Mechanisms Of Social Inclusion Research Articles

Police redistricting reforms and urban governance

AbstractPolice redistricting reforms are surprisingly understudied. While many understand redistricting in other realms as a mechanism of social inclusion and exclusion, police redistricting is often overlooked as merely technocratic. We argue that, in fact, police redistricting reforms are substantively and theoretically important because they articulate urban policy amid the pressures of neoliberal governance. Redistricting defines the functions and activities of the police, responds to political and economic pressures, and redistributes resources across racial spaces. To illustrate, we analyze publicly available materials describing 43 police redistricting reforms in 35 major cities in the United States. We find in these reforms an enduring emphasis on the role of the police as emergency service providers. Urban austerity and growth politics inflect redistricting and impact the distribution of police service across the city. While redistricting can theoretically result in more equitable policing, it can also amplify racial inequities by triaging resources toward downtowns and predominantly white neighborhoods, at the expense of police response in communities of color. We call for more attention to police redistricting as an arena of urban governance.

Mecanismos de exclusión social en una escuela preuniversitaria meritocrática

The article starts from the proposal to modify the entrance to a traditional pre-university secondary school in Bahia Blanca, which, since its creation, has held the entrance exam. In 2014, the draw was partially incorporated and in 2021, in the context of the quarantine by Covid-19, the total access by draw was imposed for external applicants due to the inequalities of the meritocratic admission system. Which, according to the promoters of change, would promote the creation of an elite of well-to-do classes within the school, being for them the only reason for questioned educational segregation. So the present work inquires if the school dependent on the UNS has mechanisms of social inclusion that attract the enrollment that would be being excluded by the meritocratic system, or if, on the contrary, it reinforces segregation with different mechanisms of social exclusion. A qualitative methodology is used based on semi-structured interviews with teachers and principals of the analyzed institution and other schools from its city, complemented with an analysis of the regulations that rule the operation of the school and quantitative data about the access of its students. It is stated that these mechanisms exceed the admission system proposed by the school, and they correspond to an inclusive educational policy that is absent in the school studied.

Agencies and Mechanisms of Social Inclusion and Exclusion Among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Mizoram

The association of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) with stigma and discrimination remain a challenge in combating HIV/AIDS. It pushes people to remain hidden with the potential to manifest in the future. This study aims to examine the agencies and mechanisms of social inclusion and exclusion among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in the state of Mizoram. The study covers two districts of Mizoram, Lunglei and Saiha districts, selected purposively. Respondents were identified through different gateways like non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and hospital. A total of sixty respondents were interviewed, thirty respondents from each district selected proportionately. The study reveals that the same agencies which cater to the inclusion of PLWHA can also exclude them through different mechanisms. Agencies at primary and secondary level adopted a mixture of both inclusionary and exclusionary measures. At tertiary level NGOs, hospitals staff are seen to be more inclusionary than social institutions such as the church and youth associations. The study highlights the need for greater awareness on HIV/AIDS at the individual and community level.

Vivências das políticas de permanência na universidade de estudantes cotistas de um curso da área da saúde

Studies point out at changes in the profile of Higher Education Federal Institutions with the inclusion of students of public schools, black, brown and indigenas, inclusion that took place after the promulgation of the law 12,711/2012; the studies also point out difficulties the permanence of these students. The university course which is object of this researc requires a big amount of consumable instruments and materials as well as disposables to the practical classes, a demand that becomes a factor of difficulty for the permanence of these students. This study aims at knowing the programms and affirmative actions for permanence identified by a group of students of a health course of a Higher Education Federal Institution This research qualitative approach, was counducted through semi-structured interviews aiming at aprehending the meaning of these policies in the experience of these students. Sixteen interviews were carried out with Quote Policies beneficiary students of the four types provided in the law 12.711/2012, of all years of the course. The data were analysed according to the thematic modality of the Content Analysis, from where the categories of inclusion and exclusion emerged. The colected data demonstrate that the interviewees recognize the importance of the affirmative actions of access and permanence, with emphasis on the Instrumentation Lending Programm, The Permanence Financial aids, The Universitary Restaurant and the Student’s lodging, that are mechanisms of social inclusion. However, the students state that these actions do not serve all of those who are in need of it and, with some frequency, they are implemented unsatisfactorily, becoming factors of exclusion. Especially low-income students reported difficulties in acquiring the material required in the course and in supplying basic subsistence needs. The analyze of the information allowed to perceive how these students recognize the function of the inclusion actions and permanence, but also their fights and confrontations offering elements to prepositions that strengthen the Inclusion Policy. To understand how these students, recognize the role of the actions of inclusion and permanence, but also their fights and confrontations, offers elements for propositions that strengthen the Inclusion Policy. The presence of these students requires special attention of the Federal Universities administration, so that they feel respected and valued in their rights.

Airtime for Newcomers

This article explores the British and West German public service radio’s abilities to reflect on and to address the specific needs and expectations of migrant groups in their programmes between the 1960s and 1980s. Mechanisms of social inclusion and exclusion alike can be investigated here. Empirically, it is based on comparisons of radio broadcasts on and for different immigrant communities, produced by BBC Radio Leicester on/for the post-war Asian migrants in England and by West German public service broadcasting on/for ‘Gastarbeiter’ (foreign workers) as well as for ‘Spätaussiedler’ (German repatriates from East Europe). Radio is studied as an agent of identity management and citizenship education. Not only did radio talk about migrants and migration to introduce these topics and the newcomers to the local population. It also offered airtime to selected migrant communities to cater for their needs and interests as well as to facilitate their difficulties of adjusting to an unfamiliar environment.

Substance Use as a Mechanism for Social Inclusion among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Vancouver, Canada

Background: Previous research demonstrates that substance use preferences and social-sexual environments are highly interrelated for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM). Objective: We conducted a qualitative study to explore the socio-cultural context of substance use among local gbMSM communities in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Methods: Twenty gbMSM were purposively sampled from the larger Momentum Health Study cohort, a sexual health study of gbMSM in Greater Vancouver. Participants were demographically diverse in terms of HIV serostatus, age, income, ethnicity, and area of residence within the city and neighboring suburbs. Community maps generated by participants during formative research served as prompts for semi-structured interviews which were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis identified three themes of common experience. Results: First, participants indicated that substance use is intrinsically social in Vancouver gbMSM communities and that it functions as both a means of social inclusion and exclusion. Second, a distinction was made between types of substances and the location and context of their use, with specific substances having particular uses and meanings. Third, analysis suggested that gbMSM change their substance use over the life course and that this is affected by shifting priorities as people age. Discussion: For Vancouver gbMSM communities, substance use serves several social-cultural functions and can simultaneously serve as both a potential facilitator and barrier for community connection. Future research and health programing should consider venue and context specific messaging and recognize the heterogeneity of substance use within the larger gbMSM population.

The Monti di Pietà in the Middle Ages from a Privileged Point of View: the Marches

Abstract Studies concerning the Monti di Pietà have quite a long tradition; in the past decades, however, this institution has been studied from new perspectives. After arguing in favor of the Marches (central Italy) as a privileged view angle on the phenomenon, the paper touches upon some complex relationships existing between political authorities and Observant Franciscan preachers, who campaigned in favor of the Monti on explicit invitation of local authorities. The question of the actual functioning of the Monti is also connected with the mechanisms of social inclusion and exclusion; the role of Jewish moneylenders, who were the major targets of Observant preaching in favor of the Monti, is also a key issue for the understanding of the institution.

Education as a mechanism of social inclusion - The role of education in reducing the risks of social exclusion -

The author is addressing the social inclusion, as a prerequisite forthe optimal satisfaction of human needs (from biological to social),respectively the mechanisms by which individuals and social groupsare involved in the wider community, and that are giving them therights and the opportunities to achieve integration in one or moresocial systems (democratic - legal, labor - market, social welfare system,family system and the local community system). The dimensionof social inclusion (education, employment, health, etc.) to which theauthor’s analysis will be oriented is education, because the inclusionin the education system (either as a teacher or professor, either asa student) is to partake in the ‘sociopolitical context’. So it will bedrawn the attention to the link between the education with the economic(employment) and the socio-cultural (social inclusion) space,in order to emphasize the importance of including in the all threementioned areas, with aim of reducing the risk of social exclusionand its overcoming. Therefore, the inclusive education and lifelonglearning, as mechanisms of social inclusion and reducing the risks ofsocial exclusion, are the main assumptions that this work proceeds.

Розвиток підприємництва в Україні: історичні детермінанти та перспективи

The article is devoted to the problem of formation and development of entrepreneurship in Ukraine. The author shows historical conditionality of modern features of entrepreneurial activity and reveals the causes and factors of the deformation of the institution of entrepreneurship. The importance of private enterprise for economic development is explored, and the roles of innovation and competition are underlined. The author uses the methods of evolutionary economic theory and institutional history, carries out a retrospective review of the origin, formation and development of entrepreneurship and reveals the importance of primary forms of entrepreneurship in the Middle Ages. The economy and trade were of a high level and progressive character on the Ukrainian lands. Institutional norms contributed to the development of private entrepreneurship. Kievan Rus was an economic leader of Europe. Further disintegration of the state had negative consequences. Political, social and religious barriers arose for the entrepreneurial activity of the Ukrainian population. In the article, the reverse character of institutional evolution is justified. The author reveals the role of the Ukrainian Cossack State and the policy of Bohdan Khmelnitsky in economic democratization and shows the dependence between the processes of formation of the national state and the formation of the national market. The myth of the primacy of state and landowner manufactories is refuted. In mid-17th century, manufactories developed on the basis of private crafts, being the private property and hired labor at the heart of entrepreneurship. Institutional scrapping occurred later, when the Russian empire planted state-owned manufactories and factories. The concentration of power and property in the hands of the landlords and the state hindered the development of capitalism. Reforms of the second half of the 19 - early 20th centuries strengthened the integration of the Ukrainian economy into the Russian market, though numerous features of the feudal system were preserved. The asymmetry of access to economic resources aggravated. The policy of internal protectionism contributed to the rapid development of new industries and monopolization of the economy. A merge between business and state took place. At the same time, the unevenness of economic development intensified social contradictions. Another institutional breakdown in the history of entrepreneurship in Ukraine occurred during the Soviet period. Mental and behavioral archetypes of economic activity were undermined, and the institutional foundations of private enterprise were destroyed. Privatization and liberalization of the economy during the years of Ukraine's Independence have failed to overcome the historical trajectory of the development of economic institutions. Competition and private enterprise are inferior to monopoly and bureaucracy. The formation of a new entrepreneurship paradigm requires inclusion and social responsibility. Creation and dissemination of new innovative forms of entrepreneurship in Ukraine according to the network model corresponds to global trends. Reliance on social capital and IT technologies indicates the prospects for the development of entrepreneurship, and overcoming institutional barriers requires a proper transformation of the system of extractive institutions into a system of incentives and mechanisms of social inclusion.

Exploring Central Government Assistance for Urban Public Transport: A Mobility-Based Social Exclusion Perspective

China’s insufficient assistance by the central government for public transport is largely due to the traditional system-based policy perspective, which usually overemphasizes public transport as a municipal infrastructure rather than as a mechanism for social inclusion. Within this context, a new insight into the rationale and equality of central government assistance for the country’s public transport service is offered. By using a social exclusion approach, this study highlighted the obligation of the central government to adhere to mobility for every citizen so as to mitigate mobility-based social exclusion. On this premise, it is argued that urban public transport necessarily merits financial assistance given its primary function as a safety net of affordable mobility for all citizens. Furthermore, a method for policy makers to estimate the amount of central government assistance is established that could ensure that all urban residents are above the basic mobility line. With reference to a case study, the amount of central government assistance for public transport is estimated to be ¥14.8 billion annually (¥1 = $0.148 in 2010); this estimate is considered to be the proper level of financing compared with other central government transfer payments. With regard to the allocation of this fiscal assistance, the paper proposes various simple criteria and formulas, the basis of which are the gaps between need and provision in public transport service as measured by the index of disparity between needs and provision.

PROBLEMATIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF SELF-ACTUALIZATION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES OF JUVENILE CATEGORY: INCLUSIVE CONTEXT

The article is devoted to the relevant issue of selfactualization for persons with juvenile category disabilities which is connected with the new paradigm of learning disabilities from the perspective of independent life and equality of rights for all without any exception citizens. The given problem satisfied the state strategy of developing a civil society, the democratic idea of necessary support and maintenance for equal rights and freedom that binds with the steady development of the modern social life. The purpose of the research is the development of advanced scientific and research perspective of the study of self-actualization for disables based on the analysis of contradictions of the socialization process in the juvenile period. The author implements that in the context of their proposed concept of human dignity. Self-actualization is considered by the author as a mechanism of social inclusion and integration for the disabled. This approach reflects the new context of conceptualization and scientific interpretation for these social processes due to a complex set of external and internal determinants. The author first developed and presented in the article a scientific interpretation of self-actualization process in relation to the juvenile period. As well, the author determined the problem field for scientific research of self-actualization for the juvenile category disabled and the practical opportunities for applying the received results for the developing social inclusion and integration practice.

Not just skills: what a focus on knowledge means for vocational education

This contribution to the symposium on Michael Young’s article ‘Overcoming the crisis in curriculum theory: a knowledge based approach’, supports his contention that curriculum theory has lost sight of its object—‘what is taught and learned in schools’, and argues that this has particularly deleterious consequences for vocational education and training (VET). VET is unproblematically positioned as applied, experiential and work-focused learning, and it is seen as a solution for those who are alienated from or unsuccessful in more traditional forms of academic education. This article argues that rather than being a mechanism for social inclusion, VET is instead a key way in which social inequality is mediated and reproduced because it excludes students from accessing the theoretical knowledge they need to participate in debates and controversies in society and in their occupational field of practice. It presents a social realist analysis to argue why VET students need access to theoretical knowledge, how a focus on experiential and applied learning constitutes a mechanism for social exclusion and what a ‘knowledge rich’ VET curriculum would look like.

Guanxi and school success: an ethnographic inquiry of parental involvement in rural China

This study examines the differential patterns of school success of rural students as a result of China’s market transition. The process dimension, how families from different social backgrounds within rural society get involved in rural schooling and how this contributes to the inequality of school success within rural society, is investigated. The data analysis suggests that schools as institutions provide few official channels for rural parents to participate in rural schools and help their children to achieve school success. This raises the importance of families’ strategic initiatives to employ guanxi within family, community and between school and family. These make the point that guanxi and their employment have become an important mechanism for social inclusion and exclusion in the competition for advantages in school success in post-socialist China.

The Mechanisms of Social Exclusion in Modern Society: The Dilemma of Active Labor Market Policy*

AbstractIn this article, I examine the social exclusion approach that has influenced social policy in Europe, and demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in explaining the emergence of new forms of inequality in modern society. First, I consider recent studies of social exclusion to show two important points: the paradigm shift from poverty to social exclusion and the introduction of a new policy framework of social inclusion. At the same time, I examine the inherent dilemma of social exclusion in response to radical critics of the social exclusion approach. Next, I point out an internal dilemma in the active labor market policies prioritized today by European Union member states. This dilemma is that these policies make the unemployed more vulnerable by forcing them into paid work. I then show how the enhancement of social networks in local communities and the provision of assistance to support cultural identity can serve as a buffer to compensate for the destructive influence of the economic dimension of social inclusion. In addition, I point out that citizenship as rights claiming is indispensable to social inclusion for all. Finally, drawing on the analysis outlined above, I conclude that a multi‐tiered mechanism of social inclusion can reasonably be considered the most effective framework in a precarious society where people bear various risks in the era of globalization.

The Story of a Visit

This article is comes out of a seminar series given at UCL in 2011. It deals with the notion of the 'voice' within the museum. That is, the article adresses a particular story of the discovery of the author's own individual voice through being socialized by the museum. The author details the means and results of this socialization and then claims that his biography, an inspirational story about the museum, is being coopted. He argues that those who believe the museum should act as a mechanism of social inclusion and rescue for the disfranchised use a story of personal transformation to support policies of social intervention by museums.

Working in the real world: a review of sociological concepts of health and well‐being and their relation to modern mental health nursing

Since 2008, the world has witnessed several socio-economic upheavals that have fundamentally changed the global economy. Within the UK, these upheavals have coincided with a change in political administration and thus a new approach to managing the volatility of economy. This change has resulted in root and branch reform of service provision that is based around a model that incorporates a shrinking public sector coupled with an increase in civic participation (i.e. 'The Big Society' espoused by the UK-governing coalition). It is also unlikely that healthcare provision on a global level will remain unchanged in such turbulent times. It would therefore seem a useful time to review how socio-economic forces are believed to affect the health and well-being of an individual. These forces include social inequality, the mechanisms of social inclusion and exclusion, social role and the erosion of resilience. This paper will then conclude by offering some potential avenues that nurses can explore to make these forces less damaging for their clients. These avenues include developing a clinical focus based around positive psychology, well-being and some novel ways that nurses can help overcome the maintenance cycles that perpetuate inequality and exclusion.

Implications of Korea`s Saemaul Undong for International Development Policy: A Structural Perspective

Development strategies based on neoliberal theories and good governance have failed to achieved clear outcomes. This paper examines the Saemaul Undong movement in Korea with the contention that it can provide a missing link between market- and state-oriented development policy. Saemaul Undong contributed to social and economic development in Korea not only as a self-help community movement but also as a mechanism of social inclusion. Its success was based on a social structure that was made more open to upward mobility by the land reform of the 1950s. A negative aspect of Saemaul Undong is that it was promoted by the government to mobilize political support for authoritarian President Park Chung Hee. In order to draw policy implications from Saemaul Undong for international development, it is necessary to consider the social and political context of the developing countries under consideration.

Desarrollo tecnológico para el mejoramiento de la comunicación a distancia entre personas con discapacidad

Providing the general public, especially people suffering from disabilities, with a communication device promoting appropriate communication skills by using a smart, adaptive encoding/decoding system having accessible interfaces as a mechanism of social inclusion, thereby providing suitable opportunities for meeting some basic human needs. The research was based on three stages, each preceding the next. It began with an exploratory stage which sought to determine the state of the art regarding research. It was followed by a descriptive one which sought to further the technology developed or applied to the social inclusion of handicapped people. The last stage was quasi-experimental which developed a technological product which was validating with people having different disabilities, the necessary adjustments and adaptations then being made. This project's main result lay in creating a communication device which increased the development of communication skills in people suffering from motor disabilities or who were blind, postlingually deaf and postlingually deaf-blind and/or any other person without disability (the latter group having a device designed and constructed during this investigation). A technological device called the SCDA prototype was designed, implemented and validated; it was based on electronic functions allowing the user to develop some basic human needs, based on every human being's inherent right to communicate, regardless of their physical, mental or economic condition.

The political economy of post-secondary education: a comparison of British Columbia, Ontario and Québec

A policy sociology approach is taken to examine the connections between neo-liberalism, post-secondary provincial education (PSE) policy in Canada and the impact of those policies. Our thesis regarding the broad political economy of PSE is that over the last two decades the adoption of this ideology has been a major cause of some dramatic changes in these policies and has brought about a fundamental transformation of PSE in Canada. The discussion builds on a comparative, multiple, nested case study conducted at the provincial (Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia) and national level. Through the analysis of key provincial and federal documents, the team concludes that five themes dominated the PSE policy-making process. These themes are Accessibility, Accountability, Marketization, Labour Force Development and Research and Development. In discussing these themes, we illustrate their impact on and within the three provincial PSE systems: BC, Ontario and Quebec. In the conclusion, we place the changes in their political and economic contexts and explicate the intended and unintended consequences of these policy priorities. We argue that the pressure for access has led to the emergence of new institutional types, raising new questions about differentiation, mandate and identity and new lines of stratification. A trend toward vocationalism in the university sector has coincided with ‘academic drift’ in the community college sector, leading to convergences in programming and institutional functions across the system, as well as competition for resources, students, and external partners. Unprecedented demand has made education a viable industry, sustaining both a proliferation of private providers and a range of new entrepreneurial activities within public institutions. Levels and objectives of public funding have swung dramatically over the period. Public investments in PSE, in the form of capital grants and tuition subsidies, have alternately expanded and contracted, being at some times applied across the board and at others targeted to specific social groups or economic sectors. Likewise, policymakers have treated PSE at times as a mechanism for social inclusion and equality, at others as an instrument for labour force development, and at yet others as a market sector in its own right.

New Actors, Democracy, and Challenges Face Central America on the Threshold of the Twenty-First Century

Taking as a point of departure the recently achieved (in the 80s and 90s) global, positive balance for Central America, the resolution of armed conflicts and the democratic institutional scene; this essay intends to evaluate the path walked in relation to the transition processes and democratic consolidation, the mechanisms of social inclusion and the difficult conditions that confront Central America's international economic inclusion. In this perspective, the essay intends to report some key actors and moments that have marked the region and that have imparted characteristics of its present behavior, but which also show trends and possibilities for the future.