Related Mechanisms Research Articles

Paradigms of Georgia's Transit Potential in the Context of Contemporary Global Challenges

As the centuries pass, global civilization continues to evolve, fostering the progress of globalization processes. Consequently, contemporary society witnesses the increasing convergence of social, economic, political, and demographic processes, which amplifies the significance of international economic activities among nations. Throughout the stages of civilizational development, trade and transportation relations between states have been of paramount importance. In today’s context, this is even more pronounced, as the transportation of goods, transit, and customs procedures serve as mechanisms for shaping economic, social, and political relations among nations. Furthermore, they support developing countries in establishing themselves within regional and international trade markets. Georgia is no exception. Historically, it was a significant part of the Silk Road, linking East and West, facilitating the exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas. The strategic location of our country at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia plays a vital role in regional and international transportation and trade. Georgia acts as a key connector, bridging historically distinct Europe and Asia. Thus, Georgia’s transit corridor emerges as a crucial element of regional and international transport and trade networks. The primary aim of this scientific work is to determine Georgia’s importance as a major transit country in the context of significant socio-economic developments of recent years. The subject of this study is the current state of Georgia’s transit potential, including goods transported via transit and the role of the TIR carnet system in these processes. The object of research is Georgia’s transit corridor and its geo-economic realities. Georgia is actively developing transit infrastructure to further enhance its role as a regional and international transit hub. Its strategic location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, combined with ongoing infrastructure projects and efforts to improve transport connectivity, positions Georgia as a leading player in transit development. The country has established connections with neighboring states – Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey – as well as with major trading nations such as the United States, China, and Eastern European countries

Philosophical Aspects of Time in Modern Physics

In classical physics, the concept of time appeared to be well-understood. With space, it provided a kind of stage where the events followed each other in an orderly way. The introduction of relativity and quantum mechanics profoundly changed this intuitive view. To address these challenges, the Aristotelian vision of time and the now is a promising starting point. His approach is compatible with the absence of absolute time and time's granularity, required by relativity and quantum mechanics, respectively. Several issues, like Einstein’s point coincidence argument and Wheeler's delayed choice experiment, enter the discussion. The Aristotelian approach appears to lead to a novel understanding of time in modern physics.

Abstract A020: Elevated extracellular glucose level in tumor microenvironment by hyperglycemia increases glycolysis rate, stiffness, contractility, and motility of breast cancer cells through the cAMP-RhoA-Rock and AMPK-YAP-RhoA axes to promote metastasis

Abstract Glucose is a preferred nutrient for most cells, including cancer cells. The tumor microenvironment is both hypoxic and hypoglycemic. Glucose levels in tumors are ten times lower than in normal tissues due to poor vascularization and high glucose consumption by cancer cells, which adapt to hypoglycemia. Obesity, often accompanied by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, is linked to increased breast cancer metastasis. High extracellular glucose levels have been shown to promote cancer cell motility, though the mechanisms remain unclear. Given cancer cells' reliance on aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect), we hypothesized that hyperglycemia in obesity promotes cancer metastasis by modulating glucose metabolism and related cell mechanics pathways. Using Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cells, we found that elevated extracellular glucose levels increase glycolysis, activating the RhoA GTPase signaling pathway. This results in greater cell stiffness and contractility, correlating with increased motility. Our unpublished data, which I will present, validate these findings in obese-TNBC mouse models and further elucidate the glycolysis-mediated activation of the RhoA-ROCK axis. We also identified a novel long-term effect of hyperglycemia in promoting metastasis via transcriptional regulation of the AMPK-YAP-RhoA axis. To confirm hyperglycemia's pro-metastatic effects, we developed two obese-TNBC mouse models using diet-induced obesity (DIO) in NSG and C57BL/6J mice with orthotopic implantation of human and mouse TNBC cells, respectively. RhoA GTPase activity was measured with a GTP-RhoA FRET sensor or pull-down assay. Cell stiffness was assessed using our innovative parallel microfiltration (PMF) assay or Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). We disrupted glucose uptake by knocking out glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) via CRISPR/Cas9 or using a GLUT3-selective inhibitor, G3iA. Cell motility was measured by scratch wound-healing and invasion assays. Bulk RNA-seq identified differentially expressed genes under high glucose conditions in human breast cancer cells. Our results show increased lung metastasis of breast cancer cells under hyperglycemic conditions in vivo. Besides the previously reported cAMP-RhoA-ROCK axis, we discovered the glycolysis-AMPK-YAP axis also regulates RhoA-ROCK activity transcriptionally. GLUT3 inhibition activated AMPK, reduced F-actin levels via the AMPK-VASP axis, and decreased non-muscle myosin activity through the AMPK-YAP-RhoA axis. These changes in cell mechanics correlated with reduced motility. Our study suggests that targeting glucose metabolism and cell mechanics could be a novel approach to inhibit cancer metastasis, particularly in obese patients. Citation Format: Tae-Hyung Kim, Aadil Q Bhat, Jun-Yong Choe, Donghoon Yoon. Elevated extracellular glucose level in tumor microenvironment by hyperglycemia increases glycolysis rate, stiffness, contractility, and motility of breast cancer cells through the cAMP-RhoA-Rock and AMPK-YAP-RhoA axes to promote metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Tumor-body Interactions: The Roles of Micro- and Macroenvironment in Cancer; 2024 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(22_Suppl):Abstract nr A020.

Optimization of compensation mechanisms in labor relations

The tools for optimizing labor legislation are constantly being supplemented and radically updated, which requires considering the practice of its application. The projected changes in the compensation mechanism for work under irregular working hours are considered, including those related to the legislative limitation of its duration, the obligation of the employer to keep records of the time worked by the employee outside the established working day (shift), establishing the dependence of the duration of additional annual paid leave provided to the employee on the time worked outside the working day. A comparative analysis of the development of the institution of irregular working hours and the specific of its refinement is carried out.

Perceived effectiveness of celebrities and online influencers in advertising endorsement among Malaysian young adults

Purpose With the emergence of social media, online influencers have played a major role in brand marketing. This study aims to examine how Malaysian young adults perceive advertising endorsements of celebrities and online influencers within the framework of parasocial relations and multiculturalism. Design/methodology/approach This study engaged 42 Malaysian young adults aged 18–24 in semistructured interviews. They were asked to share a television commercial with celebrity endorsement and explain why it was impressive. They were then asked explicitly to compare traditional celebrities and online influencers in terms of attractiveness, credibility and endorsement effects. Findings Advertising execution strategies and emotional attachment to advertising endorsers are the two main reasons for making an advertisement impressive. Interviewees demonstrate strong emotional attachments to celebrities who are national icons. Online influencers are perceived as more relatable, authentic and credible than traditional celebrities. Interviewees perceive that endorsements by traditional celebrities were more effective for luxurious brands and brands targeting older consumers. On the other hand, endorsements by online influencers were perceived to be more effective for low-involvement product categories and brands that target younger consumers. Research limitations/implications This study presents a summary of the parallel perceptions of online influencers and celebrities to explain how young consumers evaluate advertising with celebrity and social media influencer endorsement. Practical implications Malaysian young adults perceive endorsers as people who guide their experiences with ads. Adopting an endorser who is young, has a trendy image, and has a similar cultural background enhances the relatability of ads for young adults. National sports heroes can serve as nation-building agents through celebrity endorsement in advertising. Originality/value Few studies directly compare the endorsement effects of celebrities and online influencers in a multicultural setting. This study provides marketing and theoretical insights to unravel the influencing mechanism of parasocial relations and multiculturalism.

The principle of the budgetary system unity amid implementation of regional budget independence: A case study of the Chechen Republic

Aim. To identify the ways to improve the observance of the principle of unity in the process of formation of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation (RF) on the basis of the analysis of the revenue part of the regional budget of the Chechen Republic.Objectives. To identify problems related to the observance of the principle of unity in the process of forming the budget system of the Russian Federation; to reveal the problem of the socalled chronic income insufficiency in regional and local budgets; to provide evidence of the effectiveness or inefficiency of the current mechanism of inter-institutional financial relations in Russia on the example of the Chechen Republic.Methodology. In the course of the research, the authors used general scientific methods and a number of special ones, including statistical and economic analysis, economic-mathematical and abstract-logical methods, as well as the method of graphical representation of information.Results. The idea is substantiated that the principle of independence of regional budgets should not contradict the principle of unity of the country’s budget system. It is proposed to develop a budget financing mechanism that takes into account not only the difference in providing the region with financial resources for independent development, but also the opportunity to give the funds allocated from the state budget an investment character.Conclusions. The article defines the directions for improving the mechanism while respecting the principle of unity in the process of forming the budget system of the Russian Federation. The country’s budget system should become one of the main sources of investment in the economy of the country and regions.

Inertia in relativistic mechanics

A general and explicit expression for inertia of a body of mass m in special relativity is given, valid for all the cases, as a function of mass, velocity modulus and angle between applied force and velocity vectors. An expression containing the total energy E in the determination of inertia is also obtained. This could be useful to clarify to students the actual role of mass and energy in the definition of the concept of inertia, connecting the two different contexts of Newtonian and relativistic mechanics.

Trends in Mutual Transpositions of Lexical and Grammatical Noun Categories in Russian Language

This study addresses the gap in understanding the lexico-grammatical-structural types of nouns, particularly how lexico-semantic variants gain new connotations during transposition. Drawing upon Babaytseva’s theory of transitivity phenomena and building on Mel’chuk’s text semantic theory, we identify the schemes and mechanisms of transposition relations concerning the lexical and grammatical categories of modern Russian nouns, by analyzing transposition phenomena and their semantic mechanisms in 660 Russian nouns with indefinite denotation and lexical and grammatical status. The research details all possible immigration transpositions of the lexical and grammatical categories of nouns at the minimal context level and their mechanisms. Findings reveal that approximately 27% of the examined nouns carry connotative meanings, encompassing functional-stylistic, cultural-ethnic, and emotional-evaluative facets. Additionally, the transposition of nouns can occur within or between categories. The principal mechanisms of transposition at the syntagmatic level include metaphors and metonymy. Transpositions at the lexical and semantic categories of nouns coincide with several phenomena: changes in the numerical paradigm, phraseologization, connotation, and the unveiling of the noun’s stylistic potential.

Examples of entropy: from physics to nature

Abstract This paper aims to give a short history of how the concept of entropy has been developed and how it is used today in diverse scientific disciplines in our quest for understanding ourselves and our environment. The first part of the paper gives a historical perspective, which starts with the invention of the first heat engines, continues with the verbal formulation of the laws of thermodynamics and ends with the formulation of the mathematical equations that tell the complete story of thermodynamics by describing the transport of mass, momentum, energy and entropy. The second part of the paper focusses on the use of entropy beyond heat engines and shows how entropy has influenced the thinking in scientific disciplines such as chemistry, biology, ecology, communication, economy and sociology. Both a historical summary and the examples presented in this paper are limited to within the domain of classical mechanics. Although entropy has ignited powerful ideas and has many uses in both relativistic and quantum mechanics, these are not within the scope of this paper.

Catalysis in Chemistry and Physics: The Roles of Leptons, Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

Catalysis in Chemistry and Physics: The Roles of Leptons, Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT AND IN MAKING MANAGEMENT DECISIONS IN MODERN CONDITIONS

This article provides an analysis of the use of artificial intelligence systems in various areas of enterprise management. The positive aspects, as well as the problems of introducing artificial intelligence, are considered. Artificial intelligence is used in a wide range of business tasks, allowing automation of many aspects of management activities. This determines the need to study and research its interaction with management processes in the company. This paper provides an analysis of literary sources devoted to research in the field of the use of artificial intelligence, presents its evolutionary development in the activities of enterprises, identifies types of organizations depending on the degree of use of artificial intelligence, and outlines the scope of its application in the business structure of companies. One of the main trends in the world economy at the present stage is the use of artificial intelligence systems in enterprise management, in the process of making management decisions under conditions of uncertainty. The further development of entrepreneurship, ensuring sustainable economic growth, determines the need to study scientific and methodological and scientific and methodological issues of implementing management decisions. The updated methodology for making strategic and management decisions should be focused on the harmonization of known and newly emerging techniques. Some experts note the emergence of signs of an information crisis - a discrepancy between the rapidly increasing mental abilities of people from generation to generation and the even more rapidly increasing flow of information. Currently, in the context of accelerating technological development in the world, the speed of change is rapidly increasing, the time of the business cycle from idea to profit has been reduced from several years to several months, and companies do not need to have material assets to operate effectively. In order to survive in new conditions, companies need to improve the quality of their strategic decisions, and such decisions must be fast, flexible and analytically sound. This development path should be based on intelligent ways of managing the most important resource in the 21st century - information. Artificial intelligence is becoming an essential element of management in many organizations, completely changing the functions and mechanisms of management activities, decision-making systems, human relations and communications in companies. Therefore, the issue of introducing artificial intelligence systems into management is becoming particularly relevant today. Today, in the digital economy, many enterprises are transforming, growing and entering new markets. To maintain the pace of business development at a high level, a flexible and modern approach to management is required. In this regard, the introduction of new technologies in management services is becoming increasingly important. Keywords: artificial intelligence, strategic management, business models, management decisions.

The Function of International Law in Modern International Relations: A Constructivist Perspective

Following World War II, the ongoing process of globalisation led to a proliferation of international conflicts and disputes, prompting an increase in the application and regulation of international law. International law, as a legally binding framework for the rights and responsibilities of sovereign states and other entities with international status, has been crucial in reducing global strife, maintaining peace and promoting cooperation. The post-Cold War era coincided with the rise of constructivist theory, which offers a sociological perspective on world politics, emphasising social normative structures over economic material ones. This perspective underscores the influential role of ideas, norms, and culture in shaping state behaviour constructively. Theoretically, constructivist theories within international relations elucidate the legal function of international law while bolstering its authority and status; thereby further explaining its significance within global affairs. The research encompasses three main components: First, an exploration of the theoretical underpinnings of international law and an analysis of constructivism within the field of international relations will be presented. Secondly, a detailed examination of specific operational mechanisms in modern international relations and their contribution to establishing an orderly framework will be undertaken; and thirdly case analysis to examine how these mechanisms have influenced specific events thus revealing their practical impact. Ultimately concluding that as a normative institutional construct, international law has significantly contributed towards rule-making processes conflict resolution efforts as well as maintaining order within global relations while also highlighting that its construction is an ongoing evolutionary process necessitating continual adjustment within the broader context.

Review Research Paper of Feasibility study on Anti-Gravity Effect for Advance Propulsion system and technologies

The concept of anti-gravity, often portrayed in science fiction as a means to counteract or negate the effects of gravitational force, has intrigued scientists and enthusiasts alike for decades. This paper explores the feasibility of achieving anti-gravity effects through various theoretical and experimental perspectives. Firstly, theoretical frameworks such as general relativity and quantum mechanics are reviewed to understand gravity and its potential manipulation. While these theories provide foundational insights, they also highlight the immense challenges involved in directly counteracting gravitational forces due to their fundamental nature. Next, experimental efforts and hypothetical technologies proposed in scientific literature are examined. Concepts such as negative mass, exotic matter, and gravitational shielding are discussed in terms of their theoretical underpinnings and practical limitations. Experimental evidence, including anomalies in gravitational measurements and speculative engineering proposals, are scrutinized to evaluate their relevance to achieving anti-gravity effects. Furthermore, the paper addresses the technological and ethical implications of developing anti-gravity technology. Considerations such as energy requirements, environmental impact, and societal readiness are explored to provide a holistic perspective on the feasibility and desirability of pursuing anti-gravity research. Ultimately, while the idea of anti-gravity remains a captivating subject of scientific inquiry and fiction, current understanding and technological capabilities suggest significant hurdles that must be overcome before practical anti-gravity effects can be realized. This paper concludes by outlining potential avenues for future research and highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of addressing such a complex phenomenon.

Quantum geometric perspective on the origin of quantum-conditioned curvatures

Abstract The quantization of the gravitational field, which includes the metric field, has been investigated using various methods such as loop quantum gravity, quantum field theory, and string theory. Nevertheless, an alternative strategy to tackle the challenge of merging the fundamentally different theories of general relativity (GR) and quantum mechanics (QM) is through a quantum geometric approach. This particular approach entails extending QM to relativistic energies and finite gravitational fields, while also expanding the continuous Riemann to a discretized (quantized) Finsler-Hamilton geometry. By embracing this method, it may be feasible to bridge the gap between GR and QM or even achieve their unification. The resulting fundamental tensor appears to blend its original classical and quantum characteristics, effectively integrating quantum-mechanically induced revisions to the affine connections and spacetime curvatures. Our study primarily focuses on investigating the Ricci curvature tensor in the context of the Einstein-Gilbert-Straus metric. By employing both analytical and numerical methods, we have identified quantum-conditioned curvatures (QCC) that act as additional sources of gravitation. These QCC exhibit a fundamental difference from the traditional curvatures described by Einsteinian GR. While the Ricci curvatures are predominantly positive across most regions, the quantized Ricci curvatures display negativity. We conclude that the QCC a) possess an intrinsic, essential, and real character, b) should not be disregarded due to their significant magnitude, and c) are fundamentally different from the curvatures found in classical GR. Moreover, we conclude that the proposed quantum geometric approach may offer an alternative mathematical framework for understanding the emergence of quantum gravity.

Insights into the Mechanism of Osteoporosis and the Available Treatment Options.

Osteoporosis, one of the most prevalent bone illnesses, majorly affects postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age. Osteoporosis is associated with an increased susceptibility to fragility fractures and can result in persistent pain and significant impairment in affected individuals. The primary method for diagnosing osteoporosis involves the assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) through the utilisation of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The integration of a fracture risk assessment algorithm with bone mineral density (BMD) has led to significant progress in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Given that osteoporosis is a chronic condition and multiple factors play an important role in maintaining bone mass, comprehending its underlying mechanism is crucial for developing more effective pharmaceutical interventions for the disease. The effective management of osteoporosis involves the utilisation of appropriate pharmacological agents in conjunction with suitable dietary interventions and lifestyle modifications. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the types of osteoporosis and elucidates the currently available pharmacological treatment options and their related mechanism of action and usage.

The mechanism of legal relations in the context of modern legal policy P. P. Serkov. Legal relationship (theory and practice of modern legal policy): in 2 parts. Moscow: Norma, 2023. Part 1: legal doctrine and legal policy measures. – 872 pp.; Part 2: generalization of legal experiences of ascent to man, society And the state. – 672 pp.

The multidimensional nature of law, designed to act as the main social regulator and the importance of legal policy for the progressive development and functioning of the legal system, which is increasing in the context of modern challenges to national security, determines the theoretical and practical significance of research on the phenomenon of legal policy. The peer-reviewed monograph provides a scientific substantiation of the systemic relationship between the mechanism of legal relations and legal policy. The author of the monograph comprehensively and from original positions examines the essence of legal policy, the problems associated with its scientific knowledge and implementation, and identifies its patterns.

Enjoying the moment of joy: Culture and self during emotional experience

ABSTRACT Is my joy, your joy? Recent theory suggests the key mechanism of joy as the right relation between self and situation. To investigate joy at the intersection of culture and self, we collected quantitative and qualitative data from White, Asian American, and Asian International participants (N = 257). Based on their own definition of joy, participants recalled a recent joy experience. We found significant cultural differences in three dimensions of self during joy experiences: Asian International participants sampled less from the personal dimension than White participants. They also sampled less from the relational and more from the collective dimensions than both Asian American and White participants. The resulting qualitative themes support the mechanism of right relation across culture – joy is shared, fulfilling, and experienced in the moment – with cultural nuances in composition, source, and timeframe. This research thus reveals how personal identity and cultural milieu are engaged in affective experience and meta-affect.

Revisiting the Schwarzschild black hole solution: A distributional approach

We present a novel perspective on the Schwarzschild, Reissner–Nordstrom, and Massless Black Holes solutions, a cornerstone of general relativity, by employing a distributional approach. The conventional solutions are shown to be incomplete, failing to capture the true nature of the gravitational field near the black hole’s singularity. Drawing from advanced concepts in functional analysis and distribution theory, we derive generalized solutions that resolves the apparent singularities and provides new insights into the behavior of matter and energy in the vicinity of a black hole. Our findings suggest the possibility of quantum tunneling, allowing particles to traverse the event horizon under specific conditions. This work not only offers a more rigorous treatment of the Schwarzschild, Reissner–Nordstrom and Massless Black Hole solutions but also paves the way for a deeper understanding of black hole physics and the interplay between general relativity and quantum mechanics.

Anti-foundationalist Coherentism as an Ontology for Relational Quantum Mechanics

There have been a number of recent attempts to identify the best metaphysical framework for capturing Rovelli’s Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM). All such accounts commit to some form of fundamentalia, whether they be traditional objects, physical relations, events or ‘flashes’, or the cosmos as a fundamental whole. However, Rovelli’s own recommendation is that ‘a natural philosophical home for RQM is an anti-foundationalist perspective' (Rovelli in Philos Trans R Soc 376:10, 2018). This gives us some prima facie reason to explore options beyond these foundationalist frameworks, and take seriously a picture that lacks fundamentalia. I construct an argument from elimination in favour of an anti-foundationalist interpretation of RQM. The argument notes that priority monism and priority pluralism are exhaustive foundationalist options, and then shows that there are reasons to reject their union with RQM. I finish by recommending metaphysical coherentism as a promising anti-foundationalist alternative, which captures the key characteristics of RQM through accepting symmetrical dependence, whilst avoiding challenges by jettisoning any commitment to fundamental entities.

Relativistic scalar fields canonical quantization in Einstein–Yang–Mills–Higgs’s rotating black hole space-time

The quantum theory of relativistic mechanics to deal with the scalar fields behavior in a curved space-time is represented by the Klein–Gordon equation. In this work, we will investigate the gravitationally bound states of massive and massless scalar fields around a Einstein–Yang–Mills–Higgs’s rotating black hole. After applying the standard separation of variables ansatz, we will show in detail how to obtain the novel exact solutions of the radial part of the governing Klein–Gordon equation and express the radial solution in terms of the Confluent Heun functions. By applying the bound state boundary conditions, the Confluent Heun functions are reduced to be polynomials that lead to energy quantization. We find that the scalar fields have complex-valued energy levels that indicate the decaying/growing bound states known as quasibound states. In the end, using the exact radial solution, we derive the radiation distribution function of the black hole’s outer horizon to obtain the equation of the Hawking temperature.