Interplay Of Mechanisms Research Articles

UV-induced reorganization of 3D genome mediates DNA damage response

While it is well-established that UV radiation threatens genomic integrity, the precise mechanisms by which cells orchestrate DNA damage response and repair within the context of 3D genome architecture remain unclear. Here, we address this gap by investigating the UV-induced reorganization of the 3D genome and its critical role in mediating damage response. Employing temporal maps of contact matrices and transcriptional profiles, we illustrate the immediate and holistic changes in genome architecture post-irradiation, emphasizing the significance of this reconfiguration for effective DNA repair processes. We demonstrate that UV radiation triggers a comprehensive restructuring of the 3D genome organization at all levels, including loops, topologically associating domains and compartments. Through the analysis of DNA damage and excision repair maps, we uncover a correlation between genome folding, gene regulation, damage formation probability, and repair efficacy. We show that adaptive reorganization of the 3D genome is a key mediator of the damage response, providing new insights into the complex interplay of genomic structure and cellular defense mechanisms against UV-induced damage, thereby advancing our understanding of cellular resilience.

Impact of Upper‐Plate Faulting on Megathrust Foreshocks: Insights From the 2014 Iquique Earthquake

AbstractThe role of upper‐plate faulting in the seismic cycle of large megathrust earthquakes remains poorly understood. We use quasi‐dynamic numerical simulations of seismic cycles to analyze the interaction between crustal faulting and the foreshock sequence of the 2014 Iquique (Mw 8.2) earthquake in Northern Chile. Multi‐cycle models incorporating upper‐plate faulting align better with coseismic displacements, replicating events akin to the Iquique earthquake. Upper‐plate faulting significantly influences foreshock seismicity and deformation patterns. By calibrating the average hydraulic state—varying the effective normal stress—along the megathrust with pre‐earthquake seismicity, we find that lower pore pressure ratios result in more seismicity before the mainshock. This implies that the hydraulic state of the megathrust is critical for foreshock activity. This comprehensive modeling approach underscores the importance of the mechanical interplay between the megathrust and upper‐plate faults in precursory sequences of large subduction zone earthquakes.

Hydrogen as a Renewable Fuel of Non-Biological Origins in the European Union—The Emerging Market and Regulatory Framework

The European Union continues to lead global efforts toward climate neutrality by developing a cohesive regulatory and market framework for alternative fuels, including renewable hydrogen. This review article critically examines the recent evolution of the EU’s policy landscape specifically for hydrogen as a renewable fuel of non-biological origin (RFNBO), highlighting its growing importance in hard-to-abate sectors such as industry and transportation. We assess the interplay of market-based mechanisms (e.g., EU ETS II), direct mandates (e.g., FuelEU Maritime, RED III), and support auction-based measures (e.g., the European Hydrogen Bank) that collectively shape both the demand and the supply of hydrogen as RFNBO fuel. The article also addresses emerging cost, capacity, and technical barriers—ranging from constrained electrolyzer deployment to complex certification requirements—that hinder large-scale adoption and market rollout. The article aims to discuss advancing and changing regulatory and market environment for the development of infrastructure and market for hydrogen as RFNBO fuel in the EU in 2019–2024. Synthesizing current research and policy developments, we propose targeted recommendations, including enhanced cross-border coordination and capacity-based incentives, to accelerate investment and infrastructure development. This review informs policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers on critical success factors for integrating hydrogen as a cornerstone of the EU’s climate neutrality efforts.

Psycho-physiological foundations of human physical activity behavior and motivation: Theories, systems, mechanisms, evolution, and genetics.

Physical activity is a meaningful part of life, which starts before birth and lasts until death. There are many health benefits to be derived from physical activity, hence, regular engagement is recommended on a weekly basis. However, these recommendations are often not met. This raises the question: when and why are people motivated to be physically active? Attempts to explain the motivation for physical activity (or lack thereof) have been the research interest for many years and disciplines. In this review, we provide evidence suggesting that physical activity behavior and the psycho-physiological foundations thereof Physical activity is a meaningful part of life, which starts before birth and lasts until death. There are many health benefits to be derived from physical activity, hence, regular engagement is recommended on a weekly basis. However, these recommendations are often not met. This raises the question: when and why are people motivated to be physically active? Attempts to explain the motivation for physical activity (or lack thereof) have been the research interest for many years and disciplines. In this review, we provide evidence suggesting that physical activity behavior and the psycho-physiological foundations thereof are influenced by evolution, genetics, life stage, and the environment. The psycho-physiological foundations in turn comprise motivational and volitional factors as described in traditional psychological theories, psychological states and traits such as affective and stress reactions, as well as physiological states and systems (e.g. anatomical development and neural networks and transmitters). Importantly, physical activity elicits differential physiological responses and subjective experiences, which may impact future physical activity behavior and motivation. In summary, the interplay of psycho-physiological mechanisms and the importance of examining the ultimate mechanism for physical activity behavior are emphasized. The synthesis of knowledge provided in this review provides impetus for theory development and can facilitate the promotion of physically active lifestyles.

The role of lncRNAs in the interplay of signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms in glioma.

Gliomas, highly aggressive tumors of the central nervous system, present overwhelming challenges due to their heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most malignant form, underscores this clinical urgency due to dismal prognosis despite aggressive treatment regimens. Recent advances in cancer research revealed signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms that intricately govern glioma progression, offering multifaceted targets for therapeutic intervention. This review explores the dynamic interplay between signaling events and epigenetic regulation in the context of glioma, with a particular focus on the crucial roles played by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Through direct and indirect epigenetic targeting, ncRNAs emerge as key regulators shaping the molecular landscape of glioblastoma across its various stages. By dissecting these intricate regulatory networks, novel and patient-tailored therapeutic strategies could be devised to improve patient outcomes with this devastating disease.

The role of chronic low-grade inflammation in the development of sarcopenia: Advances in molecular mechanisms.

With the exacerbation of global population aging, sarcopenia has become an increasingly recognized public health issue. Sarcopenia, characterized by a progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, significantly impacts the quality of life in the elderly. Herein, we explore the role of chroniclow-gradeinflammation in the development of sarcopenia and its underlying molecular mechanisms, including chronic inflammation-associated signaling pathways, immunosenescence, obesity and lipid infiltration, gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier disruption, and the decline of satellite cells. The interplay and interaction of these molecular mechanisms provide new perspectives on the complexity of the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and offer a theoretical foundation for the development of future therapeutic strategies.

Morphogenesis of confined biofilms: how mechanical interactions determine cellular patterning and global geometry.

Biofilms are surface-attached bacterial communities encased within extracellular matrices that play significant roles in health and society and serve as prototypical examples of proliferating active nematics. Recent advances in fluorescence microscopy have facilitated an unprecedented view of biofilm development at the single-cell level, thus providing the opportunity to develop a mechanistic understanding of how biofilm development is influenced by mechanical interactions with the environment. Here, we review recent studies that examined the morphogenesis of Vibrio cholerae biofilms under confinement at both single-cell and continuum levels. We describe how biofilms under different confinement modes-embedded and interstitial-can acquire various global geometries and forms of cell orientational ordering different from those in unconfined biofilms, and we demonstrate how these properties arise from the mechanical interplay between the biofilm and its confining medium. We also discuss how this interplay is fundamentally governed by the extracellular matrix, which facilitates the transmission of mechanical stress from the medium into the biofilm via adhesion and friction, and serves as the key feature that distinguishes biofilms from classical bacterial colonies. These studies lay the groundwork for many potential future directions, all of which will contribute to the establishment of a new "developmental biology" of biofilms.

Recent advances targeting chemokines for breast cancer.

Breast cancer (BC) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, and its onset and progression involve the interplay of multiple molecular mechanisms. Chemokines and their receptors are key regulators of cell migration and immune responses and contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of BC. This article reviews the classification, functions, and mechanisms of chemokines and their receptors in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of BC cells. This study explores the regulatory roles of chemokines and their receptors in the immune microenvironment of BC, particularly the ways they influence the infiltration, polarization, and antitumor immune responses of immune cells. Finally, this article summarizes the current treatment strategies for breast cancer that utilize chemokines and their receptors and provides insights into future research directions and trends in this field.

Studies on Morphological Evolution of Gravure-Printed ZnO Thin Films Induced by Low-Temperature Vapor Post-Treatment.

In recent years, the morphology control of semiconductor nanomaterials has been attracting increasing attention toward maximizing their functional properties and reaching their end use in real-world devices. However, the development of easy and cost-effective methods for preparing large-scale patterned semiconductor structures on flexible temperature-sensitive substrates remains ever in demand. In this study, vapor post-treatment (VPT) is investigated as a potential, simple and low-cost post-preparative method to morphologically modify gravure-printed zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticulate thin films at low temperatures. Exposing nanoparticles (NPs) to acidic vapor solution, spontaneous restructuring pathways are observed as a consequence of NPs tending to reduce their high interfacial energy. Depending on the imposed environmental conditions during the treatment (e.g., temperature, vapor composition), various ZnO thin-film morphologies are produced, from dense to porous ones, as a result of the activation and interplay of different spontaneous interface elimination mechanisms, including dissolution-precipitation, grain boundary migration and grain rotation-coalescence. The influence of VPT on structural/optical properties has been examined via XRD, UV-visible and photoluminescence measurements. Controlling NP junctions and network nanoporosity, VPT appears as promising cost-effective, low-temperature and pressureless post-preparative platform for preparing supported ZnO NP-based films with improved connectivity and mechanical stability, favoring their practical use and integration in flexible devices.

E. coli transcription factors regulate promoter activity by a universal, homeostatic mechanism.

Transcription factors (TFs) may activate or repress gene expression through an interplay of different mechanisms, including RNA polymerase (RNAP) recruitment, exclusion, and initiation. TFs often have drastically different regulatory behaviors depending on promoter context and interacting cofactors. However, the detailed mechanisms by which each TF affects transcription and produce promoter-dependent regulation is unclear. Here, we discover that a simple model explains the regulatory effects of E. coli TFs in a range of contexts. Specifically, we measure the relationship between basal promoter activity and its regulation by diverse TFs and find that the contextual changes in TF function are determined entirely by the basal strength of the regulated promoter: TFs exert lower fold-change on stronger promoters under a precise inverse scaling. Remarkably, this scaling relationship holds for both activators and repressors, indicating a universal mechanism of gene regulation. Our data, which spans between 100-fold activation to 1000-fold repression, is consistent with a model of regulation driven by stabilization of RNAP at the promoter for every TF. Crucially, this indicates that TFs naturally act to maintain homeostatic expression levels across genetic or environmental perturbations, ensuring robust expression of regulated genes .

Knowing and not knowing: practical reflections on video based feedback as part of neuro-rehabilitation in a case of persistent anosognosia for hemiplegia

ABSTRACT We report the case of DT, a man in his fifties who suffered a large right fronto-parietal hemorrhage, resulting in a dense left weakness and a persistent anosognosia for the resultant hemiplegia. DT engaged in several video-feedback sessions. Video feedback therapy has been successful in previously reported cases of anosognosia, resulting in immediate and lasting resolution. In the current case, similarly dramatic effects were observed, but with a subsequent recurrence of the anosognosic ideation. The present case sheds light on the interplay of neurologic and psychological mechanisms involved in anosognosia and on some of the pragmatic emotional considerations of engaging in this form of rehabilitative therapy.

One unified hypothesis of neuropsychiatric disorders: Transdiagnostic common staging models

Much like physicists perpetually seek a grand unified theory capable of making predictions for particles within the same theoretical framework, the idea that diverse clinical presentations of psychiatric disorders might be explained by common biological mechanisms is of interest to those in the field of biopsychiatry. Despite the attempts made by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to develop a more physiologically oriented diagnostic concept, departing from phenotype-driven diagnostic systems such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the complexity of the RDoC matrix has made it challenging for those accustomed to conventional approaches. In this paper, I endeavor to integrate the diathesis-stress model, the allostatic load model, and the kindling model into what I term “transdiagnostic common staging models.” From this model, shared aspects among different traditional diagnostic categories become apparent, encompassing concepts such as excitatory-inhibitory imbalance, inflammation, inflexibility, and sensitization. While it is possible that different traditional categories may lean towards different neurocircuits or neurotransmitters, I also propose the potential for cross-system interactions. This approach may offer a promising avenue for understanding the complex interplay of biological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders, shedding light on their commonalities and differences.

Lung function in adult patients with osteogenesis imperfecta: a cohort study

BackgroundOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare hereditary bone disease resulting from a defect in collagen synthesis or processing, leading to bone fragility, frequent fractures and skeletal deformities. OI is associated with increased respiratory morbidity and mortality, but the mechanisms of lung involvement are poorly understood, and there are no data on the natural history of lung function. We studied lung function over time in a cohort of adult OI patients at one center.MethodsWe used data from OI patients aged 15 and above followed up at the Lausanne university hospital between 2012 and 2023 with available pre-bronchodilator spirometry. Associations between spirometric measurements at first visit and clinical characteristics were studied through linear regression. Changes of spirometric variables over time were analysed through mixed linear regression. Models were adjusted for age, sex, height and OI type (Sillence classification).ResultsAmong 46 subjects, 24% had impaired spirometry at baseline, with similar distribution between restrictive (8.7%), obstructive (8.7%) and mixed (6.5%) ventilatory patterns. At first visit, higher age was associated with lower FEV1 (β = −0.019 l, p = 0.014) and lower FEV1/FVC (β = −0.175%, p = 0.012). A history of asthma was associated with higher FEV1 (β = 0.636 l, p = 0.028) and FVC (β = 0.834 l, p = 0.010). At first visit, FEV1 (β = −0.750 l, p = 0.006) and FVC (β = −0.859 l, p = 0.004) was lower in individuals with OI Sillence types 3, 4 or 5 compared to type 1. Over a mean follow-up of 3.4 years, smokers had a greater decline of FEV1/FVC compared to non-smokers (β = −6.592%, p = 0.007). Individuals with a mutation in the gene COL1A2 had 740 ml lower FVC compared to those with a mutation in COL1A1 (p = 0.037). After adjustment for sex, age, height and OI type, FEV1 increased by 26 ml (95% CI 8; 45) or 1.28%pred (0.51; 2.05) and FVC increased by 25 ml (95% CI 8; 43) or 0.93%pred (0.31; 1.55) per year of follow-up.ConclusionsAn increase of FEV1 and FVC over time was observed in OI patients after adjustment for other variables, suggesting that the defective collagen synthesis may impact the pulmonary interstitium and lead to increased lung compliance and hyperinflation, in contrast to skeletal deformities, which reduce the thoracic volume. Lung function changes in OI thus result from the interplay of several mechanisms.

Assessment of Serum Metabolism and Eicosanoid Profiling in Pediatric Asthma and Bronchiolitis via Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Asthma, a prevalent chronic inflammatory respiratory disease among children, was the focus of this study. Serum metabolism profiles were examined in patients diagnosed with both asthma and bronchiolitis by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In this study, the serum samples from three distinct groups-comprising patients diagnosed with asthma, bronchiolitis, and a healthy control group-underwent comprehensive non-targeted metabolomics analysis and targeted eicosanoid profiling. Through both univariate and multivariate analyses, significant associations were observed between the pathophysiology of both asthma and bronchiolitis and aberrations in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, purines, and pathways involving cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases, indicative of inflammatory processes and immune responses. Furthermore, metabolic changes in phosphatidylethanolamine, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and bile acids were observed in the asthma group. Bronchiolitis was distinguished by disruptions in acyl carnitine and phosphatidylcholine metabolism. This study offers a new perspective on understanding the interplay of pathogenic mechanisms underlying both asthma and bronchiolitis. Its findings are significant for enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies tailored to asthma stemming from bronchiolitis.

Humans exploit the trade-off between lateral stability and manoeuvrability during walking.

People use the mechanical interplay between stability and manoeuvrability to successfully walk. During single-limb support, body states (position and velocity) that increase in lateral stability will inherently resist lateral manoeuvres, decrease medial stability and facilitate medial manoeuvres. Although not well understood, people can make behavioural decisions exploiting this relationship in anticipation of perturbations or direction changes. To characterize the behavioural component of the stability-manoeuvrability relationship, 24 participants performed many repetitions of a discrete stepping task involving mid-trial reactive manoeuvres (medial or lateral direction) in a Baseline (no external perturbations) and Perturbed (random mediolateral perturbations applied to their pelvis) environment. We hypothesized people would make systematic changes in lateral stability dependent on both environment (increasing lateral stability in the Perturbed environment) and anticipated manoeuvre direction (reducing lateral stability to facilitate lateral manoeuvres). Participants increased lateral stability in the Perturbed environment, coinciding with an increase in manoeuvre reaction time for laterally but not medially directed manoeuvres. Moreover, we observed lower lateral stability in both environments when people anticipated making a lateral manoeuvre when compared to medial manoeuvres. These results support the hypothesis that people behaviourally exploit the mechanical relationship between lateral stability and manoeuvrability depending on walk task goals and external environment.

Interplaying Role of Epigenetic, Exercise and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases

It is important to understand the interplay of epigenetic changes, exercise and nutrition associated with the development of obesity and type-2 diabetes because it offers insights into how environment and lifestyle factors can influence gene expression without altering the genetic code. This knowledge can lead to the development of optimal interventions and preventive strategies that could potentially decrease the rising rates of obesity and type-2 diabetes. The purpose of this review is to examine the interplay of epigenetic, exercise and nutrition on inflammation and metabolic diseases including obesity and type-2 diabetes, and to acquaint the clinicians and researchers with the current advancing and evolving field of exercise and epigenetics. The proposed mechanisms involved pertain to the development of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and type-2 diabetes including inflammation. The benefits with regular exercise include improvement in metabolic health occurring through adaptative mechanisms in the adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver as well as improvement in insulin resistance. Physical activity is defined by providing physiological characteristics of physical fitness that includes aerobic or cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscular strength and muscular endurance via regular aerobic exercise or resistance training. Exercise training encompasses training modality, exercise frequency and duration. We discuss the interplay of epigenetic mechanisms in inflammation that may contribute to the current worldwide obesity and type-2 diabetes. Specifically, epigenetic induces a change in phenotype without changes in genotype and thus the epigenome can modify the genome outcome through several processes that include DNA methylation, post-translational histone modification and gene regulation mediated by non-coding RNA (ncRNA) mechanisms that have been correlated with various metabolic and inflammatory diseases.

How breakthrough innovations develop in an organization with logic multiplicity: A multiple case study of a healthcare organization in China

Despite recognizing the strategic importance of breakthrough innovations (BIs) and changing organizational landscapes toward multifaceted values, the question of how BIs emerge and develop in organizations that exhibit multifaceted value logics remains largely unanswered. To address this gap, we investigate the underlying rationale (i.e. logic interplay) of the organizational mechanisms that contribute to the emergence and development of BI practices under logic multiplicity from the perspective of institutional logic. By conducting in-depth case studies of three breakthrough innovation projects in the context of a prominent Chinese healthcare organization that is characterized by the presence of multiple logics, we identify a process model for BI development under logic multiplicity. The model contains three sequential mechanisms associated with logic interplay—logic-bridging, logic-harmonizing, and logic-tilting—that subsequently contribute to specific BI practices across different stages of the BI development process. Our process model illustrates how organizations with multiple logics facilitate the evolution of BIs, emphasizes the interplay and coevolution of diverse logics and highlights the agency of organizational actors in this context.

Oxidative Stress is a New Avenue for Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Hype of Hope?

The biochemical integrity of the brain is critical in maintaining normal central nervous system (CNS) functions. One of the factors that plays an important role in causing biochemical impairment of the brain is known as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is generally defined as the excessive formation of free radicals relative to antioxidant defenses. The brain is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress because of its high oxygen consumption and lipid-rich content. Therefore, oxidative stress damage is associated with abnormal CNS function. Psychiatric disorders are debilitating diseases. The underlying pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders is poorly defined and may involve the interplay of numerous clinical factors and mechanistic mechanisms. Considerable evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a complex role in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessivecompulsive disorder, panic disorder, and schizophrenia. To address these issues, we reviewed the literature and considered the role of oxidative stress as one of the first pathological changes in the course of neuropsychiatric disorders, which should receive more attention in future research.

Acetoin Promotes Plant Growth and Alleviates Saline Stress by Activating Metabolic Pathways in Lettuce Seedlings.

Acetoin is a volatile organic compound, which is a class of metabolites produced by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. The mechanisms underlying plant growth promotion by acetoin and its potential to induce saline stress tolerance in plants are poorly understood. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort.) seedlings in hydronics and pots under non-saline or saline conditions were foliar-sprayed with 10 mL of 0 or 1 mg·mL-1 acetoin at 7 and 14 d after transplantation and harvested 7 d after the second spray. Shoots and roots of hydroponic lettuce seedlings were harvested at 6 and 24 h after treatment for RNA sequencing. Seedlings sprayed with acetoin showed more vigorous growth, with higher shoot and root biomass than those of the controls, in both hydronic and pot modes. The transcriptomic analysis revealed acetoin application resulted in 177 differentially expressed genes (39 upregulated and 138 downregulated) in shoots and 397 differentially expressed genes (112 upregulated and 285 downregulated) in roots. These DEGs, mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction and the mitogen-activated protein kinase, have the potential to trigger plants' responses to various environmental stimuli, including stress and developmental signals. Under saline conditions, acetoin-treated plants showed increased net leaf photosynthesis and activities of several defense enzymes, indicating that acetoin enhances both fundamental growth and the plant's stress defenses, especially against salinity. In summary, acetoin appears to act through a complex interplay of genetic and biochemical mechanisms, influencing key signaling pathways and physiological processes that lead to improved growth and stress tolerance in lettuce seedlings.

Mechanical Interplay in a Silicon-Graphite Composite Electrode Under High Current Density over Long-Term Operation

Silicon-Graphite (Si-Gr) composite electrodes, composed of heterogeneous active materials, combine the high capacity of silicon with the conductivity and stability of graphite. These anodes, known for their excellent electrochemical performance and cycle stability, are gaining attention as potential replacements for graphite electrodes [1]. However, their long-term cycle stability is not as good as graphite's, and the higher the silicon content, the quicker the degradation occurs. Thus, it is necessary to improve this aspect [2]. The primary reason for the degradation of cycle stability in Si-Gr composite electrodes is the repeated growth of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) during the cycling process [3]. Initially, the SEI forms around the active material, and as the cycling progresses, it extends over the entire electrode [4, 5]. During this process, the electrochemical performance of the active materials within the electrode decreases, and occasionally recovers. This fluctuation is influenced by the repeated growth of the SEI. When the residual stress inside the electrode exceeds the yield point, electrode cracking occurs. Unintentionally, these cracks shorten the ion transport pathways, which in turn can restore the electrochemical performance [5]. However, this interpretation is based on the observed capacity reduction and changes in electrode structure ex-situ. Therefore, there are inherent limitations in clearly delineating the step-by-step processes that result in internal structural changes and crack formation within the electrode. Additional analysis is required to further investigate these phenomena.In this study, to understand the internal structural changes of the Si-Gr composite electrode during high-speed, long-term cycling, we monitored the changes in electrode stress states in-situ during 200 cycles at 1C [6]. Additionally, by varying the silicon ratio, we aimed to comprehend the role of each active material over the long term. In Figure 1a, the observed capacity and stress changes in the 6% Si electrode are overlaid values of the two active materials' reactions. To analyze the stress behavior characteristics due to the volumetric behavior of each active material, as shown in Figures 1b and 1c, the capacity and stress were differentiated to distinguish the contributions of each material (dQ/dV, dσ/dV). Additionally, by calculating the differential stress to differential capacity (dσ/dQ), as shown in Figure 1d, we understood the changes in the electrode structure at the reaction point of Silicon (Si1 for Li3.75Si → LixSi). By further analyzing these results and compiling data from different ratios of active materials, we aim to analyze the changes in internal electrode structure and the causes of crack formation in long-term, based on high-speed charging/discharging. Figure 1