Mechanism Of Energy Production Research Articles

Increased antibiotic resistance in preterm neonates under early antibiotic use.

A high burden of antibiotic resistance in preterm infants poses significant challenges to neonatal health. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes, along with alterations in signaling, energy production, and metabolic mechanisms, complicates treatment strategies for preterm infants, heightening the risk of ineffective therapy and exacerbating outcomes for these vulnerable neonates. Despite not receiving direct antibiotic treatment, preterm infants exhibit a concerning prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This underscores the complex interplay of broader influences, including maternal antibiotic exposure during and beyond pregnancy and gestational complications like prolonged membrane ruptures. Urgent action, including cautious antibiotic practices and enhanced antenatal care, is imperative to protect neonatal health and counter the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance in this vulnerable population.

Theoretical Framework and Research Proposal for Energy Utilization, Conservation, Production, and Intelligent Systems in Tropical Island Zero-Carbon Building

This study aims to theoretically explore the technological systems of tropical island zero-carbon building (TIZCB) to scientifically understand the characteristics of these buildings in terms of energy utilization, energy conservation, energy production, and intelligent system mechanisms. The purpose is to address the inefficiencies and resource wastage caused by the traditional segmented approach to building energy consumption management. Thus, it seeks to achieve a comprehensive understanding and application of the zero-carbon building (ZCB) technology system. This article focuses on the demands for energy-efficient comfort and innovative industrialization in construction. Through an analysis of the characteristics of TIZCB and an explanation of their concepts, it establishes a theoretical framework for examining the system mechanisms of these buildings. Additionally, it delves into the energy utilization, energy conservation, energy production, and intelligent system from macro, meso, and micro perspectives. This approach results in the development of an implementation strategy for studying the mechanisms of energy usage, conservation, and intelligent production systems in TIZCB. The results show that: (1) this study delves into the theoretical underpinnings of TIZCB, emphasizing their evolution from a foundation of low-carbon and near-zero energy consumption. The primary goal is to achieve zero carbon emissions during building operation, with reliance on renewable energy sources. Design considerations prioritize adaptation to high-temperature and high-humidity conditions, integrating regional culture along with the utilization of new materials and technologies. (2) A comprehensive technical framework for TIZCB is proposed, encompassing energy utilization, conservation, production capacity, and intelligent systems. Drawing from systems theory, control theory, and synergy theory, the research employs a macro–meso–micro analytical framework, offering extensive theoretical support for the practical aspects of design and optimization. (3) The research implementation plan establishes parameterized models, unveiling the intricate relationships with building performance. It provides optimized intelligent system design parameters for economically viable zero-carbon operations. This study contributes theoretical and practical support for the sustainable development of TIZCB and aligns with the dual carbon strategy in China and the clean energy free trade zone construction in Hainan.

Chapter 6: The Breadth and Limits of Life on Earth.

Scientific ideas about the potential existence of life elsewhere in the universe are predominantly informed by knowledge about life on Earth. Over the past ∼4 billion years, life on Earth has evolved into millions of unique species. Life now inhabits nearly every environmental niche on Earth that has been explored. Despite the wide variety of species and diverse biochemistry of modern life, many features, such as energy production mechanisms and nutrient requirements, are conserved across the Tree of Life. Such conserved features help define the operational parameters required by life and therefore help direct the exploration and evaluation of habitability in extraterrestrial environments. As new diversity in the Tree of Life continues to expand, so do the known limits of life on Earth and the range of environments considered habitable elsewhere. The metabolic processes used by organisms living on the edge of habitability provide insights into the types of environments that would be most suitable to hosting extraterrestrial life, crucial for planning and developing future astrobiology missions. This chapter will introduce readers to the breadth and limits of life on Earth and show how the study of life at the extremes can inform the broader field of astrobiology.

Maximum drag enhancement asymptote in turbulent Taylor–Couette flow of dilute polymeric solutions

Direct numerical simulations in a wide-gap turbulent viscoelastic Taylor–Couette flow in the Reynolds number (Re) range of 1500 to 8000 reveals the existence of a maximum drag enhancement (MDE) asymptote. The statistical properties associated with the turbulent and polymer dynamics demonstrate that the turbulent drag enhances with the increase of the Weissenberg number (Wi) and eventually saturates above a critical Wi, namely, the flow reaches the MDE state. The mean velocity profile in MDE state closely follows a logarithmic-like law with an identical slope (κK=2.32) and a Re-dependent intercept. A detailed analysis of flow structures reveals that the MDE asymptote results from the creation and eventual saturation of small-scale elastic and inertio-elastic Görtler vortices in the inner- and outer-wall regions, respectively. These vortical structures arise due to competing effects of polymer-induced stresses that either suppress or promote turbulent vortices. A close examination of competing forces in the azimuthal direction shows that the ratio of polymeric to turbulent stresses reaches a large plateau, underscoring the elastic nature of the MDE state. Moreover, the energy production mechanism in the MDE state further supports: (1) the universal interplay between polymers and turbulent vortices in a broad range of curvilinear and planar turbulent flows, and (2) the fact that the elastically induced asymptotic saturation of drag modification is an inherent property of elasticity-driven and/or elasto-inertial turbulence flow states. Overall, this study provides concrete evidence for our earlier postulate that asymptotic flow states in unidirectional turbulent viscoelastic flows are of elastic nature.

Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in coal-bearing environments: Methane production, carbon sequestration, and hydrogen availability

Methane is a valuable energy source helping to mitigate the growing energy demand worldwide. However, as a potent greenhouse gas, it has also gained additional attention due to its environmental impacts. The biological production of methane is performed primarily hydrogenotrophically from H2 and CO2 by methanogenic archaea. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis also represents a great interest with respect to carbon re-cycling and H2 storage. The most significant carbon source, extremely rich in complex organic matter for microbial degradation and biogenic methane production, is coal. Although interest in enhanced microbial coalbed methane production is continuously increasing globally, limited knowledge exists regarding the exact origins of the coalbed methane and the associated microbial communities, including hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Here, we give an overview of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in coal beds and related environments in terms of their energy production mechanisms, unique metabolic pathways, and associated ecological functions.

Evolutionary conservation of Trichomonas-mycoplasma symbiosis across the host species barrier.

The protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common cellular sexually transmitted disease in humans, and the closely related species Trichomonas gallinae is an avian parasite of ecological and economic importance. Phylogenetic evidence suggests T. vaginalis arose during bird to human transmission of a T. gallinae-like ancestor. Trichomonas vaginalis shares a strong clinical association with the independent sexually transmitted pathogen Metamycoplasma (formerly Mycoplasma) hominis, and the uncultured bacterium "Candidatus Malacoplasma (formerly Mycoplasma) girerdii," with the latter association being an order of magnitude stronger. Both bacterial species have been shown to profoundly influence T. vaginalis growth, energy production and virulence-associated mechanisms. Evidence for a novel Malacoplasma sp. was discovered by in vivo Illumina metatranscriptomics sequencing of the T. gallinae-infected pigeon mouth. We leveraged published 16S rDNA profiling data from digestive tract of 12 healthy and 24 T. gallinae-infected pigeons to investigate association between the novel Malacoplasma sp. and T. gallinae. We utilised Illumina metagenomics sequencing targeted to pigeon oral and crop samples infected with the novel Malacoplasma sp. to generate its full-length genome sequence. Sequence similarity network analysis was used to compare annotated proteins from the novel Malacoplasma sp. with a range of other related species. Here we present evidence for a novel Malacoplasma species, related to "Ca. M. girerdii," that is strongly associated with T. gallinae in the upper digestive tract of domestic pigeons. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed gene features apparently specific to a Trichomonas-symbiotic Malacoplasma lineage. These data support a model of long-term association between Trichomonas and Malacoplasma spp. that has been conserved across diversification of the Trichomonas lineage and the host species barrier from birds to human.

Using osteogenic medium in the in vitro evaluation of bone biomaterials: Artefacts due to a synergistic effect

In vitro tests using bone cells to evaluate the osteogenic potential of biomaterials usually employ the osteogenic medium (OM). The lack of correlation frequently reported between in vitro and in vivo studies in bone biomaterials, makes necessary the evaluation of the impact of osteogenic supplements on these results. This study analysed the proteomic profiles of human osteoblasts (HOb) cultured in the media with and without osteogenic agents (ascorbic acid and β-glycerol phosphate). The cells were incubated for 1 and 7 days, on their own or in contact with Ti. The comparative Perseus analysis identified 2544 proteins whose expression was affected by osteogenic agents. We observed that the OM strongly alters protein expression profiles with a complex impact on multiple pathways associated with adhesion, immunity, oxidative stress, coagulation, angiogenesis and osteogenesis. OM-triggered changes in the HOb intracellular energy production mechanisms, with key roles in osteoblast maturation. HOb cultured with and without Ti showed enrichment in the skeletal system development function due to the OM. However, differentially expressed proteins with key regenerative functions were associated with a synergistic effect of OM and Ti. This synergy, caused by the Ti–OM interaction, could complicate the interpretation of in vitro results, highlighting the need to analyse this phenomenon in biomaterial testing.

Lumbar and pelvis movement comparison between cross-court and long-line topspin forehand in table tennis: based on musculoskeletal model.

Introduction: Cross-court and the long-line topspin forehand is the common and basic stroke skill in table tennis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in lumbar and pelvis movements between cross-court and long-line topspin forehand strokes in table tennis based on musculoskeletal demands using OpenSim. Materials and Methods: The eight-camera Vicon system and Kistler force platform were used to measure kinematics and kinetics in the lumbar and pelvis movement of sixteen participants (Weight: 69.89 ± 1.58kg; Height: 1.73 ± 0.03m; Age: 22.89 ± 2.03years; BMI: 23.45 ± 0.69kg/m2; Experience: 8.33 ± 0.71years) during cross-court and long-line topspin forehand play. The data was imputed into OpenSim providing the establishment of the Giat2392 musculoskeletal model for simulation. One-dimensional statistical parametric mapping and independent samples t-test was performed in MATLAB and SPSS to analyze the kinematics and kinetics. Results: The results show that the range of motion, peak moment, and maximum angle of the lumbar and pelvis movement in cross-court play were significantly higher than in the long-line stroke play. The moment of long-line in the sagittal and frontal plane was significantly higher than cross-court play in the early stroke phase. Conclusion: The lumbar and pelvis embody greater weight transfer and greater energy production mechanisms when players performed cross-court compared to long-line topspin forehand. Beginners could enhance their motor control strategies in forehand topspin skills and master this skill more easily based on the results of this study.

Direct numerical simulation of the fully developed turbulent free convection flow in an asymmetrically heated vertical channel

We report direct numerical simulations of the fully developed turbulent natural convection flow of a Boussinesq fluid (Pr = 0.71) in a vertical channel. One wall is heated with a constant heat flux and the other is assumed to be perfectly insulated. Simulations were performed at three different Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 5 × 105, 106 and 5 × 106). Predictions of the time averaged velocities, temperatures and intensities of the fluctuations agree with experiments reported in the literature. Under the fully developed flow conditions considered in this study the shear stress is greater on thermally active wall than that on the adiabatic wall, but the turbulent intensities and the turbulent shear stress are greater near the insulated wall. Conversely, the intensities of the temperature fluctuations and turbulent heat fluxes are higher near the thermally active wall than those near the adiabatic wall. Contrary to the vertical channel with constant but different wall temperatures, where buoyancy and turbulent shear dominate the generation of turbulent kinetic energy, in the asymmetrically heated channel the turbulent shear stress is the principal mechanism of turbulent kinetic energy production as in a forced convection channel flow.

Turbulent Taylor-Couette flow of dilute polymeric solutions: a10-year retrospective.

This retrospective aims to present a coherent history of important findings in direct numerical simulations and experiments in turbulent Taylor-Couette (TC) flow of dilute polymeric solutions in the last decade. Specifically, the sequence of flow transitions due to a continuous increase of fluid elasticity from classical Newtonian, to inertially and in turn to elastically dominated, and finally to the inertialess purely elastic turbulence, is presented. In each elastically modified flow state, the drag modification, coherent flow structures, velocity and elastic stress statistics, mechanism of turbulent kinetic energy production, spectral features as well as the self-sustaining cycles of turbulence, are discussed. Finally, to provide a broader perspective, an overview of important similarities and differences between elastically induced turbulence in prototypical curvilinear and rectilinear shear flows including the curvature-free limit of TC flow, namely, the spanwise-rotating plane Couette flow, is presented. This article is part of the theme issue 'Taylor-Couette and related flows on the centennial of Taylor's seminal Philosophical Transactions paper (part 1)'.

Kinetic Mathematical Modeling of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cardiomyocyte Mitochondria.

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is an oxygen-dependent process that consumes catabolized nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to drive energy-dependent biological processes such as excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes. In addition to in vivo and in vitro experiments, in silico models are valuable for investigating the underlying mechanisms of OXPHOS and predicting its consequences in both physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we compare several prominent kinetic models of OXPHOS in cardiomyocytes. We examine how their mathematical expressions were derived, how their parameters were obtained, the conditions of their experimental counterparts, and the predictions they generated. We aim to explore the general landscape of energy production mechanisms in cardiomyocytes for future in silico models.

Th2 and metabolic responses to nematodes are independent of prolonged host microbiota abrogation.

Antibiotic treatment can lead to elimination of both pathogenic bacteria and beneficial commensals, as well as to altered host immune responses. Here, we investigated the influence of prolonged antibiotic treatment (Abx) on effector, memory and recall Th2 immune responses during the primary infection, memory phase and secondary infection with the small intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Abx treatment significantly reduced gut bacterial loads, but neither worm burdens, nor worm fecundity in primary infection were affected, only worm burdens in secondary infection were elevated in Abx treated mice. Abx mice displayed trends for elevated effector and memory Th2 responses during primary infection, but overall frequencies of Th2 cells in the siLP, PEC, mLN and in the spleen were similar between Abx treated and untreated groups. Gata3+ effector and memory Th2 cytokine responses also remained unimpaired by prolonged Abx treatment. Similarly, the energy production and defence mechanisms of the host tissue and the parasite depicted by NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) did not change by the prolonged use of antibiotics. We show evidence that the host Th2 response to intestinal nematodes, as well as host and parasite metabolic pathways are robust and remain unimpaired by host microbiota abrogation.

Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of renewable energy production in China: A spatial econometric analysis

This study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of renewable energy production to inform the optimization of renewable energy production distribution. A spatial analysis of specific mechanisms of China's renewable energy production is required. Using panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2001 to 2020, we employed the spatial Gini coefficient and standard deviation ellipse method to investigate the degree of spatial agglomeration and characteristics of distribution of location of China's renewable energy production. Then, we explored spatiotemporal regularity, spatial correlation, and spillover effects of renewable energy production by applying Moran's I index and the spatial Durbin model (SDM). Results show that China's renewable energy production presents prominent spatial agglomeration characteristics, and the spatial agglomeration of solar power is significantly higher than those of other renewable energies. There is a significant positive spatial autocorrelation in China's renewable energy production. Provinces with high (low) development levels in terms of renewable energy production are surrounded by provinces with high (low) development levels. Results of the SDM indicate that China's renewable energy production has an apparent spillover effect affecting neighboring areas. Transmission infrastructure, environmental regulation, and urbanization level can significantly promote the renewable energy production. Gross domestic product per capita, energy intensity, SO2 emissions, and urban population have significant negative inhibitory effects, while foreign direct investment, research and development investment, and carbon dioxide emissions have insignificant effects. The results of this study will be of great significance for policy-makers and scholars to accurately identify the spatial spillover effects of renewable energy production.

The Effects of a Mediterranean Diet Intervention on Cancer-Related Fatigue for Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Simple SummaryCancer-related fatigue affects the majority of people undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. The Mediterranean Diet provides healthy macro- and micronutrients that promote energy production and counter known mechanisms that contribute to fatigue. Thus, we designed a Mediterranean Diet program specifically for patients undergoing chemotherapy that included food provision, education, a cookbook, and weekly telephone check-ins. In a two-arm randomized controlled trial (n = 33), we found that our program was safe and feasible; there was excellent adherence (>70%) to the Mediterranean Diet. The Mediterranean Diet program led to less fatigue to a small-moderate degree at weeks 4 and 8. For those with a lower Mediterranean Diet score before the program, the program had a larger effect. Mitochondria are the cellular organelles that produce ATP energy and, in circulating T cells, fatigue was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. These data support larger studies testing how and how much a Mediterranean Diet during chemotherapy can alleviate fatigue.Cancer-related fatigue is a common, burdensome symptom of cancer and a side-effect of chemotherapy. While a Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) promotes energy metabolism and overall health, its effects on cancer-related fatigue remain unknown. In a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated a rigorous MedDiet intervention for feasibility and safety as well as preliminary effects on cancer-related fatigue and metabolism compared to usual care. Participants had stage I–III cancer and at least six weeks of chemotherapy scheduled. After baseline assessments, randomization occurred 2:1, MedDiet:usual care. Measures were collected at baseline, week 4, and week 8 including MedDiet adherence (score 0–14), dietary intake, and blood-based metabolic measures. Mitochondrial respiration from freshly isolated T cells was measured at baseline and four weeks. Participants (n = 33) were 51.0 ± 14.6 years old, 94% were female, and 91% were being treated for breast cancer. The study was feasible, with 100% completing the study and >70% increasing their MedDiet adherence at four and eight weeks compared to baseline. Overall, the MedDiet intervention vs. usual care had a small-moderate effect on change in fatigue at weeks 4 and 8 (ES = 0.31, 0.25, respectively). For those with a baseline MedDiet score <5 (n = 21), the MedDiet intervention had a moderate-large effect of 0.67 and 0.48 at weeks 4 and 8, respectively. The MedDiet did not affect blood-based lipids, though it had a beneficial effect on fructosamine (ES = −0.55). Fatigue was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction including lower basal respiration, maximal respiration, and spare capacity (p < 0.05 for FACIT-F fatigue subscale and BFI, usual fatigue). In conclusion, the MedDiet was feasible and attenuated cancer-related fatigue among patients undergoing chemotherapy, especially those with lower MedDiet scores at baseline.

A computational study for mechanical, thermoelectric and optoelectronic applications of BiAlO3 under static pressure

Inorganic perovskites have a wide area of applications in low-cost optical and thermal applications. This manuscript aims to present Structural, mechanical, electronic, optical, as well as thermoelectric behavior of perovskite compounds BiAlO3 (BAO) for optoelectronic as well as thermoelectric applications, a novel energy production mechanism under high static pressure. Thermal stability is computed by enthalpy relation and also confirmed by elastic moduli. Physical properties are measured at ground state energy, and also explored pressure impact up to 100 GPa on electronic structure of BiAlO3. BAO shows an indirect band gap at 0–30 GPa, while it transforms to a direct with an increase in pressure. Mechanical stability was confirmed by applying Born's stability criteria. Even at higher pressure it remains in cubic phase and show mechanically stable structure. Optical responses are calculated and compared under pressure. With an increase in pressure, a clear blue shift was observed. The refractive index of refraction showed a decreasing trend from 3.32 to 2.84 from o to 100 GPa, respectively. Thermoelectric properties are explored by computing electric and thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and power factor. The efficiency of the devices depends upon the figure of merit (ZT) i.e. the ratio of electrical to thermal conductivity must be small. The figure of merit indicated that at low temperature (lower than room temperature and normal pressure) the ZT can reach 0.7, if at high pressure, it can be larger than 0.8. Promising results of thermoelectric response under stress indicate that the said material is suitable for thermoelectric properties. BAO is not only led free but also environment friendly thus, the eventual candidate for devices based on optoelectronics and thermoelectric applications due to relevant bandgap nature after asserting pressure and its thermoelectric nature.

Experimental properties of continuously forced, shear-driven, stratified turbulence. Part 2. Energetics, anisotropy, parameterisation

In this Part 2 we study further experimental properties of two-layer exchange flows in a stratified inclined duct, which are turbulent, strongly stratified, shear-driven and continuously forced. We analyse the same state-of-the-art data sets using the same ‘core’ shear-layer methodology as in Part 1 (Lefauve &amp; Linden, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 937, 2022, A34), but we focus here on turbulent energetics and mixing statistics. The detailed analysis of kinetic and scalar energy budgets reveals the specificity and scalings of ‘SID turbulence’, while energy spectra provide insight into the current strengths and limitations of our experimental data. The anisotropy of the flow at different scales characterises the turbulent kinetic energy production and dissipation mechanisms of Holmboe waves and overturning turbulence. We then assess standard mixing parameterisation models relying on uniform eddy diffusivities, mixing lengths, flux parameters, buoyancy Reynolds numbers or turbulent Froude numbers, and we compare our representative values with the stratified mixing literature. The dependence of these measures of mixing on controllable flow parameters is also elucidated, providing asymptotic estimates that may be extrapolated to more strongly turbulent flows, quantified by the product of the tilt angle of the duct and the Reynolds number. These insights may serve as benchmark for the future generation of experimental data with superior spatio-temporal resolution required to probe increasingly vigorous turbulence.

Reconsideration and application of Anaerobic Threshold (AT) when exercise load is reviewed

In order to realize a healthy and long-lived society, it is recommended to exercise for the purpose of health promotion and exercise therapy. Exercise rehabilitation, especially for patients with heart disease and respiratory disease, helps them avoid being bedridden and plays a major role in maintaining their QOL in daily life. On the other hand, excessive exercise load is contraindicated because it may exacerbate symptoms. Therefore, cardiopulmonary exercise training (CPX) is necessary to understand changes in gas exchange associated with breathing and circulation, and to determine the Anaerobic Threshold (AT), which is an indicator of optimal exercise load intensity. AT is the addition of an anaerobic energy production mechanism to an aerobic energy production mechanism. CPX is performed at the time of initial determination of AT and after implementation of rehabilitation to verify its effect and review AT. AT determination generally requires 10-15 minutes of gradual incremental workload. In this study, based on the AT intensity determined by gradual incremental workload, the subject performed his 3-5 min quantitative resistance exercise on a bicycle ergometer. During that time, the collected expired air was measured with a breath-by-breath type expired gas analyzer. Then, using physical work, we verified the change of V-slope due to the difference in load intensity. As a result, AT could be estimated from the slope from the inflection point of the V-slope of the constant load. This method makes it possible to shorten the CPX time when revising AT, leading to a reduction in the burden on the subject.

Comparative Proteomic Analysis for a Putative Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Aminotransferase Required for Virulence in Acidovorax citrulli.

Acidovorax citrulli (Ac) is the causative agent of bacterial fruit blotch disease in watermelon. Since resistant cultivars have not yet been developed, the virulence factors/mechanisms of Ac need to be characterized. This study reports the functions of a putative pyridoxal phosphate-dependent aminotransferase (PpdaAc) that transfers amino groups to its substrates and uses pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme. It was observed that a ppdaAc knockout mutant had a significantly reduced virulence in watermelon when introduced via germinated-seed inoculation as well as leaf infiltration. Comparative proteomic analysis predicted the cellular mechanisms related to PpdaAc. Apart from causing virulence, the PpdaAc may have significant roles in energy production, cell membrane, motility, chemotaxis, post-translational modifications, and iron-related mechanisms. Therefore, it is postulated that PpdaAc may possess pleiotropic effects. These results provide new insights into the functions of a previously unidentified PpdaAc in Ac.

Observation of CNO cycle solar neutrinos in Borexino

The Borexino detector, located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy, is a radiopure 280 ton liquid scintillator detector with a primary goal to measure low-energy solar neutrinos created in the core of the Sun. These neutrinos are a consequence of nuclear fusion reactions in the solar core where Hydrogen is burned into Helium and provide a direct probe of the energy production processes, namely the proton-proton (pp) chain and the Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen (CNO) cycle. The fusion of Hydrogen in the case of the CNO cycle, which is expected to contribute in the order of less than 1% to the total solar energy, is catalyzed by Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen directly depending on the abundances of these elements in the solar core. The measurement of CNO neutrinos is challenging due to the high spectral correlation with the decay electrons of the background isotope 210Bi and the pep solar neutrino signal. The experimental achievement of thermal stabilization of the Borexino detector after mid 2016, has opened the possibility to develop a method to constrain the 210Bi rate through its decay daughter and α emitter 210Po which can be identified in Borexino with an efficiency close to 100 percent on an event-by-event basis. Moreover, the flux of pep neutrinos can be constrained precisely through a global analysis of solar neutrino data which is independent of the dataset used for the CNO analysis. This conference contribution is dedicated to the first experimental evidence of neutrinos produced in the CNO fusion cycle in the Sun which is at the same time the dominant energy production mechanism in heavier stars compared to the Sun.

Vortex Evolution and Energy Production in the Blade ‎Channel of a Francis Turbine Operating at Deep Part ‎Load Conditions

The blade vortex evaluation in Francis Turbine under deep part load conditions generates severe pressure ‎fluctuations in the runner. The complex flow in a model turbine is numerically investigated based on a ‎modified Partially Averaged Navier-Stokes method. The main emphasis is focused on revealing the ‎correlation mechanism of blade vortex evolution and energy production. The results indicate that the ‎modified PANS method shows significant advantages in hydro turbine’s simulation than the traditional ‎RANS method. At deep part load conditions, the vorticity formed at the leading edge of the suction ‎surface and the trailing edge of the pressure surface in the blade channels. The stretching term provides ‎the most vorticity increments while the dilation term inhibiting part which only provides a decrement of ‎the vorticity evolution. Based on the entropy production theory, the total entropy production distribution ‎is consisting with the distribution of vorticity. At deep part load condition, direct dissipation and turbulent ‎dissipation provide the most entropy, while at part load condition the proportion of these two-part ‎decreased‎.