Conduction Mechanism Research Articles

Experimental study on Na+ conductivity in NaAlBr4 and atomic-scale investigation of Na+ conduction

AbstractThe ionic conduction properties of Li/Na metal halides have been extensively studied, with recent attention turning towards Al-based systems. However, limited studies have focused on alkali Al bromides. In this study, we explored the Na+ conduction properties of NaAlBr4. Conductivity measurements at 30 °C revealed a Na+ conductivity of 1.2 × 10−5 S/cm, surpassing that of isostructural NaAlCl4 threefold. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the conduction mechanisms revealed that Na+ conduction was not observed in stoichiometric NaAlBr4, which has high formation energies of Na+ vacancies and interstitials (0.88 eV and 0.73 eV, respectively). Nevertheless, a conductivity of 1.2 × 10−5 S/cm was observed. The activation energy for ion conduction was experimentally determined as 0.43 eV, and the migration energies were calculated as 0.26 eV (Na+ vacancies) and 0.16 eV (Na+ interstitials) by MD simulations. These discrepancies in ion conduction were partially explained by the role of transient defects enriched via ball milling in facilitating Na+ conduction on the particle surface, offering insights into the complex ion conduction of ball-milled NaAlBr4.

Structural and transport properties of newly synthesized ZSM-5 sourcing silica from coconut shell ash

ZSM-5 is a crucial catalyst in industrial chemistry and petrochemical processing, distinguished by its unique structural and chemical properties. The cost of its production is heavily influenced by the expense of silica-alumina sources, which are the primary precursors for the formation of the zeolitic network. This study introduces a pioneering approach to synthesize the valuable zeolite ZSM-5 using waste coconut shell ash (CSA), a readily available and cost-effective alternative natural source of silica. High-purity amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) was successfully extracted from discarded coconut shells, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, providing an eco-friendly approach to the production of this valuable material. The optimal preparation conditions for ZSM-5 were found to be 150 °C and 60 h, yielding the ZSM-5 zeolite from extracted silica. The XRD pattern revealed the presence of a pure crystalline MFI phase in the ZSM-5, and the FTIR findings corroborated its pentasil structure. Microscopic images (SEM and TEM) confirmed that the zeolite was polycrystalline, with agglomerated rod-shaped particles. The WDXRF data revealed a low SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 17.84. Electrical characterization showed that the dielectric constant decreased with increasing frequency. Complex impedance spectroscopy enabled the distinction between grain and grain boundary contributions to total resistance, and the electric modulus indicated a hopping conduction mechanism. This study demonstrated the potential of a new ZSM-5 using CSA as the source of silica for various catalytic applications.

Strategies for Mitigating Phosphoric Acid Leaching in High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells.

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) have become one of the important development directions of PEMFCs because of their outstanding features, including fast reaction kinetics, high tolerance against impurities in fuel, and easy heat and water management. The proton exchange membrane (PEM), as the core component of HT-PEMFCs, plays the most critical role in the performance of fuel cells. Phosphoric acid (PA)-doped membranes have showed satisfied proton conductivity at high-temperature and anhydrous conditions, and significant advancements have been achieved in the design and development of HT-PEMFCs based on PA-doped membranes. However, the persistent issue of HT-PEMFCs caused by PA leaching remains a challenge that cannot be ignored. This paper provides a concise overview of the proton conduction mechanism in HT-PEMs and the underlying causes of PA leaching in HT-PEMFCs and highlights the strategies aimed at mitigating PA leaching, such as designing crosslinked structures, incorporation of hygroscopic nanoparticles, improving the alkalinity of polymers, covalently linking acidic groups, preparation of multilayer membranes, constructing microporous structures, and formation of micro-phase separation. This review will offer a guidance for further research and development of HT-PEMFCs with high performance and longevity.

Enhancing flame retardancy in 3D printed polyamide composites using directionally arranged recycled carbon fiber

Combining recycled carbon fiber (rCF) and 3D printing technology has shown great potential for fabricating functional prototypes and production parts used in the aerospace and automotive industries. However, it is still a challenge to design flame-retardant 3D printed parts with high mechanical properties and flame-retardant rating. In the work, a flame-retardant polyamide (PA)-based composite for material extrusion 3D printing was prepared by utilization of rCF, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), and 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene (DOPO)-based flame retardant. The 3D-printed composites have high thermal stability, mechanical properties, and excellent flame retardancy with a V-0 rating. With the benefits of material extrusion 3D printing, directionally arranged rCF in 3D printed composites could effectively inhibit the fire spread, extend the time to ignition (TTI), reduce the total heat release (THR) and total smoke release (TSR) of 3D printed composites. The directional flame-retardant mechanism is mainly the thermal conductivity mechanism of the condensed phase and the promotion of stable ordered carbon layer formation. It provides a promising path for designing high-performance flame-retardant materials.

Improved-Performance Amorphous Ga2O3 Photodetectors Fabricated by Capacitive Coupled Plasma-Assistant Magnetron Sputtering

Ga2O3 has received increasing interest for its potential in various applications relating to solar-blind photodetectors. However, attaining a balanced performance with Ga2O3-based photodetectors presents a challenge due to the intrinsic conductive mechanism of Ga2O3 films. In this work, we fabricated amorphous Ga2O3 (a-Ga2O3) metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors through capacitive coupled plasma assisted magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Substantial enhancement in the responsivity is attained by regulating the capacitance-coupled plasma power during the deposition of a-Ga2O3. The proposed plasma energy generated by capacitive coupled plasma (CCP) effectively improved the disorder of amorphous Ga2O3 films. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and current-voltage tests demonstrate that the additional plasma introduced during the sputtering effectively adjust the concentration of oxygen vacancy effectively, exhibiting a trade-off effect on the performance of a-Ga2O3 photodetectors. The best overall performance of a-Ga2O3 photodetectors exhibits a high responsivity of 30.59 A/W, a low dark current of 4.18 × 10−11, and a decay time of 0.12 s. Our results demonstrate that the introduction of capacitive coupled plasma during deposition could be a potential approach for modifying the performance of photodetectors.

Probing variation of the structure and electrical conductivity of functionalized PVA based composite films doped with silver nanoparticles and irradiated by gamma rays

Polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid/ethanol films doped with nano-silver particles are prepared using in-situ chemical reduction method. The as-prepared films are irradiated with gamma rays at dose range 0–50 kGy. The elemental analysis of as-prepared samples using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) showed presence of oxygen and silver peaks which refers to the probable formation of silver oxide nano-particle (Ag2O NPs) phase. Moreover, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis confirmed that the inserted Ag nanoparticles have regular and uniformly distributed pores within the PVA network. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements indicated that of Ag2O and Ag nanoparticles are embedded in the PVA matrix in cubic face-centered structure. Structural variations due to gamma irradiation are also probed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) which displayed that the diameter of encapsulated Ag nanoparticles increases from ∼15 nm up to 34 nm against irradiation dose. The measured dc electrical conductivity results indicated that the thermal activation energy decreased from 0.95 eV to 0.56 eV as a sequence of irradiation dose in the range 0–50 kGy The evaluation of the frequency exponent factor, s, derived from the measured ac conductivity data indicated that correlated barrier hopping (CBH) is the most probable conduction mechanism for the present films. The measured dielectric constants and Cole-Cole diagrams are employed in the analysis of the dependence of the dielectric constant on the irradiation dose.

Issues Concerning the Mechanisms of Bone Conduction.

Air and bone conduction thresholds are used to differentiate between conductive and sensori-neural hearing losses because bone conduction is thought to bypass the conductive apparatus, directly activating the inner ear. However, the suggested bone conduction mechanisms involve the outer and middle ears. Also, normal bone conduction thresholds have been reported in cases of lesions to the conduction pathway. Therefore, further investigation of bone conduction mechanisms is required.

Data encryption/decryption and medical image reconstruction based on a sustainable biomemristor designed logic gate circuit

Memristors are considered one of the most promising new-generation memory technologies due to their high integration density, fast read/write speeds, and ultra-low power consumption. Natural biomaterials have attracted interest in integrated circuits and electronics because of their environmental friendliness, sustainability, low cost, and excellent biocompatibility. In this study, a sustainable biomemristor with Ag/mugwort:PVDF/ITO structure was prepared using spin-coating and magnetron sputtering methods, which exhibited excellent durability, significant resistance switching (RS) behavior and unidirectional conduction properties when three metals were used as top electrode. By studying the conductivity mechanism of the device, a charge conduction model was established by the combination of F-N tunneling, redox, and complexation reaction. Finally, the novel logic gate circuits were constructed using the as-prepared memristor, and further memristor based encryption circuit using 3-8 decoder was innovatively designed, which can realize uniform rule encryption and decryption of medical information for data and medical images. Therefore, this work realizes the integration of memristor with traditional electronic technology and expands the applications of sustainable biomemristors in digital circuits, data encryption, and medical image security.

Organic device fabrication and characterizations: DFT support

In this study, the effects of introducing a zinc cation into a zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) cluster are examined in relation to organic phthalocyanine material. The Au/ZnPc/Si-based organic diode is made using the thermal evaporation method. The optical properties of the filter are checked and a selected wavelength of 360[Formula: see text]nm is recorded. Au/ZnPc/Si/Al exhibits high rectifying performance, and the organic device’s primary conduction mechanism is Space Charge Limited Current. ZnPc film’s superior transparency is shown in the visible spectrum, and its optical bandgap of 3.32[Formula: see text]eV is found. According to this result, ZnPc is a semiconductor. ZnPc has a weak exciton binding energy (600[Formula: see text]meV), a high chemical stability, and non-zero value of second hyperpolarizability (4.73[Formula: see text]10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]esu). These features can offer our ZnPc-based organic device a wide range of applications, including microelectronics, solar cells, and nonlinear optical devices.

Polaron-assisted dielectric relaxation processes in donor-doped BaTiO3-based ceramics

Ceramic samples based on the Ba1-xGdxTiO3 system, where x = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004 and 0.005, were prepared via the Pechini’s chemical synthesis route. Structural properties, analyzed from X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement, revealed the formation of the pure ABO3 perovskite structure with tetragonal symmetry (P4mm) for all the studied compositions. Doping with Gd3+ promoted a reduction in the unit-cell volume, confirming the preferential substitution of the rare-earth cation at the A-site. The dielectric properties have been analyzed over a wide temperature and frequency range, revealing a significant contribution of the conduction mechanisms in the dielectric response of the studied ceramics. In fact, by using the Davidson-Cole formalism, the observed electrical behavior was found to be associated with relaxation processes related to intrinsic defects mobility promoted by a thermally-activated polaronic mechanism. The obtained values of the activation energy for the relaxation processes, estimated from the Arrhenius’ law for the mean relaxation time, revealed a decrease from 0.29 up to 0.21 eV as the Gd-doping concentration increases, which suggests the conduction process to be associated with the polaronic effects due to the coexistence of Ti4+ and Ti3+ ions in the structure. Analysis from the conductivity formalism, by using the Jonscher’s universal power-law, confirmed the polaron-type conduction mechanism for the dielectric dispersion, as suggested by the dielectric analysis, being the nature of the hopping mechanism governed by small polaron hopping (SPH) charge transport in the studied Ba1–xGdxTiO3 ceramics.

Conduction in yttrium iron garnets with nickel dopant: Potential for sensor applications

Doped yttrium iron garnet materials exhibit semiconducting behavior and have potential applications in resistive-based sensors, including thermoresistive and gas sensors. In this study, we synthesized Ni-doped yttrium iron garnet samples using the sol-gel method combined with heat treatment. The crystal structure, morphology, and Ni incorporation into the crystal lattice were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The saturation magnetization of the samples in the ground state was measured in a Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS) at 5 K. The experimental magnetic moments deviate significantly from the values calculated based on the cation distribution models, suggesting the occupation of Ni2+ and Fe2+ at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites, respectively, with the latter due to oxygen vacancies. We investigated the resistivity, magnetoresistance effect, and hydrogen sensing properties to elucidate the conduction mechanism. At room temperature, the resistivity of the samples decreased sharply as the oxygen vacancy concentration increased, from ∼108 Ωcm in sample x = 0 to ∼106 Ωcm in sample x = 0.08. The resistance of the samples increased when exposed to hydrogen gas, supporting the prediction from the magnetization data that the samples exhibit n-type semiconductor characteristics. The samples showed good sensitivity to H2 gas. At 250°C, sample x = 0.08 exhibits a response of S =11.5, the response time (τres. ∼8 s), and recovery time (τrec. ∼22 s) at 100 ppm hydrogen concentration.

A Super-Ionic Solid-State Block Copolymer Electrolyte.

Polymer solid-state electrolytes offer great promise for battery materials with high energy density, mechanical stability, and improved safety. However, their low ion conductivities have so far limited their potential applications. Here, it is shown for poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers that the super-stoichiometric addition of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) as lithium salt leads to the formation of a crystalline PEO block copolymer phase with exceptionally high ion conductivities and low activation energies. The addition of LiTFSI further induces block copolymer phase transitions into bi-continuous Fddd and gyroid network morphologies, providing continuous 3D conduction pathways. Both effects lead to solid-state block copolymer electrolyte membranes with ion conductivities of up to 1·10-1Scm-1 at 90°C, decreasing only moderately to 4·10-2Scm-1 at room temperature, and to >1·10-3Scm-1 at -20°C, corresponding to activation energies as low as 0.19eV. The co-crystallization of PEO and LiTFSI with ether and carbonate solvents is observed to play a key role to realize a super-ionic conduction mechanism. The discovery of PEO super-ionic conductivity at high lithium concentrations opens a new pathway for fabrication of solid polymer electrolyte membranes with sufficiently high ion conductivities over a broad temperature range with widespread applications in electrical devices.

Polymer Capacitor Films with Nanoscale Coatings for Dielectric Energy Storage: A Review

Enhancing the energy storage properties of dielectric polymer capacitor films through composite materials has gained widespread recognition. Among the various strategies for improving dielectric materials, nanoscale coatings that create structurally controlled multiphase polymeric films have shown great promise. This approach has garnered considerable attention in recent years due to its effectiveness. This review examines surface-coated polymer composites used for dielectric energy storage, discussing their dielectric properties, behaviors, and the underlying physical mechanisms involved in energy storage. The review thoroughly examines the fabrication methods for nanoscale coatings and the selection of coating materials. It also explores the latest advancements in the rational design and control of interfaces in organic–inorganic, organic–organic, and heterogeneous multiphase structures. Additionally, the review delves into the structure–property relationships between different interfacial phases and various interface structures, analyzing how nanoscale coatings the impact dielectric constant, breakdown strength, conduction and charge transport mechanisms, energy density and efficiency, thermal stability, and electrothermal durability of polymeric capacitor films. Moreover, the review summarizes relevant simulation methods and offers computational insights. The potential practical applications and characteristics of such nanoscale coating techniques are discussed, along with the existing challenges and practical limitations. Finally, the review concludes with a summary and outlook, highlighting potential research directions in this rapidly evolving field.

Structural, electrical, and transport properties of a PVB: NH4Br complexed solid polymer electrolyte films for electrochemical cell applications

ABSTRACT Polymer electrolytes are a key development in advancing battery technology, enabling more efficient energy storage. This study focused on developing a solid-state polymer electrolyte film by doping NH4Br with Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) using a solution-cast method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to evaluate the amorphousness and crystallinity of the films, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed complex formation between the salt and polymer. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the electrolyte film was estimated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Ionic conductivity was measured through AC impedance spectroscopy, revealing that the PVB-NH4Br electrolyte doped with 30 wt% NH4Br at 30 °C had an ionic conductivity of 1.47 × 10−7 S cm−1. This conductivity followed an Arrhenius relationship, where conductivity increased with temperature. Dielectric studies showed that at low frequencies, the dielectric constant and loss were higher, while both decreased at higher frequencies. DC Wagner’s polarization technique verified that ion transport was the dominant conduction mechanism. Discharge testing of the electrolyte film using a Swagelok cell showed an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.2 V and a short-circuit current (SCC) of 0.42 mA, indicating promising performance for battery applications.

AC Electric Conductivity of High Pressure and High Temperature Formed NaFePO4 Glassy Nanocomposite.

Olivine-like NaFePO4 glasses and nanocomposites are promising materials for cathodes in sodium batteries. Our previous studies focused on the preparation of NaFePO4 glass, transforming it into a nanocomposite using high-pressure-high-temperature treatment, and comparing both materials' structural, thermal, and DC electric conductivity. This work focuses on specific features of AC electric conductivity, containing messages on the dynamics of translational processes. Conductivity spectra measured at various temperatures are scaled by apparent DC conductivity and plotted against frequency scaled by DC conductivity and temperature in a so-called master curve representation. Both glass and nanocomposite conductivity spectra are used to test the (effective) exponent using Jonscher's scaling law. In both materials, the values of exponent range from 0.3 to 0.9, with different relation to temperature. It corresponds to the electronic conduction mechanism change from low-temperature Mott's variable range hopping (between Fe2+/Fe3+ centers) to phonon-assisted hopping, which was suggested by previous DC measurements. Following the pressure treatment, AC conductivity activation energies were reduced from EAC≈0.40 eV for glass to EAC≈0.18 eV for nanocomposite and are lower than their DC counterpart, following a typical empirical relation with the value of the exponent. While pressure treatment leads to a 2-3-orders-of-magnitude rise in the AC and apparent DC conductivity due to the reduced distance between the hopping centers, a nonmonotonic relation of AC power exponent and temperature is observed. It occurs due to the disturbance of polaron interactions with Na+ mobile ions.

Study of the Characteristics of Ba0.6Sr0.4Ti1-xMnxO3-Film Resistance Random Access Memory Devices.

In this study, Ba0.6Sr0.4Ti1-xMnxO3 ceramics were fabricated by a novel ball milling technique followed by spin-coating to produce thin-film resistive memories. Measurements were made using field emission scanning electron microscopes, atomic force microscopes, X-ray diffractometers, and precision power meters to observe, analyze, and calculate surface microstructures, roughness, crystalline phases, half-height widths, and memory characteristics. Firstly, the effect of different sintering methods with different substitution ratios of Mn4+ for Ti4+ was studied. The surface microstructural changes of the films prepared by the one-time sintering method were compared with those of the solid-state reaction method, and the effects of substituting a small amount of Ti4+ with Mn4+ on the physical properties were analyzed. Finally, the optimal parameters obtained in the first part of the experiment were used for the fabrication of the thin-film resistive memory devices. The voltage and current characteristics, continuous operation times, conduction mechanisms, activation energies, and hopping distances of two types of thin-film resistive memory devices, BST and BSTM, were measured and studied under different compliance currents.

Exploring Protonation State, Ion Binding, and Photoactivated Channel Opening of an Anion Channelrhodopsin by Molecular Simulations.

Channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels with a retinal chromophore found in microbes and are widely used in optogenetics, a field of neuroscience that utilizes light to regulate neuronal activity. GtACR1, an anion conducting channelrhodopsin derived from Guillardia theta, has attracted attention for its application as a neuronal silencer in optogenetics because of its high conductivity and selectivity. However, atomistic mechanisms of channel photoactivation and ion conduction have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the molecular characteristics of GtACR1 and its photoactivation processes by molecular simulations. The QM/MM RWFE-SCF method which combines highly accurate quantum chemistry calculations with long-time molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to model protein structures of the wild-type and mutants with different protonation states of key groups and to calculate absorption energies for verification of the models. The QM/MM modeling together with MD simulations of free-energy calculations favors protonation of a key counterion carboxyl group of Asp234 with a strong binding of a chloride ion in the extracellular pocket in the dark state. A channel open state was also successfully modeled by the QM/MM RWFE-SCF free-energy optimizations, providing atomistic insights into the channel activation mechanism.

Coexistence of multiple magnetic interactions in oxygen-deficient V2O5 nanoparticles

This paper reports on the spin glass-like coexistence of competing magnetic orders in oxygen-deficient V2O5 nanoparticles with a broad size distribution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy yields the surface chemical stoichiometry of nearly V2O4.65 due to significant defect density. Temperature-dependent electrical conductivity and thermopower measurements demonstrate a polaronic conduction mechanism with a hopping energy of about 0.112 eV. The V2O5-δ sample exhibits strong field as well as temperature-dependent magnetic behaviour when measured with a SQUID magnetometer, showing positive magnetic susceptibility across the temperature range of 2-350 K. Field-cooled and zero-field-cooled data indicate hysteresis, suggesting glassy behaviour. The formation of small polarons due to oxygen vacancy defects, compensated by V4+ charge defects, results in Magneto-Electronic Phase Separation (MEPS) and various magnetic exchanges, as predicted by first-principle calculations. This is evidenced by the strong hybridisation of V orbitals in the vicinity of vacant oxygen site. An increase in V4+ defects shows an antiferromagnetic (AFM) component. The magnetic diversity in undoped V2O4.9 originates from defect density and their random distribution, leading to MEPS. This involves localised spins in polarons and ferromagnetic (FM) clusters on a paramagnetic (PM) background, while V4+ dimers induce AFM interactions. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra measured at different temperatures indicate a dominant paramagnetic signal at a g-value of 1.97 due to oxygen defects, with a broad FM resonance-like hump. Both signals diminish with increasing temperature. Neutron diffraction data rules out long-range magnetic ordering, reflecting the composition as V2O4.886. Despite the FM hysteresis, no long-range order is observed in neutron diffraction data, consistent with the polaron cluster-like FM with MEPS nature. This detailed study shall advance the understanding of the diverse magnetic behaviour observed in undoped non-magnetic systems.

Structural, magnetic and electrical properties of gadolinium doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: Role of Gd doping level

In this communication, effect of Gd doping for CoFe2–xGdxO4 (CFGO) nanoparticles has been investigated for structural, magnetic and electrical properties. X–ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveal the presence of matrix like CFGO phase fraction with coexisting GdFeO3 (GFO) smaller crystallites and α–Fe2O3 (FO) phase fraction. Variation in crystallite size (D) for all three phases has been explored from the analysis on XRD patterns. Magnetic nature has been understood on the basis of lattice disorder, magnetic linkages between different ions of CFGO lattices that conduces magnetic characteristic of three different phases coexist within the CFGO nanoparticle lattices. Influence of frequency, temperature and Gd doping level on different electrical behaviors has been understood on the bases of various relaxation processes, charge conduction mechanism, correlated barrier hopping (CBH) mechanism, maximum barrier height, activation energy and structure–property correlations.

Analog and digital resistive switching in W/TiO2/ITO devices: the impact of crystallinity and Indium diffusion

The resistance-switching memristor with capabilities of information storage and brain-inspired computing has prime importance in recent research. In this study, the impact of crystallinity and Indium diffusion on the existence of analog and digital resistive switching in a W/TiO2/ITO device has been reported. The memristor devices are fabricated by depositing titania films by sol–gel and spin-coating techniques. The films annealed at 250 °C and 400 °C were characterized using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characteristic anatase phase started appearing after annealing at 400 °C, whereas the 250 °C annealed sample was in the amorphous state. The electrical characterization revealed significant differences in the switching characteristics of amorphous and crystalline samples, especially in the switching interface, compliance properties, and current conduction mechanism. The grain boundary assisted oxygen vacancy migration, and the diffusion of indium ions from the ITO bottom electrode helped the crystalline sample to show highly stable and reproducible resistive switching compared to amorphous film. The XPS studies confirmed the indium ion diffusion in the crystalline sample. The oxygen vacancy-induced barrier modulation and conductive filament formation caused characteristic switching in amorphous and crystalline samples, respectively. Schottky emission in the amorphous film and SCLC mechanism in the crystalline film confirmed the experimental results. This study provides a distinctive viewpoint and an innovative strategy for developing multifunctional resistive switching devices.