Technology Transfer Mechanisms Research Articles

Transfer of ESTs in international law: A climate justice approach

Early industrialization of the developed countries has enabled their leadership in technological innovation, including environmentally sound technologies. ESTs are technologies that help prevent, control, or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Endorsed as an integral part of climate action, a binding obligation to ensure access for global south to these technologies remains missing from international environment law and international intellectual property rights law. Transfer of technology also faces certain economic barriers such as lack of infrastructure and human resources that enable adoption and absorption of ESTs. Moreover, there exists ideological differences between developed countries and developing and least developed countries regarding mechanism of technology transfer, creating an impasse in international negotiations to achieve EST transfer. In this paper the author has attempted to reframe the discussion on transfer of ESTs through a climate justice perspective. An incorporation of the practical aspects of the common but differentiated responsibilities of the developed countries into the TRIPS regime, in the form of binding obligations to technology transfer and financial assistance, or relaxations in patent protections, may provide adequate resolution. A balanced and rational approach to EST transfer, beyond the exigencies of global politics, is necessary for the continued prosperity of the Earth.

An Investigation of the Mechanisms of Technology Transfer and Automation in Universities: A Case Study on Promoting Entrepreneurship and Startup Ecosystems at Bangladesh Open University

This study conducts a thorough analysis of the processes involved in technology transfer, automation, and entrepreneurship at Bangladesh Open University (BOU), using a qualitative research methodology. The study utilizes thematic analysis, supported by NVivo, to extract valuable insights from interviews with 30 important stakeholders, including academics, students, and administrators. The results indicate moderate achievements in the transfer of technology, characterized by difficulties in commercializing university research and developing robust industry connections. Within the field of automation, the study emphasizes the important role it plays in improving access to education, while also acknowledging the difficulties created by limited digital skills and unequal distribution of resources. The expansion of the entrepreneurship ecosystem at BOU is clearly visible, but, it is limited by a requirement for stronger support systems, namely in the areas of mentorship and funding. These qualitative views provide a detailed and subtle viewpoint on how BOU aligns with or deviates from well-known ideas like the Triple Helix Model and Academic Entrepreneurship Theory. They emphasize the distinct problems and opportunities that arise in an open university environment. The study’s results make significant contributions to scholarly discussions, highlighting the importance of customized approaches in incorporating technology and fostering entrepreneurial growth in higher education, particularly in the context of developing nations.

К вопросу об опыте эффективного управления трансфером технологий

The current state of society presupposes constant and stable development of the technological sphere, and also sets companies the task of constantly improving efficiency and applying the latest technological developments and introducing innovations into their activities. Despite the course taken by the Government of the Russian Federation to innovatize and update all spheres of the Russian economy, there are still difficulties in fulfilling this task. In particular, the problems associated with the complexity of implementing innovations in the organization due to both high financial costs and lack of expertise in their application. One of the ways to solve this problem is the use of technology transfer mechanisms. In this paper, the author analyzes the existing experience of using this concept in the economy of foreign countries, and also explores existing developments and problems in this matter in the Russian Federation.

The Paradigm Shift of Agricultural Extension from Technology Transfer Towards Participatory Approaches

Purpose: Different technology transfer mechanisms are used to disseminate innovative agricultural technologies. The extension approaches based on the top-down transfer of technology were dominated in the past. That paradigm could not achieve reasonable benefits to many users but the resource-rich clientele reaped the benefits. Therefore, new concepts and approaches were warranted. The paper describes the outcomes of the paradigm shift of agricultural extension from technology transfer to participatory technologies..Research Method: The paper contains the information collected from published literature on technology transfer efforts, global experience in Participatory Rural Appraisal applications, and the research findings from participatory rural appraisal sessions conducted in Sri Lanka.Findings: The critical issue of technology transfer models was insufficient attention granted to incorporate.the participation of grassroots-level clientele. Hence, real community needs were omitted. The concept of Participatory Rural Appraisal evolved as an alternative scenario and was implemented with promising results. The Participatory Rural Appraisal is a bottom-up approach, that incorporates local knowledge and community participation, uses simple technology, requires low cost, and could be applied in rural areas without complex apparatus. Participants have a great opportunity to express their actual needs. Hence, a valid plan can be designed and the community will participate in the following stages of the planning cycle. This study reviews the Participatory Rural Appraisal experience worldwide and the paradigm shift taken place in technology transfer from a top-down approach to participatory methods.

Understanding Technology Transfer Mechanisms: Assessing Impact of Technology Licensing on Performance of Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry

Understanding Technology Transfer Mechanisms: Assessing Impact of Technology Licensing on Performance of Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry

Influence of Socio-economic Factors on the Use of Information Dissemination Channels among Groundnut Farmers in Northwest Nigeria

The study assessed the influence of socio-economic factors in the use of information dissemination channels among groundnut farmers in Northwest Nigeria. The research used primary data collected from 349 smallholder groundnut growers. Chi-squared was used in data analysis. The results indicated that farmers’ place of residence (X2 =169.417, df=15) and sex (X2 =14.049, df=5) had a significant association with the farm visit extension pieces of advice. Also, significant associations were found between respondents’ place of residence (X2 = 169.417, df=15), sex (X2 =14.049, df=5) and income (X2 = 30.956, df= 15) with the use of radio. Furthermore, significant associations were found between respondents’ place of residence (X2 =103.417, df=15), sex (X2 =13.777, df=5) and income (X2 =22.973, df= 15) with the use of mobile phones. The article concludes that farmers’ place of residence, sex and income have a significant effect on their preference to the use of extension visits, radio and mobile phone technology transfer mechanisms in the study areas. It is recommended for constant training and retraining of extension workers to enhance their information delivery skills. Also, government and other stakeholders should give financial and logistic support to the extension workers to make use of diversified information communication channels.

A TYPOLOGY OF CONTEMPORARY MODELS FOR DUAL-USE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

This paper provides an integrative analysis of key mechanisms for dual-use technology transfer, developing a contemporary typology based on real-world examples. It examines the comparative advantages and risks of direct commercial sales, licensing agreements, foreign direct investment, and international R&D partnerships. The study highlights how each mechanism enables broader dissemination of technology but also poses potential perils such as intellectual property compromise, arms proliferation, and unauthorized knowledge transfer. Dual-use technologies range across sectors like information technology, biotechnology, aerospace, and nanotechnology, with nuclear technology being a prime example. The transfer landscape involves diverse actors from governments to corporations to research institutions. Given national security implications, robust governance frameworks are needed to ensure responsible cross-border transfer.

Welfare effects of introducing quality certification system for developing countries: Evidence from the Chinese experience*

This paper examines whether the quality-certification system might benefit developing economies while there is a widespread conjecture that the system might negatively affect technologically less developed economies. Based on a simple oligopoly model where a developing economy trades with an advanced economy that produces higher quality products, we demonstrate that the introduction of a quality certification system between technologically asymmetric countries might deteriorate the trade balance of the developing economy with the widened technology gap. In addition, we demonstrate that the empirical evidence from the Chinese experience of introducing a quality certification system for imported products from the EU supports the theoretical findings. That is, the imports from the EU to China have significantly increased with the increased quality gap after China introduced the quality certification system. The results implicate that the quality certification system might damage less developed economies when advanced economies hesitate technology transfer, and therefore, it is increasingly imperative to introduce an international coordination mechanism for active technology transfer when quality certification systems are introduced with respect to developing economies.

The model of technology transfer from the defense industry to the civilian sector of the economy

The need to strengthen technological sovereignty and enhance the technological development of the country requires effective mechanisms for technology transfer, including from the defense sector to the civilian one. The purpose of the article is to propose a possible model for the organization of technology transfer from the military-industrial complex to the civilian sector of the economy. An analysis of statistical materials, current legislation and existing infrastructure showed that patent and technological activity in the country is declining; existing institutional support is insufficient to reverse this trend. One of the possible solutions to this issue is the organization of a technology transfer system, which will allow more active use of the capabilities of the defense industry for the development of civilian industries. The proposed model of such transfer is based on network interaction and coordination of all necessary functions within the technology transfer institution. The principles on which the model is based are substantiated: three levels of management; the possibility of state financing; a “single window” of technology transfer; information circulation; motivation of developers; personnel training system. The stages of technological transfer have been adjusted taking into account the specifics of the defense industry. The function of technological transfer for the transfer of information from industry to science is revealed, it is proposed to expand the use of the model in the direction of forecasting priority areas of science and technology development. From a theoretical point of view, technological transfer is defined as a mixed good, which justifies the role of the state in the presented model.

Організаційно-економічні аспекти трансферу технологій у роботі міжнародних компаній

The main goal of this study is to consider the organizational and economic aspects of technology transfer in the activities of international companies in order to increase their level of competitiveness in international markets. The theoretical provisions of technology transfer in the business environment are considered. The technology transfer policy in the international work of companies is revealed. The state of the market of international technology transfer is analyzed, indicating the features of its development in market conditions. The regulatory mechanisms of technology transfer in international companies have been studied. The problematic aspects and prospects of the implementation of technology transfer at the national level in the conditions of the post-war development of the economy of Ukraine are revealed.

Agribusiness and Supply Chain Development Policies in Nepal: A Review from Temporal Dynamics

A critical review of agriculture policies during different plan periods, aligned with political changes, has been conducted out to understand the shift in priorities, technology transfer ,support products, and private sector engagement. Firstly, in the 1950s, the policies were influenced by the first five-year plan and focused on the import and dissemination of technology. During the three decades of the Panchayat era, there was an emphasis on state mechanisms for technology transfer, agribusiness, and research, with limited incentives for the private sector. After 1990, agricultural policy products followed a path of liberalization and focused on defining the state’s role and promoting pluralism. This period witnessed the establishment of a wide range of private and cooperative-led agribusinesses, although their growth was hindered by political conflict. Subsequently, policies began to incorporate priorities such as nutrition security, comparative advantage, competitiveness, climate change adaptation, agrobiodiversity conservation, and sustainability. However, with the federalization of the state and establishment of a three-tier governance system in 2015, agriculture policies, priorities and strategies a became fragmented, diversified, and localized, and lack harmonization. This review demonstrates that agriculture policies were largely influenced by domestic political developments and structural changes at the international level. Nonetheless, a consistent focus on increasing production and productivity, as well as achieving food security and self-sufficiency, can be observed.. Throughout all policy periods, supply chain development, a crucial component of agribusiness, received limited prioritization, which remains a major impediment to agricultural transformation. Despite seven decades of policy evolution, Nepal has been unable to create an enabling policy environment to attract significant private and cooperative sector investments that could drive substantial growth in agribusiness. This situation calls for further research in the field of policy formulation capacity among the three tiers of government to foster agribusiness and promote supply chain development for agricultural transformation.

Participatory Democracy as the Ideal Context for Social Innovation. Evidence from the European Union

While innovation has evolved into a common concept for quite a few decades now, especially given the need for new forms of development that require technology transfer and creativity mechanisms, less so is the case of social innovation. The latter remains a rather controversial concept, caught between two extremes: some authors consider it to be useless for academic research given its vagueness, while others point to its sacrosanctity given the need for new ways of societal and political development. Knowledge-creation, idea generation and openness are mechanisms that any type of innovation relies upon. However, social innovation takes these concepts one step further and seeks to become a driving force for institutional change, therefore strongly linked with how liberal democracy works. The current paper aims to look at how social innovation is linked to the participative component of liberal democracy by looking at case studies from the European Union.

From technological to social innovation: toward a mission-reorientation of entrepreneurial universities

AbstractSocial innovation has increasingly become an issue of policy and particularly given the policy focus on societal grand challenges. As anchor institutions, the challenge for entrepreneurial universities is to effectively respond and contribute to both technological and social innovation through knowledge and technology transfer. The current conceptualization of entrepreneurial universities is predominately focused on technological innovation. This paper argues for a mission-reorientation of entrepreneurial universities that extends the current technological innovation based conceptualization to incorporate social innovation that effectively addresses environmental and societal challenges and responds to calls in the society for more sustainable and inclusive growth. While current business models that underpin entrepreneurial universities and underlying knowledge and technology transfer mechanisms mainly incentivize the commercialization and transfer of economic knowledge, an incorporating of social dimensions of innovation allows the conceptualization of a broader and more extensive role of entrepreneurial universities.

Корпоративный акселератор как стратегический инструмент развития трансфера технологий для предприятий легкой промышленности и моды

Abstract. A corporate accelerator allows a company to realize its strategic priority in the field of technology transfer, find the best solution to existing problems, reduce costs or increase the efficiency of business processes. Access to labor, infrastructure, financial resources of an economic entity allows pilot projects to provide all the conditions for the formation of the company’s technological sovereignty. The purpose of this scientific work is to identify the theoretical foundations of the corporate accelerator tool, as well as review and analyze the best strategic domestic and foreign practices. The scientific article analyzes different types of accelerators and their strategic goals. Corporate venture accelerators are aimed at developing projects as independent business areas. Enterprise technology accelerators have the strategic goal of creating product and service providers. Internal accelerators activate the results of intellectual activity within the company. Process accelerators allow you to increase the internal efficiency of processes and facilitate interaction with external actors. Accelerators based on the venture client model allow you to quickly implement pilot projects with the customer. The strategic goals and expected results of the acceleration program must exactly match the development strategy of the company in whose interests the acceleration program is being carried out. The strategic goal-setting of acceleration programs can be very different and depends on the strategy. The analysis made it possible to formulate the key strategic principles for the use of this tool in the light industry and the fashion industry. The author formulated that the acceleration program should be determined by the specific interests and strategic priorities of the light industry and fashion industry companies. Such interests may be entering a new sales market, technological re-equipment, digitalization of processes, and so on. The company’s financial priorities should imply the sufficiency of resources to ensure the development of an innovative direction through the use of a technology transfer mechanism. To increase economic and social efficiency, the labor resources of an industry company should be involved in the launch, implementation and improvement of such programs. A strategic target map of accelerators is proposed depending on their types. The results of this work will allow professionals in the field of creative economy to independently develop technological priorities for the development of their innovation ecosystem in the long term. This study uses the following methodological tools: study, analysis, synthesis, formalization, strategic benchmarking. The strategic principles for the creation and operation of a corporate accelerator in the fashion industry are based on the theory and methodology of strategizing by Academician V. L. Kvint. Further research may be devoted to the analysis of social and economic efficiency in the context of corporate acceleration.

FEATURES OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MODERN REALITIES OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

The article is devoted to the definition and analysis of the features of international technology transfer. The aggravation of the economic situation in Ukraine, first as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, and later as a result of a full-scale invasion, significantly affected all socio-economic processes both within our country and on a global scale. The result of such modern challenges was a slowdown in global economic growth. In order to activate the innovative environment in Ukraine, it is necessary to solve the issue of ensuring the exit of domestic progressive technologies, including those produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, to world markets. Therefore, international transfer is the priority direction of Ukrainian innovation policy. Since the goal of technology transfer is precisely the economic growth and improvement of the population’s well-being, its development acquires urgent significance in terms of solving the problems outlined above. The article examines the essence and features of international technology transfer. The positive features of technology transfer are identified. The stages of technology transfer are characterized. In the conditions of recovery and development of the Ukrainian economy, the construction of an effective technology transfer mechanism will be based on the construction of an effective mechanism of interaction between the state and business structures, the development of technology transfer centers, and the expansion of state policy in the field of technology transfer. It has been determined that increasing the efficiency of the technology transfer mechanism will contribute to increasing the level of development of information and communication technologies through the creation of specialized scientific and technological platforms. Forms of technology transfer are outlined. Sources of technology transfer commercialization are considered. The main methods of commercialization of technology transfer are defined.

Current Legal Aspects of Information Security of Innovative Activities

Problem setting. It should be agreed that the primary task of the organization of information provision of innovative activity is the formation of information resources, the composition of which should be oriented towards the establishment of information links between participants (subjects) of the innovation sphere, which carry out activities at all stages of the innovation process, in order to ensure mutual relations the connection between demand and supply of innovative products of national production. Moreover, information provision should be oriented towards the creation of effective means of access to information resources and their optimal management from the birth of an idea to the commercialization of the results of innovative activity. In today’s conditions, the issue of information support for innovative activities is gaining considerable relevance, taking into account modern trends in the introduction and use of the latest information technologies (resources). Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issue of ensuring the innovation process and innovative activity (including information) was considered in the works of many scientists. Thus, S.V. Hlibko considered the issue of functional support of the innovation process. The study of the technology transfer mechanism and its implementation in the innovation process was conducted by O.V. Rozghon.In addition, Yu. V. Pasmor considered the problems of information provision of innovations. However, today there is not a large number of scientific studies that would comprehensively cover the issue of information provision of innovative activities, therefore this topic is relevant and requires additional research. Target of the research is to study the current legal aspects of information support of the innovation process, including the study of issues of formation and use of information resources in the field of innovation activity. Article’s main body. In the scientific work, some relevant legal aspects of information provision of innovative activities are investigated. The article analyzes the norms of the current regulation of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine «About the Ukrainian Research Information System», the main purpose of which is the collection, formation, preservation, verification of data and information in the field of scientific and scientific and technical activities, ensuring access to them and their use as well as automation of procedures and processes of interaction between subjects and users of the system. It has been established that the Ukrainian Research Information System functions on the more important principles of scientificity, humanism, democracy, organic combination of educational, scientific and innovative activities. It is through the implementation of the specified principles, including the principle of combining educational, scientific and innovative activities, that it is possible to ensure sustainable innovative development of the national economy. It is noted that the creation of the Ukrainian Research Information System is an example of the implementation of the best European and global practices and aims to stimulate the development of scientific, scientific and technical and innovative spheres. Conclusions and prospects for the development. As a result of consideration of current legal issues of information support of innovative activity, in particular the process of legislative implementation and the peculiarities of the functioning of the Ukrainian Research Information System, it is appropriate to draw a conclusion regarding the importance of this system for the proper implementation of scientific, scientific and technical, innovative activities and infrastructural support of the innovative process. In addition, it should be emphasized that the information infrastructure should ensure the formation and implementation of new information resources and appropriate access to them by users. Therefore, the main task of the process of organizing the information support of innovative activity should be the formation of innovative resources. That is, the effectiveness of innovative activity must be ensured with the help of appropriate resources (including information) and determined precisely by the level of appropriate information support. In addition, the development of scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activities requires the availability of a modern and up-to-date information base.

ТРАНСФЕР ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В УКРАЇНІ: СУЧАСНІ ВИКЛИКИ

The article is devoted to the study of the problematic issue of technology transfer in today's conditions. Legislators and by-laws regulating relations in the field of technology transfer are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the importance of scientific technologies and their implementation in the activities of industrial enterprises, which is an indispensable development of the economic growth of many leading economically developed countries, as well as a determining factor in the progress of society and the improvement of the welfare of citizens. Informational, analytical and statistical data on the impact of technology transfer on the financial condition of enterprises, institutions and organizations in relation to budget funds are presented. Among the positive financial indicators, based on the analysis of statistical data and scientific literature, attention is drawn and problems hindering the integration of the technology transfer process in domestic industrial enterprises are identified. In particular, these are: migration of scientists; insufficient amounts of funding for innovative activities; low innovative activity of active enterprises, which leads to a reduction in the share of innovative products both in the structure of production and in exports; low level of state support for innovation and demand for high-tech products; lack of stimulating technology transfer mechanisms. Using the example of the report of the State Enterprise «Ukrainian Institute of Intellectual Property» for 2021, attention is drawn to the decline in innovative activity of domestic enterprises. It is emphasized that in the conditions of a full-scale war between Russia and Ukraine, state support for innovations, inventors, and other authors of intellectual property rights is a guarantee of increasing the economic potential and military-industrial complex of the state. Addresses existing problematic issues of state security regarding the transfer of technology, protection of secret inventions, commercial secrets, other objects of intellectual property law, and suggests ways of solving problematic issues in the field of technology transfer in Ukraine.

Equitable Research Capacity Towards the Sustainable Development Goals: The Case for Open Science Hardware

Changes in science funders’ mandates have resulted in advances in open access to data, software, and publications. Research capacity, however, is still unequally distributed worldwide, hindering the impact of these efforts. We argue that to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), open science policies must shift focus from products to processes and infrastructure, including access to open source scientific equipment. This article discusses how conventional, black box, proprietary approaches to science hardware reinforce inequalities in science and slow down innovation everywhere, while also representing a threat to research capacity strengthening efforts. We offer science funders three policy recommendations to promote open science hardware for research capacity strengthening: a) incorporating open hardware into existing open science mandates, b) incentivizing demand through technology transfer and procurement mechanisms, c) promoting the adoption of open hardware in national and regional service centers. We expect this agenda to foster capacity building towards enabling the more equitable and efficient science needed to achieve the SDGs.

Evaluation and Demonstration of Irrigation Regime on Cotton: Evidence from Small Plot Adaptive Research in Katsina State, Nigeria

Cotton production output in Nigeria, is far below on-station potential yields owing to poor seeds, adulterated fertilizers, unimproved cultural practices, and soil infertility. Small plot adaptive demonstration technology transfer mechanisms under irrigated conditions were organized in 2021, in collaborations with the Institute for Agricultural Research. The recommended packages disseminated were the use of improved varieties SAMCOT 9, SAMCOT 11 and SAMCOT 13, herbicide application, land preparation, watering, planting, gap filling, weeding, fertilizer application, pest control, harvesting and processing. The result reveled that all the participants were male, and more than two-third were in productive age. Also, majority had adequate household size and adequate farming experiences. However, low literacy constitutes the larger majority. The results of the demonstration revealed that farmers obtained a yield of (1,401.3kg), less than on-station potential yield (1,600kg to 2000kg). Further result on cost and return revealed that farmers’ production expenses rose to N410, 700:00, while the revenue generated is N420, 800:00, having a net profit of N9, 690:00. Additionally, aphid infestation and late demonstrations were ranked as the top amongst the production constraints; others were irrigation water drying in the dam, livestock encroachment, climatic stress, and inconsistence seed germination. Conclusively, improved farm technology has great potential in enhancing the cotton productivity and profitability through small plot adaptive demonstration trials in Batagarawa, Mai’aduwa, Dutsinma, Kafur, Malumfashi and Faskari Local Government Areas of Katsina State, Nigeria. It is recommended that farmers’ literacy level need to be enhanced via adult literacy initiatives and other production constraints require utmost solutions.

Green Technology Transfer, Environmental Regulation, and Regional Green Development Chasm: Based on the Empirical Evidence from Yangtze River Delta.

In the face of achieving the overall goal of emission peak and carbon neutrality, strengthening green technology transfer and environmental regulation is the key to narrowing the green technology gap and green development chasm between regions. This paper integrates green technology transfer, environmental regulation, and the green development chasm into one model, and analyzes the mechanism by which green technology transfer and environmental regulation impact the green development chasm. An empirical test was conducted by employing green technology transfer patent and panel data of the Yangtze River Delta from 2005-2019. The results are as follows: (1) Although the green development chasm still exists in the Yangtze River Delta, green technology transfer and environmental regulation have a positive impact on narrowing the regional green development chasm. Especially, the superposition of green technology transfer and environmental regulation can effectively make up for the lack of government and market regulation, and significantly promote the narrowing of the green development chasm. (2) Regional heterogeneity exists and developed regions can achieve the goal of narrowing the green development chasm by relying on green technology transfer or environmental regulation, while less developed regions must rely on the synergy of two dimensions. Thus, the coordination of green technology transfer and environmental regulation must be strengthened. Based on the above research, the main contributions of this paper are to analyze the theoretical mechanism of green technology transfer, environmental regulation, and regional green development chasm, to provide a theoretical and empirical basis for realizing the overall goal of regional green development, and suggestions for optimizing China's current policies.