Abstract
This paper provides an integrative analysis of key mechanisms for dual-use technology transfer, developing a contemporary typology based on real-world examples. It examines the comparative advantages and risks of direct commercial sales, licensing agreements, foreign direct investment, and international R&D partnerships. The study highlights how each mechanism enables broader dissemination of technology but also poses potential perils such as intellectual property compromise, arms proliferation, and unauthorized knowledge transfer. Dual-use technologies range across sectors like information technology, biotechnology, aerospace, and nanotechnology, with nuclear technology being a prime example. The transfer landscape involves diverse actors from governments to corporations to research institutions. Given national security implications, robust governance frameworks are needed to ensure responsible cross-border transfer.
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