gathering the work station is expanded from 43.07% to 79%. Furthermore, the parity delay diminishes from 56.2% to 21%. This makes work load conveyance uniform over the workstations which make the stream of the sequential construction system much smooth. Subsequent to expanding the line proficiency and diminishing the equalization defer the profitability has expanded and now the stoves are fabricated in a less time contrasted with before time. What's more, genuine issue was illuminated.

Grapevine Cultivars, Trellis Systems, and Mechanization of the California Raisin Industry

Growers in California’s San Joaquin Valley produced >25% of the world’s raisins in 2012, with a farm-gate value of >$590 million, making the United States the leading global producer of raisins. California’s traditional raisin-making method is a laborious process in which clusters of grapes (Vitis vinifera) are harvested by hand onto paper trays, which are left in the vineyard to dry. The drying fruit may need to be turned or rolled, tasks requiring manual labor, and the trays of dried raisins are also picked up by hand. Most California raisins continue to be made in this way, but in recent years, the declining availability and increasing cost of labor has prompted many growers to implement one of two mechanized production systems, “continuous tray” (CT) or “dry-on-vine” (DOV). In CT systems, machines are used to pick the berries, lay them onto a tray, and pick up the dried raisins. The CT system could be considered a short-term strategy: it is compatible with existing conventional ‘Thompson Seedless’ raisin vineyards and has been widely adopted. The DOV system could be considered a medium-term strategy: it is best suited for vineyards specifically designed for DOV, with early ripening grapevine cultivars on expansive trellis systems, which ensures timely drying, and capitalizes on the fact that sunlit row middles are not needed for fruit drying. Grapevine breeding programs are currently working toward the development of raisin grape cultivars with fruitful basal nodes, with fruit that dry naturally upon ripening. This is a long-term strategy to further reduce labor needs by enabling mechanical pruning in winter and eliminating the need for cane severance in the summer.

Proposition of pick & work system for application in manual assembly

Many assembly processes in mechanical production systems have high share of manual operations. These manual operations can have big influence on final time and quality of production. Because the work is realized by human it is very important to take in account human properties and design the operation in way which will eliminate – mistakes and errors. To achieve this it is possible to use PokaYoke techniques and Pick-by systems. The paper describes the possibility of the use of these tools in assembly and proposes own Pick & Work system concept for application in the assembly operations.

Life Cycle Assessment of Spinach for Processing Use under Mechanized Production System

Objective. In this study, we performed a comparative life cycle assessment（LCA）of two production systems for spinach for processing use: mechanized production system and conventional production system. We estimated greenhouse gas emissions in both systems, compared them in terms of superiority or inferiority, and considered the impact on global warming of the mechanization of spinach for processing use production.