Motion Detection Mechanisms Research Articles

Neural Network Approaches to Visual Motion Perception

This paper concerns certain difficult problems in image processing and perception: neuro-computation of visual motion information. The first part of this paper deals with the spatial physiological integration by the figure-ground discrimination neural network in the visual system of the fly. We have outlined the fundamental organization and algorithms of this neural network, and mainly concentrated on the results of computer simulations of spatial physiological integration. It has been shown that the gain control mechanism , the nonlinearity of synaptic transmission characteristic , the interaction between the two eyes , and the directional selectivity of the pool cells play decisive roles in the spatial physiological integration. In the second part, we have presented a self-organizing neural network for the perception of visual motion by using a retinotopic array of Reichardt's motion detectors and Kohonen's self-organizing maps. It .has been demonstrated by computer simulations that the network is able to learn to solve the ambiguities given by local motion detection mechanism. The resultant self-organized configuration in the output layer is resembling direction selective columns which first appear in area MT of the primate visual system. It has been explored that the spatio-temporal coherences, mapping, cooperation, competition, and Hebb rule are the basic neural principles for visual motion perception.

Direction identification thresholds for second-order motion in central and peripheral vision

Evidence bearing on the question of whether first-order and second-order motion are detected by use of the same or different principles has been sought. This question was approached by measuring thresholds for correctly identifying the direction of motion of various second-order motion patterns. The patterns used were contrast-modulated noise patterns in which the contrast of a carrier was modulated sinusoidally in one dimension, and the modulating waveform drifted smoothly while the carrier itself remained stationary. The carrier used was in most cases static two-dimensional noise; other carriers gave similar results. Thresholds were measured in terms of amplitude of contrast modulation (modulation depth) for each of a range of envelope drift speeds and spatial frequencies in the fovea and at several viewing eccentricities. Along with direction-identification thresholds, thresholds for either simple detection of the modulation or for correctly identifying the orientation of the modulation were simultaneously measured. Thresholds for direction identification were generally somewhat higher than those for simple detection. However, they were in most cases very similar to thresholds for identification of orientation, as found for conventional luminance gratings. Contrary to some reports, sensitivity to contrast-modulated patterns declines with eccentricity at a similar rate to that found with luminance gratings. The results suggest that first-order and second-order motion are either detected by a common motion-detection mechanism or are detected by different mechanisms that use a common principle of motion detection.

小特集 最近の画像認識・理解技術 ４．人間の視覚はどのように運動をとらえているか？

小特集 最近の画像認識・理解技術 ４．人間の視覚はどのように運動をとらえているか？

Visual processing of optic acceleration

We present data on the human sensitivity to optic acceleration i.e. temporal modulations of the speed and direction of moving objects. Modulation thresholds are measured as a function of modulation frequency and speed for different periodical velocity vector modulation functions using a localized target. Evidence is presented that human detection of velocity vector modulations is not directly based on the acceleration signal (the temporal derivative of the velocity vector modulation). Instead, modulation detection is accurately described by a two-stage model: a low-pass temporal filter transformation of the true velocity vector modulation followed by a variance detection stage. A functional description of the first stage is a second order low-pass temporal filter having a characteristic time constant of 40 msec. In effect, the temporal low-pass filter is an integration of the velocity vector modulation within a temporal window of 100–140 msec. A non-trivial link of this low-pass filter stage to the temporal characteristics of standard motion detection mechanisms will be discussed. Velocity vector modulations are detected in the second-stage, whenever the variance of the filtered velocity vector exceeds a certain threshold variance in either the speed or direction dimension. The threshold standard deviations for this variance detection stage are estimated to be 17% for speed modulations and 9% for motion direction modulations.

A multilayer feedforward neural network model for visual motion perception

The local visual motion detection mechanism used in the visual systems of primates can only sense the motion component oriented perpendicularly to the contrast gradient of the brightness pattern. But the visual system of higher animals can adaptively determine the actual direction of motion through a learning process. In this paper a multilayered feedforward neural network model for perception of visual motion is presented. This model employs W. Reichardt’s elementary motion detectors array and T. Kohonen’s self-organizing feature map. We explored the self-organizing principles for perception of visual motion. The computer simulations show that this neural network is able to recognize the true direction of motion through an unsupervised learning process. In addition, the neurons with the same or similar motion direction selectivity tend to appear in “functional columns” which seem to be qualitatively similar to the cortical motion columns observed by electrophysiological and cytohistochemical studies in certain higher areas such as MT. It proves that motion-detection by spatio-temporal coherences, mapping, cooperation, competition, and Hebb rule may be the basic principles for the self-organization of visual motion perception networks.

Mechanisms of early visual processing in the medulla of the locust optic lobe: How self-inhibition, spatial-pooling, and signal rectification contribute to the properties of transient cells

In the arthropod medulla, which is the second ganglion on the afferent visual pathway, a column of about 40 cells represents each point in space (i.e. compound eye facet). Some stages of visual processing underlying the responses of one class of cells in the locust medulla have been identified. These transient cells give very similar responses to intensity increments and decrements, and also to pulses and steps; there is no spontaneous activity and a stimulus causes one or two spikes to fire at fixed latencies. Movement, however, produces a prolonged spike discharge by successive excitation of subunits within the receptive field. One of the main features of the transient cells' responses is a self-inhibition which attenuates responses to successive stimuli at one point. This inhibition is restricted to the outputs of single receptor (rhabdom), it decays after about 100 ms, and is polarity sensitive so that stimuli of one polarity (e.g. dimming) do not inhibit responses to stimuli of the opposite polarity (e.g. brightening). The inhibition effectively alters the contrast threshold of the cells, because after adaptation with stimuli of one contrast, a modest (less than 20%) increase in contrast is sufficient to elicit an unadapted response. Transient cells are not directionally selective and there are no local spatio-temporal interactions of the kind necessary for directional selectivity. But, by analogy with the directional veto in directionally selective cells in the rabbit retina (Barlow & Levick, 1965), self-inhibition is suggested as a mechanism of non-directional motion detection. After the inhibition, there is some spatial pooling of signals which is followed by rectification. The transient cells' spiking outputs could abstract a refined subset of visual information which may encode the presence, but not the direction, amplitude, or polarity of moving object borders.

Perception of three-dimensional angular rotation

In three experiments, difference thresholds (dLs) and points of subjective equality (PSEs) for three-dimensional (3-D) rotation simulations were examined. In the first experiment, observers compared pairs of simulated spheres that rotated in polar projection and that differed in their structure (points plotted in the volume vs. on the surface), axis of rotation (vertical, y, vs. horizontal, x), and magnitude of rotation (20 degrees-70 degrees). DLs were lowest (7%) when points were on the surface and when at least one sphere rotated around the y-axis and varied with changes in the independent variables. PSEs were closest to objective equality when points were on the surface of both spheres and when both spheres rotated about the x-axis. In the second experiment, subjects provided direct estimates of the rotations of the same spheres. Results suggested a reasonable agreement between PSEs for the indirect-scaling and direct-estimate procedures. The third experiment varied sphere diameter (and therefore mean linear velocity of stimulus elements) and showed that although rotation judgments are biased by mean linear velocity, they are not likely to be made solely on the basis of that information. These and past results suggest a model whereby recovery of structure is conducted by low-level motion-detecting mechanisms, whereas rotation (and other) judgments are based on a higher level representation.

Studies of some new phenomena of motion perception.

Contrast modulation of a set of features in a Glass pattern invokes, under certain circumstances, the perception of motion in the absence of any physical displacements. The illusion is spatially limited to within about 10' and is governed by contrast relationships. We find that the detected motion in these situations is due to local computations the results of which can be integrated over retinal areas of more than 1 degree. The possible motion detection mechanisms are discussed within the framework of the Reichardt/Hassenstein and Marr/Ullman type of motion detectors.

The relationship of displacement thresholds for oscillating gratings to cortical magnification, spatiotemporal frequency and contrast

The threshold amplitude for detecting square-wave oscillatory motion of a sinusoidal grating (contrast 0.3) was approximately 14 sec arc for foveal viewing, and was independent of spatial frequency in the range 2–16c/deg. Threshold displacement amplitude (TD) was greater for eccentric stimuli; but when these were scaled inversely with the cortical magnification factor ( M) it was found that TD was equivalent to a constant displacement in cortically-scaled units (0.03 mm). As grating contrast was reduced, invariance of TD over spatial frequency disappeared and consequently for a contrast of 0.03 TD was minimum at 6–8 c/deg. TD was systematically elevated at low contrast and low spatial frequency. Sensitivity to sinusoidal displacements was maximum at 2–10 Hz; for temporal frequencies below 1 Hz. TD was proportional to velocity. The results provide evidence that oscillatory displacement thresholds in the hyperacuity range depend on motion-detecting mechanisms whose spatial dimensions are correlated with M −1 .

Displacement thresholds for motion detection under conditions of chromatic adaptation

Abstract— The smallest, continuous target displacement which is sufficient to cause a sensation of movement was measured under conditions of chromatic adaptation. The experiments were carried out for test target and background field wavelengths which selectively isolate the activity of the colour mechanisms of the human eye. The results show that, when target detection is largely mediated by the red or green colour mechanism, a target displacement of 2–3′ in the foveal region is sufficient to cause a reliable sensation of movement. These displacement thresholds show only a small change as a function of target contrast or background retinal illuminance level. Similar results were obtained when the colour of the test target was the same as that of the background field (e.g. green, yellow or red), when no attempt was made to isolate a single colour mechanism. Test target and background wavelengths which isolate the activity of the blue colour mechanism yield displacement thresholds in the range 5–7′ and show a stronger dependence on target contrast and background retinal illuminance level. The experiments were repeated at several eccentricities and the results show that, for a test target and background field of the same colour and under conditions which isolate the green or red spectral response mechanism, the minimum target displacement required for motion detection appears to increase in a manner similar to the centre-width receptive-field size of broad-band, centre-surround transient neurons in the rhesus monkey retina [De Monasterio and Gouras (1975) J. Physiol., Lond.251, 167–195]. In contrast, displacement thresholds obtained under conditions which isolate the blue colour mechanism do not show significant variation for target presentation locations up to 25° of visual angle. These data relate well to other psychophysical results which reveal the spatial properties of motion-detecting mechanisms in human vision [Barbur and Ruddock (1980b) Biol. Cybernetics37, 93–98].

DISPLACEMENT THRESHOLDS FOR MOTION DETECTION UNDER CONDITIONS OF CHROMATIC ADAPTATION

The smallest, continuous target displacement which is sufficient to cause a sensation of movement was measured under conditions of chromatic adaptation. The experiments were carried out for test target and background field wavelengths which selectively isolate the activity of the colour mechanisms of the human eye. The results show that, when target detection is largely mediated by the red or green colour mechanism, a target displacement of 2-3' in the foveal region is sufficient to cause a reliable sensation of movement. These displacement thresholds show only a small change as a function of target contrast or background retinal illuminance level. Similar results were obtained when the colour of the test target was the same as that of the background field (e.g. green, yellow or red), when no attempt was made to isolate a single colour mechanism. Test target and background wavelengths which isolate the activity of the blue colour mechanism yield displacement thresholds in the range 5-7' and show a stronger dependence on target contrast and background retinal illuminance level. The experiments were repeated at several eccentricities and the results show that, for a test target and background field of the same colour and under conditions which isolate the green or red spectral response mechanism, the minimum target displacement required for motion detection appears to increase in a manner similar to the centre-width receptive-field size of broad-band, centre--surround transient neurons in the rhesus monkey retina [De Monasterio and Gouras (1975) J. Physiol., Lond. 251, 167-195].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Does colour provide an input to human motion perception?

A PUZZLING feature of the visual system of primates is the occurrence of a multiplicity of separate ‘maps’ of the visual environment, each of which has its own independent set of afferent connections. Perhaps these maps represent an early stae in the analysis of visual information by the brain. Electrophysiological studies have shown that depth is analysed in V2 (area 18)(ref. 1), that colour-coded cells occur mainly in V4 and that motion in the visual field is analysed in the posterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus2 (Fig. 1). We report here an experiment which suggests that colour and movement are handled separately in the visual system and that information defined by wavelength cannot be processed by the brain's motion-detecting mechanisms. This finding is consistent with Zeki's demonstration that “cells of the movement area are not concerned with colour”2,3.

Developmental constraints of motion detection mechanisms in the kitten.

The influence of deprivation procedures on the development of motion detection mechanisms has been studied in twenty-two kittens. Superior colliculus neurons did not acquire direction selectivity and normal ocular dominance in animals reared in the dark or in stroboscopic light; Neuron immaturity persisted in spite of a five week additional recovery period in normal conditions. Exposure to unidirectional visual motion for 10 h during the fifth week ofpostnatal age produced an asymmetric development of the two superior colliculi. Finally, unilateral neonatal ablation of visual cortex permanently impaired development of the ipsilateral superior colliculus. In the same or in different animals, development of optokinetic nystagmus, a typical visuomotor response, was similarly influenced by the global or selective deprivation procedures. These results suggest that motion detection mechanisms (both afferent and efferent) strongly depend upon constraints imposed by the visual world during the first weeks of life.

Velocity-time reciprocity in the perception of motion: Foveal and peripheral determinations

Motion thresholds were determined for durations between 0.025 and 5 sec in the fovea and periphery. For intermediate durations of movement between 0.1 and 1.0 sec. threshold is determined by a constant displacement of the stimulus. For shorter and longer durations, threshold is determined by a fixed velocity. Similar characteristics are displayed by motion detection mechanisms in the fovea and periphery. The close correspondence between resolution and motion thresholds for intermediate durations in both the fovea and the perphery is discussed.

Sequence of changes in properties of neurons of superior colliculus of the kitten during maturation.

Sequence of changes in properties of neurons of superior colliculus of the kitten during maturation.B E Stein, E Labos, and L KrugerB E Stein, E Labos, and L KrugerPublished Online:01 Jul 1973https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1973.36.4.667MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByBody perception, awareness, and illusions13 August 2014 | Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, Vol. 5, No. 5Multisensory plasticity in adulthood: cross-modal experience enhances neuronal excitability and exposes silent inputsLiping Yu, Benjamin A. Rowland, Jinghong Xu, and Barry E. Stein15 January 2013 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 109, No. 2Development of Multisensory Convergence in the Xenopus Optic TectumKatherine E. Deeg, Irina B. Sears, and Carlos D. Aizenman1 December 2009 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 102, No. 6Visual Deprivation Alters the Development of Cortical Multisensory IntegrationBrian N. Carriere, David W. Royal, Thomas J. Perrault, Stephen P. Morrison, J. William Vaughan, Barry E. Stein, and Mark T. Wallace1 November 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 98, No. 5Early Experience Determines How the Senses Will InteractMark T. Wallace, and Barry E. Stein1 January 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 1Multisensory Orientation Behavior Is Disrupted by Neonatal Cortical AblationWan Jiang, Huai Jiang, Benjamin A. Rowland, and Barry E. Stein1 January 2007 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 97, No. 1Neonatal Cortical Ablation Disrupts Multisensory Development in Superior ColliculusWan Jiang, Huai Jiang, and Barry E. Stein1 March 2006 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 95, No. 3Chapter 10 Nonvisual influences on visual-information processing in the superior colliculusOnset of Cross-Modal Synthesis in the Neonatal Superior Colliculus is Gated by the Development of Cortical InfluencesM. T. Wallace, and B. E. Stein1 June 2000 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 83, No. 6Visual Response Properties and Visuotopic Representation in the Newborn Monkey Superior ColliculusM. T. Wallace, J. G. McHaffie, and B. E. Stein1 November 1997 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 78, No. 5Postnatal development and specification of the cat's visual corticotectal projection: efferent from the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian areaDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 73, No. 1Functional development of the neonatal rat retinotectal pathwayDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 72, No. 2The postnatal emergence of a functional somatosensory representation in the superior colliculus of the mouseDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 60, No. 1Connections of the insular cortex in kittens: An anatomical demonstration with wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase techniqueInternational Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, Vol. 9, No. 5Effects of altered visual input upon the development of the visual and somatosensory representations in the hamster's superior colliculusNeuroscience, Vol. 20, No. 2Postnatal development of GABA- and glycine-mediated inhibition of feline retinal ganglion cells in the area centralisDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 23, No. 1The development of young infants' ability to detect stimuli in the nasal visual fieldVision Research, Vol. 25, No. 7Postnatal development of corticotectal neurons in the kitten striate cortex: An electrophysiological studyDevelopmental Brain Research, Vol. 11, No. 1Efferent projections of the neonatal superior colliculus: Extraoculomotor-related brain stem structuresBrain Research, Vol. 239, No. 1The development of the kitten's visual fieldVision Research, Vol. 22, No. 9Maturation of cortical control over superior colliculus cells in catBrain Research, Vol. 223, No. 2Afferent visual pathways and receptive field properties of superior colliculus neurons in stroboscopically reared catsNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 19, No. 3Development of vestibulo-ocular response in the kittenNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 12, No. 2-3Corticotectal and other corticofugal projections in neonatal catBrain Research, Vol. 161, No. 3Superior colliculus cells respond to noxious stimuliBrain Research, Vol. 158, No. 1Click-evoked response at the superior colliculus of the catExperimental Neurology, Vol. 62, No. 3Development of kitten hippocampal neuronsBrain Research, Vol. 134, No. 3Developmental Constraints of Motion Detection Mechanisms in the Kitten25 June 2016 | Perception, Vol. 6, No. 5Lack of recovery in collicular neurons from the effects of early deprivation or neonatal cortical lesion in the kittenBrain Research, Vol. 120, No. 2Physiological properties of retinal ganglion cells of 3-week-old kittensVision Research, Vol. 17, No. 2Effects of stroboscopic rearing on the binocularity and directionality of cat superior colliculus neuronsBrain Research, Vol. 101, No. 3Sensitivity to spatial frequency and contrast of visual cells in the cat superior colliculusVision Research, Vol. 16, No. 3Anatomical organization of retinotectal afferents in the cat: An autodiographic studyBrain Research, Vol. 96, No. 1Effects of extraocular muscle section on receptive fields in cat superior colliculusVision Research, Vol. 15, No. 8-9Superior colliculus: environmental influences on the development of directional responses in the kittenBrain Research, Vol. 89, No. 2Effects of neonatal cortical lesions upon the cat superior colliculusBrain Research, Vol. 83, No. 3Long-lasting discharge properties of neurons in the kitten midbrainVision Research, Vol. 13, No. 12 More from this issue > Volume 36Issue 4July 1973Pages 667-79 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1973.36.4.667PubMed4713313History Published online 1 July 1973 Published in print 1 July 1973 Metrics

Conduction velocity in pathways from retina to superior colliculus in the cat: a correlation with receptive-field properties.

Conduction velocity in pathways from retina to superior colliculus in the cat: a correlation with receptive-field properties.

The fundamental mechanism of motion detection in the insect visual system.

The basic principle of motion detection by fibers of the optic lobes of flies were studied with a pair of small spots and a variety of paired intensity variations. These show that the process of correlation of adjacent field regions to detect motion is confined to a small area. The presence of small field units with small field adjacent inhibition in the system was detected. The optimum spot spacing for maximum reactions corresponded to the facet spacings. Selective motion detection responses from minimum information consisting of evaluating the difference between the spot intensities and the rate of change of the trailing spot relative to the motion direction was shown. However, additional properties best determined by white-noise experiments designed from this study were found.

Centripetal and centrifugal visual cells in medulla of the insect optic lobe.

Centripetal and centrifugal visual cells in medulla of the insect optic lobe.T CollettT CollettPublished Online:01 Mar 1970https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1970.33.2.239MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByMorphological Complexity as a Floral Signal: From Perception by Insect Pollinators to Co-Evolutionary Implications6 June 2018 | International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 6Fundamental mechanisms of visual motion detection: models, cells and functionsProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 68, No. 6Histological evidence for direct connections between the optic lobes of the cockroach Leucophaea maderaeBrain Research, Vol. 87, No. 1Sensory integration in the locust optomotor system—I: Behavioural analysisVision Research, Vol. 14, No. 11Sensory integration in the locust optomotor system—II: Direction selective neurons in the circumoesophageal connectives and the optic lobeVision Research, Vol. 14, No. 11The orthopteran descending movement detector (DMD) neurones: a characterisation and reviewZeitschrift f�r Vergleichende Physiologie, Vol. 73, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 33Issue 2March 1970Pages 239-56 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1970.33.2.239PubMed5415073History Published online 1 March 1970 Published in print 1 March 1970 Metrics

Motion detection by interneurons of optic lobes and brain of the flies Calliphora phaenicia and Musca domestica.

Motion detection by interneurons of optic lobes and brain of the flies Calliphora phaenicia and Musca domestica.L G Bishop, D G Keehn, and G D McCannL G Bishop, D G Keehn, and G D McCannPublished Online:01 Jul 1968https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1968.31.4.509MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByElementary Motion Detection in Drosophila : Algorithms and MechanismsAnnual Review of Vision Science, Vol. 4, No. 1On the directional sensitivity of motion detectorsBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 62, No. 3Processing of figure and background motion in the visual system of the flyBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 61, No. 5Early processing of colour and motion in a mosaic visual systemNeuroscience Research Supplements, Vol. 2Vector analysis in a neural networkJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 30, No. 5Saturation in a wide-field, directionally selective movement detection system in fly visionVision Research, Vol. 24, No. 10The centrifugal horizontal cells in the lobula plate of the blowfly, Phaenicia sericataJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 29, No. 7Neural responses to depth-motion stimulation in a horizontally sensitive interneurone in the optic lobe of the blowfly (Phormia terraenovae)Journal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 28, No. 7Responses to single photons in a fly optomotor neuroneVision Research, Vol. 21, No. 2The contrast sensitivity of fly movement-detecting neuronsVision Research, Vol. 20, No. 5Movement detection: Performance of a wide-field element in the visual system of the blowflyVision Research, Vol. 20, No. 6The waterfall illusion in an insect visual systemVision Research, Vol. 19, No. 12Spatial properties of dark- and light-adapted visual fields of butterfly interneuronesJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 24, No. 12The fly can discriminate movement at signal/noise ratios as low as one-eighthVision Research, Vol. 17, No. 5Brain of the black blowfly, Phormia regina Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae)International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, Vol. 5, No. 2Histological evidence for direct connections between the optic lobes of the cockroach Leucophaea maderaeBrain Research, Vol. 87, No. 1Intracellular recording and staining of directionally selective motion detecting neurons in fly optic lobeVision Research, Vol. 15, No. 3Visual processing in the rock lobster (crustacea)Progress in Neurobiology, Vol. 5Sensory integration in the locust optomotor system—II: Direction selective neurons in the circumoesophageal connectives and the optic lobeVision Research, Vol. 14, No. 11The fundamental mechanism of motion detection in the insect visual systemKybernetik, Vol. 12, No. 2Development and application of white-noise modeling techniques for studies of insect visual nervous systemKybernetik, Vol. 12, No. 2Optomotorische Untersuchungen am visuellen System der Stubenfliege Musca domestica LKybernetik, Vol. 14, No. 1Convergence of visual sensory capabilities in a pair of Batesian mimicsJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 18, No. 8Spontaneous pattern preferences of Drosophila melanogaster to black areas in various parts of the visual fieldJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 18, No. 8Das augenmuskelsystem der stubenfliege musca domesticaKybernetik, Vol. 9, No. 2The generalization of directional visual stimuli in the honey bee, Apis melliferaJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 17, No. 8�ber das Formunterscheidungsverm�gen der Schmei�fliege Calliphora erythrocephalaZeitschrift f�r Vergleichende Physiologie, Vol. 72, No. 2Movement discrimination by the visual system of fliesZeitschrift f�r Vergleichende Physiologie, Vol. 73, No. 2The orthopteran descending movement detector (DMD) neurones: a characterisation and reviewZeitschrift f�r Vergleichende Physiologie, Vol. 73, No. 2Information processing in the optic lobes of the lubber grasshopperJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 16, No. 4Das strauch-spezifische visuelle Perceptor-System der Stabheuschrecke (Carausius morosus)Zeitschrift f�r Vergleichende Physiologie, Vol. 70, No. 4An attempt to analyze multi-unit recordingsElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 28, No. 1The electrical responses of the retinal receptors and the lamina in the visual system of the fly muscaKybernetik, Vol. 6, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 31Issue 4July 1968Pages 509-25 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1968.31.4.509PubMed5709868History Published online 1 July 1968 Published in print 1 July 1968 Metrics

Extent of recovery from the effects of visual deprivation in kittens.

Seven kittens were used, and the various procedures of deprivation and subsequent studies are summarized in Table 1. In six animals the Iids of one eye were closed for the first 3 months of life. In the recovery period two of these kittens had the deprived eye opened. The other four had the deprived eye opened and the other (previously open) eye was closed. The seventh animal had both eyes closed for 3 months; the right eye was then opened. Recovery periods