Interference Mechanism Research Articles

Research on Interference Mechanism of 25 Hz Phase Sensitive Track Equipment from Unbalanced Current

In a 25-Hz phase-sensitive track circuit, traction backflow is unevenly distributed in the two rails, resulting in interference caused by the 50 Hz unbalanced current, which leads to misoperation of relays and other equipment in the circuit. Focusing on the mechanism of unbalanced current generation, this paper probes the causes of track circuit equipment interference and innovatively analyzes the mechanism of the choke transformer and relay affected, in order to find a method to suppress the interference of the 25 Hz phase-sensitive track equipment. Firstly, the mechanism of unbalanced current generation is explained, and the influence of the unbalanced impulse current on the choke transformer and binary two-bit relay is analyzed. Secondly, the DC magnetic bias, the second side voltage of the choke transformer and the excitation current, flux density, core loss of choke transformer and relay under a different unbalance impulse current are simulated. Then, the unbalanced current simulation test, unbalanced current test during driving and grounding wire test are carried out. Finally, it is concluded that the unbalanced impulse current causes magnetic saturation of the choke transformer, then affects voltage sag of the relay coil, resulting in misoperation of equipment. The conclusions of this paper can play an important guiding role in studying the influence of unbalanced current and restraining the interference of the 25 Hz phase-sensitive track circuit.

Social diversity reduces the complexity and cost of fostering fairness

Institutions and investors are constantly faced with the challenge of appropriately distributing endowments. No budget is limitless and optimising overall spending without sacrificing positive outcomes has been approached and resolved using several heuristics. To date, prior works have failed to consider how to encourage fairness in a population where social diversity is ubiquitous, and in which investors can only partially observe the population. Herein, by incorporating social diversity in the Ultimatum game through heterogeneous graphs, we investigate the effects of several interference mechanisms which assume incomplete information and flexible standards of fairness. We quantify the role of diversity and show how it reduces the need for information gathering, allowing us to relax a strict, costly interference process. Furthermore, we find that the influence of certain individuals, expressed by different network centrality measures, can be exploited to further reduce spending if minimal fairness requirements are lowered. Our results indicate that diversity changes and opens up novel mechanisms available to institutions wishing to promote fairness. Overall, our analysis provides novel insights to guide institutional policies in socially diverse complex systems.

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We thank H.-H. Chung for his interest in our NAFLD study showing that hepatocyte PAR2 promotes impaired glucose uptake by suppressing the glucose transporter GLUT2 and triggers insulin resistance through an Akt interference mechanism.1 These effects could be effectively reversed in severely diabetic mice with a liver-homing PAR2 pepducin or by liver-specific knock-out of PAR2. Dr. Chung brings up the point that global PAR2-deficient mice fed high-fat diet in a nondiabetic model had drops in liver mRNA levels for genes involved in gluconeogenesis (G6P, PEPCK) and lipogenesis (SREBP-1c, FAS) which could conceivably contribute to improving insulin resistance.2 We had previously demonstrated that nondiabetic PAR2-deficient mice fed high-fat diet had significant reductions in nuclear translocation of active SREBP-1c in liver cells that occurred via a PAR2-JNK mechanism.3 Using liver and plasma metabolomics, we also documented that these same PAR2-deficient mice had major increases in β-oxidation of fatty acids and a marked ketogenic shift in liver metabolism resulting in efficient fat breakdown and suppression of obesity.3 Despite lower circulating glucose, liver glucose and glycogen concentrations were significantly elevated indicating suppression of hepatic glycolysis rather than suppression of gluconeogenesis. In fact, these observations led to the current paper that showed that PAR2 deficiency improved glycemic parameters and increased liver glucose uptake and glycogenesis independent of obesity or diabetic status.1 Consistent with the interesting observation by Dr. Chung that PAR2 regulation of adipokines may be liver-specific, our previous work revealed that the PAR2-deficient mice fed high-fat diet had major increases in mRNA expression of the hepatokine FGF21, a signaling molecule induced in ketotic states.3 With regards to the association of PAR2 with AMPK and autophagy through enhanced interaction of CaMKK2 and β-arrestin in HepG2 cells, this is an excellent hypothesis that requires further evaluation in NAFLD and liver metabolism and could be related to our newly described CaMMK2-β-arrestin interference mechanism on insulin-Akt signaling.1 Indeed, we had previously found that PAR2 deficiency caused enhanced AMPK activation in NAFLD livers along with significant upregulation of AMPK targets Pgc1α, Pgc1β, and PPARα.3 AMPK is a master regulator of hepatic insulin resistance and disruption of AMPK would worsen hepatic steatosis and induce NASH. To the extent that PAR2 attenuates the activity of AMPK, a PAR2 inhibitor has the potential to improve NAFLD/NASH as well as other sequelae of metabolic syndrome. This is definitely a high-impact avenue worth pursuing in future clinical trials.

Measurement of Plate Thickness Based on the Optimal Unidirectional Generation of Ultrasonic Waves Using Dual Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer

Unidirectional generation of shear horizontal (SH) ultrasonic guided waves can be achieved using dual-coil electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), through the interference mechanism when appropriately phased signals are used to drive each EMAT coil. Optimal unidirectional generation requires precise knowledge of the intended wave mode dispersion curve, which in turn, depends on the plate’s thickness. In this paper, we exploit optimal unidirectional generation with a dual-EMAT in order to measure plate thickness. The proposed thickness measurement method uses a dual periodic permanent magnet (PPM) EMAT, acting as transmitter, and two conventional PPM EMAT receivers on opposite sides of the transmitter, in order to receive the forward (enhanced) and backward (weakened) generated SH ultrasonic guided waves. Then, two consecutive frequency sweeps are used to generate the SH0 and SH1 modes, in order to seek the maximum ratio of the forward travelling wave amplitude to the backward travelling wave amplitude. The first sweep determines the optimum operating frequency for the first wave mode, which is a necessary parameter for the next sweep. The second frequency sweep determines the plate thickness. The new method was initially evaluated with a frequency-wavenumber-domain analytical model. The proposed method showed a much higher frequency-specificity, which was assessed by a quality factor figure of merit defined by the ratio of the centre frequency to the -3 dB frequency bandwidth, when compared to that obtained using the conventional method that is based solely on the amplitude of the generated wave, and is therefore less susceptible to error in the thickness estimation. The method was experimentally evaluated with a dual-PPM EMAT on aluminium plates, showing good agreement with simulations and providing more than ten-fold higher specificity than the conventional method, and accurate thickness measurements, with an error lower than 0.8%.

Identification and quantitative detection of two pathogenic bacteria based on a terahertz metasensor.

Bacterial infection can cause a series of diseases and play a vital role in medical care. Therefore, early diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria is crucial for effective treatment and the prevention of further infection. However, restricted by the current technology, bacterial detection is usually time-consuming and laborious and the samples need tedious processing even to be tested. Herein, we present a terahertz metasensor based on the coupling of electrical and toroidal dipoles to achieve rapid, non-destructive, label-free identification and highly sensitive quantitative detection of the two most common pathogenic bacteria. The reinforcement of the toroidal dipole significantly boosts the light-matter interactions around the surface of the microstructure, and thus the sensitivity and Q factor of the designed metasensor reach as high as 378 GHz per refractive index unit (RIU) and 21.28, respectively. Combined with the aforementioned advantages, the proposed metasensor successfully identified Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and quantitatively detected four concentrations with the lowest detectable concentration being ∼104 cfu mL-1 in the experiment. This work naturally enriches the research on THz metasensors based on the interference mechanism and inspires more innovations to facilitate the development of biosensing applications.

Broadband acoustic triggers based on multiport waveguide structures

The study of acoustic information processing has attracted great attention owing to its advantages of anti-electromagnetic interference and low energy consumption. Acoustic logic device, as a fundamental component, plays an important role in designing integrated acoustic systems. In the past few years, with the rapid development of sonic crystals, acoustic metamaterials and metasurfaces, researchers have demonstrated a variety of acoustic logic gates based on different mechanisms, and have devoted their efforts to the promotion of the practical applications. The more complex acoustic triggers with broad bandwidth and subwavelength size are very important for developing integrated sound devices, but it is difficult to realize them. In this work, we design two types of acoustic triggers based on the mechanisms of linear interference and phase modulation. The acoustic trigger with a width of 0.32<i>λ</i> and length of 0.82<i>λ</i> is composed of phased unit cells and multi-port waveguide structures, showing a subwavelength structure. Based on the phase modulation of the phased unit cells and the mechanism of linear interferences, the acoustic T-type trigger and D-type trigger with the same threshold are designed and demonstrated experimentally. The corresponding working bands of the T-type and D-type triggers are 3.293–4.069 kHz and 3.400–4.138 kHz, and their fractional bandwidths (the ratio of the bandwidth to the center frequency) can reach about 0.23 and 0.22, respectively, showing a broadband characteristic of both triggers. The mechanism of the T-type trigger is attributed to the linear interference caused by two phased unit cells with a phase difference of π. However, the realization of the D-type trigger is closely related to the incident sound energy and the phase modulation caused by the phased unit cell in the control port. The measured results and simulated results agree well with each other. Compared with other types of acoustic logic devices, the designed acoustic triggers have the advantages of broad bandwidth, subwavelength size, same threshold, and passive structure, as well as being easy to integrate, thus providing great potential applications in acoustic computing, acoustic communication, acoustic information processing and integrated acoustics. Our experimental demonstration of acoustic triggers can further promote the theoretical and experimental investigations of basic acoustic components.

Broadband Equivalent Modeling and Common-Mode Voltage Conduction Analysis of Electrochemical Energy Storage System

Electrochemical energy storage system play an important role in the reform of the national energy system and the construction of the energy Internet. Whether small or large capacity battery storage converters, the characteristics of their power electronics can generate high frequency common mode voltage that can be potentially harmful to battery storage system. This paper systematically investigates the common-mode interference (CMI) of electrochemical energy storage system. The mechanism of common-mode interference is revealed, a broadband equivalent circuit model of common-mode voltage in electrochemical energy storage system is established, the effect of parasitic capacitance of the battery on common-mode voltage is simulated and analyzed, and the broadband equivalent circuit model is verified based on laboratory data.

Suppressors of silencers: Exploring viral suppression of RNAi in emerging RNA viruses

The primary objective of this review is to describe the various mechanisms of RNA interference (RNAi) suppression in emerging RNA viruses. A search was conducted using MeSH terms such as “emerging RNA viruses,” “RNA interference,” “RNAi suppression in West Nile virus, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola virus, H1N1, and Zika virus,” “viral suppressors of RNAi in West Nile virus, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola virus, H1N1, and Zika virus,” and “siRNA prophylaxis and treatment for emerging viruses” in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria for this review encompass articles published in English between 2000 and 2023 on RNAi suppression in emerging viruses. Excluded were studies that inhibited viral replication through methods other than RNAi suppression. Viral suppressors of RNAi (VSR) typically silence RNAi by binding to viral double-stranded RNA intermediate and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Zika virus and coronaviruses execute RNAi suppression through VSR interactions with RNA. However, unique mechanisms of RNAi suppression were observed in West Nile virus (WNV), Ebola virus, and Influenza A–H1N1. In WNV, a unique protein-RNA interaction was noted, wherein subgenomic RNA directly interacts with Dicer to inhibit RNAi. In Ebola and the H1N1 virus, protein–protein interactions are employed to silence RNAi. VP35 of the Ebola virus binds to Dicer partner proteins, TAR-RNA binding protein (TRBP), and protein activator of protein kinase R (PACT ), while the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of H1N1 binds to TRBP to suppress RNAi. Several research studies have demonstrated that by varying the delivery and dosage of siRNAs, they can be used as tools to effectively hinder the replication of emerging viruses in both cell cultures and animal models. Therefore, siRNAs can be used for prophylaxis and postexposure treatment of these viruses. Currently, no vaccines or antivirals exist for many emerging viruses, which employ diverse mechanisms to suppress RNAi. Nevertheless, siRNAs provide an attractive novel tool for prophylactic and postexposure treatment of these viruses.

Крестьянская кооперация Тамбовской губернии в первой половине 1920-х гг.

Importance. The focus is on peasant cooperation that is determined by the role of small peasant production in the agriculture of the region under study. Consideration of cooperatives as the most unique phenomenon in Russia and the most common economic models is deyermined by the relevance of modern social production and consumption. Materials and methods. The study used published and unpublished sources. Along with general scientific methods, this study widely used a quantitative method for analyzing quantitative indicators and constructing numerical characteristics of phenomena and processes. Results and Discussion. The position of the Tambov peasant cooperatives during the transition to the new economic policy is shown. The main types and tendencies of its development, features of the organization and directions of activity are determined. The mechanisms of interference of party bodies in the economic activity of the cooperatives are revealed. Conclusion. In the Tambov governorate, the agricultural cooperation was the economic organization that provided considerable support to the peasantry. In the early 1920s there was a slow and difficult process of restoring of the main types of peasant cooperatives in the Tambov province. Along with the improvement of the work of the cooperatives, there was an intensification of the interference of Party organs in its work, in its long-term planning and operational activities.

The protection design method of the engine control system under electromagnetic pulses.

This study assessed the survivability of an engine control system under intense electromagnetic pulses. It investigated the electromagnetic sensitivity of the system under the action of intense electromagnetic pulses. In this work, the evaluation focuses on the terminal circuit of the control system. It proposes a co-design method for electromagnetic pulse protection circuits on a printed circuit board. The electromagnetic interference mechanism and phenomena were analyzed through simulation and experiments. The electromagnetic susceptibility of the control system was tested using the bulk current injection test method, and the pulse coupling signal of the sensitive part was obtained. Subsequently, the terminal circuit was analyzed using a numerical calculation method. The pulse coupling signal was injected into the terminal circuit. Thus, we can determine why the control system exhibits sensitive phenomena. Then, a protection circuit of the terminal circuit was established. The design method's advantage is accurately locating the circuit's sensitive points and reducing the controller circuit's electromagnetic sensitivity by designing the circuit without drastically changing the original circuit. At the same time, the redundancy of protection circuit design can be effectively reduced.

A PRODUCTION SPLITTING MODEL OF HETEROGENEOUS MULTI-LAYERED RESERVOIRS WITH COMMINGLED PRODUCTION

Production splitting is the basis for a proper understanding of the development effect of reservoirs when multiple layers are commingled to produce, and it is a difficult part of the development evaluation of this type of reservoir. Reservoirs with multiple layers are usually developed through commingled production. However, due to interlayer interference, the total output of commingled production is lower than the sum of individual production of each subordinate layer. It's significant to clarify the interlayer interference mechanism during layers with commingled production, establish an accurate splitting model of the production from subordinate layers, split the commingled production into each subordinate layer, and effectively understand the production level and remaining potential of the subordinate layers during commingled production. It is expected to develop a theoretical basis for the rational and effective development of multi-layered commingled production reservoirs. In this paper, a combination of multi-tube parallel displacement experiments and numerical simulations of a multi-layered reservoir with commingled production is used to analyze the influence of factors such as permeability ratio, production pressure difference, and crude oil viscosity on the interlayer interference mechanism. According to the research results, the interference coefficient is firstly introduced on the basis of the theoretical production formula of seepage flow. The change rate of the oil production splitting coefficient at the stage when the water cut is more than 80% is also proposed, and the production splitting model of subordinate layers in heterogeneous reservoirs is established, considering multiple factors. Taking multi-layered Reservoir A with commingled production as an example, this model is used to split the production of commingled wells. Results show that interlayer interference can be reduced by decreasing the permeability ratio and high permeability laminar fluidity, and increasing the production pressure difference. When the water content is greater than 80%, the oil production segmentation coefficient of the layers with high permeability decreases sharply with the increase of the water content. For the low-permeable layer, the situation is just the opposite. At the same time, based on the study of the interlayer interference mechanism coupled with the oil well radial flow production formula, the interference coefficient and the oil production segmentation coefficient change ratio are introduced. The findings of this study can help develop a more accurate model for production of subordinate layers in heterogeneous multi-layered reservoirs. The established splitting model is carried out using the data from two wells and four subordinate layers in Reservoir A, indicating that the accuracy of the proposed model is close to 90%.

RF Circuit EMI Suppression and EMC Analysis

The radio frequency circuit will generate strong electromagnetic interference in the process of signal transmission, and its own resistance to electromagnetic interference is weak, and the radio frequency circuits operating in the same electromagnetic environment are prone to mutual interference. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the electromagnetic interference effect of radio frequency circuits, and then find effective suppression measures, build a good public electromagnetic environment, realize electromagnetic compatibility, and ensure the reliability of signal transmission. This research first briefly introduces electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic compatibility and then analyzes the key points of electromagnetic interference suppression in radio frequency circuits. On this basis, the specific application of electromagnetic interference suppression and electromagnetic compatibility technology of radio frequency circuit is discussed. It can serve as a guide for the design of the radio frequency circuit by analyzing the characteristics and suppression mechanism of the electromagnetic interference of the radio frequency circuit. To ensure the suppression impact of electromagnetic interference, various suppression measures are broadly implemented in accordance with the three components of electromagnetic interference. The electromagnetic compatibility-based design of RF circuits can reduce the mutual interference of RF circuits in the system and guarantee the stability and dependability of signal transmission.

Recent Progress on Anti-Humidity Strategies of Chemiresistive Gas Sensors.

In recent decades, chemiresistive gas sensors (CGS) have been widely studied due to their unique advantages of expedient miniaturization, simple fabrication, easy operation, and low cost. As one ubiquitous interference factor, humidity dramatically affects the performance of CGS, which has been neglected for a long time. With the rapid development of technologies based on gas sensors, including the internet of things (IoT), healthcare, environment monitoring, and food quality assessing, the humidity interference on gas sensors has been attracting increasing attention. Inspiringly, various anti-humidity strategies have been proposed to alleviate the humidity interference in this field; however, comprehensive summaries of these strategies are rarely reported. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the latest research advances on humidity-independent CGS. First, we discussed the humidity interference mechanism on gas sensors. Then, the anti-humidity strategies mainly including surface engineering, physical isolation, working parameters modulation, humidity compensation, and developing novel gas-sensing materials were successively introduced in detail. Finally, challenges and perspectives of improving the humidity tolerance of gas sensors were proposed for future research.

Actuation waveform optimization via multi-pulse crosstalk modulation for stable ultra-high frequency piezoelectric drop-on-demand printing

Piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printing is a widely used additive manufacturing technology, in which droplets are ejected from a piezoelectric printhead under certain actuation waveforms to form three-dimensional structures. The crosstalk generated by high- frequency multi-pulse actuation waveforms in the piezoelectric printhead has always been considered detrimental and needs to be suppressed, since it significantly limits the improvements of the working frequency of piezoelectric inkjet printing. Herein, the high- frequency multi-pulse crosstalk behaviors in a single nozzle of a piezoelectric printhead were investigated experimentally and numerically. The phenomenon of the droplet jetting state oscillating regularly with the increase of the pulse frequency was found to be controlled by the constructive/destructive interference mechanism of the multi-pulse crosstalk. The maximum frequency for stable droplet jetting could be obtained under the optimal constructive interference. Based on this mechanism, an actuation waveform optimization method via multi-pulse crosstalk modulation for stable ultra-high frequency piezoelectric drop-on-demand printing was explored. The results demonstrated that, under the optimized actuation waveform, the printhead used in this paper, which with a nominal working frequency less than 20 kHz, could achieve controllable and stable droplet jetting even at working frequencies up to 200 kHz. In other words, the jetting frequency was increased by more than 10 times. This work provides a new perspective for improving the efficiency of additive manufacturing processes based on the piezoelectric inkjet printing technology.

On the mechanism of carbide network oxidation and subsequent passivation interference in a high carbon-containing cobalt-based superalloy

Oxidation is a life-limiting challenge for components made from cobalt-based superalloys used in high temperature service. However, further elucidation of the oxidation mechanisms is required if new strategies to prolong service life are to be effective. In this study, the mechanism responsible for the preferential oxidation of the carbide network was revealed in the cobalt-based superalloy, Co-101. It was found that the preferential oxidation of the carbide network provided regions of low oxygen partial pressure, where gaseous chromium species could be evolved. This volatilisation resulted in enhanced wastage of chromium in the local microstructure surrounding the oxidised carbide network. Critically, this depletion of chromium from the matrix near the surface of the alloy could inhibit passivation of the alloy surface, a crucial requirement for long duration high-temperature service.

How does bilingual experience influence novel word learning? Evidence from comparing L1-L3 and L2-L3 cognate status.

Bilingual experience exerts a complex influence on novel word learning, including the direct effects of transferable prior knowledge and learning skill. However, the facilitation and interference mechanism of such influence has largely been tangled by the similarity of the previously learned word knowledge. The present study compared Chinese-English bilinguals' paired-associate learning of nonwords in logographic and alphabetic writing systems. The logographic nonwords resemble the form and meaning of L1 Chinese words in varying degrees, being cognates, false cognates, or non-cognates of Chinese. The alphabetic nonwords resemble the form and meaning of L2 English words, being cognates, false cognates, or non-cognates of English. The learning sequence of logographic and alphabetic words was cross-balanced. The learning results were measured in production and recognition tasks. As for learning the logographic nonwords, both the recognition and production results showed that cognates were learned significantly faster than the non-cognates, and the false cognates were also learned significantly faster than the non-cognates. This suggests stronger facilitation rather than interference from L1 on novel word learning. As for learning the alphabetic nonwords, both the recognition and production results revealed that cognates were learned significantly faster than the non-cognates, but false cognates showed no advantage over the non-cognates. This indicates that interference from L2 is stronger than that from L1. Taken together, the results provide new evidence for the dissociable facilitation and interference effects of bilingual experience. These results carry potential educational implications in that learning novel words depends on substantial bilingual experience.

Effects of potential allelochemicals in a water extract of Abutilon theophrasti Medik. on germination and growth of Glycine max L., Triticum aestivum L., and Zea mays L.

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), primarily a cropland weed, exerts adverse impacts on the productivity of various crops, including soybean (Glycine max L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.), by hindering their vegetative growth. However, the interference mechanism of velvetleaf on the three crops remains unclear. The inhibitory effect of velvetleaf water extract on the germination and growth of soybean, wheat, and maize was determined in pot experiments and field trials. Four phenolic acids were identified as allelochemicals: protocatechuic acid (PA), gallic acid (GA), chlorogenic acid (CHA), and vanillic acid (VA). These allelochemicals were detected in different parts (leaves, roots, and stems) of velvetleaf, and in the rhizosphere soil of tested crops over the range of 1.19-556.23 μmkg-1 . These allelochemicals were administered in approximate concentrations as in velvetleaf roots and rhizosphere soil, and their effects varied with crop species and velvetleaf parts. The allelochemicals generally had low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition effects on the growth of soybean, wheat, and maize. Furthermore, the biomass distribution of these crops was affected by allelochemicals in the soil. In field trials, the allelochemicals significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the growth of all tested crops over the whole growth period, and PA showed a significant (P < 0.05) inhibitory effect on the yield of soybean, wheat, and maize. GA, PA, CHA, and VA in velvetleaf aqueous extracts were identified as allelochemicals that play an inhibitory role on three crops. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser with graded-index multimode fiber as saturable absorber with gain management

We experimentally demonstrate a novel, linear-cavity mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser based on the graded-index multimode fiber (GIMF) as saturable absorber, and propose the use of varying gain levels by doubling gain fiber length to mitigate the technical difficulty of multimode fiber as a saturable absorber in the length accuracy requirements. It provides a more flexible solution to achieve a highly stable mode-locked fiber laser based on GIMF. By analogy to dispersion management, we refer to this scheme as gain management. By adopting the two mechanisms of flexible GIMF length and gain management simultaneously, a stable mode-locked pulse train with the repetition rate of 10.96 MHz and pulse duration of ∼83.4 ps at 1064.07 nm was generated. Stable pulse bunches with pulse numbers up to 12 in a single bunch were obtained when increasing the pump power. The proposed gain management method opens a promising way for practical highly stable mode-locked technology based on nonlinear multimode interference mechanism.

The prospects for the use of drugs based on the phenomenon of RNA interference against HIV infection

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is currently one of the most pressing global health problems. Since its discovery in 1978, HIV has claimed the lives of more than 35 million people, and the number of people infected today reaches 37 million. In the absence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV infection is characterized by a steady decrease in the number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, but its manifestations can affect the central nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine and genitourinary systems. At the same time, complications induced by representatives of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora, which can lead to the development of bacterial, fungal and viral concomitant infections, are of particular danger. It should be borne in mind that an important problem is the emergence of viruses resistant to standard therapy, as well as the toxicity of the drugs themselves for the body. In the context of this review, of particular interest is the assessment of the prospects for the creation and clinical use of drugs based on small interfering RNAs aimed at suppressing the reproduction of HIV, taking into account the experience of similar studies conducted earlier. RNA interference is a cascade of regulatory reactions in eukaryotic cells, which results in the degradation of foreign messenger RNA. The development of drugs based on the mechanism of RNA interference will overcome the problem of viral resistance. Along with this, this technology makes it possible to quickly respond to outbreaks of new viral diseases.

An Interference-Oriented 5G Radio Resource Allocation Framework for Ultradense Networks

To cope with the explosive growth in demands of wireless network, ultradense network (UDN) technology is widely adopted, which could increase the capacity of wireless network, but also bring severe intercell interference (ICI). However, existing solutions cannot work well in such complex scenarios, due to the limits of their mechanisms. To solve the problem, in this article, an interference-oriented radio resource allocation framework is proposed with multiple usages, including supplying precise, stable, and timely performance feedbacks, near perfect offline training, and high compatibility. As the use of the framework is derived from precise interference identification, a practical regression-based interference modeling algorithm is proposed to support the framework. With in-depth analysis of the mechanism of interference, the proposed algorithm could efficiently and accurately model interference between users using only data collected from operating wireless networks. Compared with the baseline algorithm, the proposed algorithm could reach the same accuracy with training time of two orders of magnitude shorter. To further show the advantages of the framework, a high-performance double-deep- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -network-based resource allocation algorithm is also proposed. By integrating into the proposed framework, the proposed algorithm could coordinate ICI better, with 40% to 101% higher energy efficiency compared with baseline algorithms.